Title: Relation and Function

Chapter: Relation and Function

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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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Odd and Even Functions :

(i) If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’, then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x; g (x) = x² + 3.
(ii) If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’, then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x; g (x) = x3 + x.
Note : (i) A function may neither be odd nor even. (e.g. f(x) = ex , cos–1x)
(ii) If an odd function is defined at x = 0, then f(0) = 0

Properties of Even/Odd Function

(a) The graph of every even function is symmetric about the yaxis and that of every odd function is
symmetric about the origin.
For example graph of y = x2 is symmetric about y-axis, while graph of y = x3 is symmetric about
origin

(b) All functions (whose domain is symmetrical about origin) can be expressed as the sum of an
even and an odd function, as follows

f(x) =
(c) The only function which is defined on the entire number line and is even and odd at the same
time is f(x) = 0.

(d) If f and g both are even or both are odd, then the function f.g will be even but if any one of
them is odd and the other even then f.g will be odd.

(e) If f(x) is even then f(x) is odd while derivative of odd function is even. Note that same cannot be
said for integral of functions.

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Example # 22 : Show that ax +a–x is an even function.
Solution : Let f(x) = ax + a–x
Then f(–x) = a–x + a–(–x) = a–x +ax = f(x). Hence f(x) is an even function
 x x
Example # 23 : Prove that f(x) = x  x   is odd function
 e 1 2 
 x x  x x   x x
Solution : Let g(x) =  x   then g(–x) =   x   =  x  
 e  1 2   e  1 2   e  1 2 
 g(x) is even
 x x
hence f(x) = x.g(x) = x  x   is odd function.
 e  1 2 

Self practice problems

(15) Determine whether the following functions are even / odd / neither even nor odd?
e x  e x
(i) f(x) =
e x  e x
(ii) f : [–2, 3] 0, 9] , f(x) = x2
(iii) 
f(x) = x log x  x 2  1 
Answers (i) Odd (ii) neither even nor odd (iii) Even

Periodic Functions :
A function f(x) is called periodic with a period T if there exists a real number T > 0 such that for each x in
the domain of f the numbers x – T and x + T are also in the domain of f and f(x) = f(x + T) for all x in the
domain of f(x). Graph of a periodic function with period T is repeated after every interval of 'T'.
e.g. The function sin x and cos x both are periodic over 2 and tan x is periodic over 
 The least positive period is called the principal or fundamental period of f(x) or simply the
period of the function.
Note : Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.

Properties of Periodic Functions :

1
(a) If f(x) has a period T, then and f (x) also have a period T.
f (x)
T
(b) If f(x) has a period T, then f (ax + b) has a period .
|a|
(c) Every constant function defined for all real x, is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
(d) If f (x) has a period T1 and g (x) also has a period T2 then period of f(x) ± g(x) or f(x) . g(x) or
f(x)
is L.C.M. of T1 and T2 provided their L.C.M. exists. However that L.C.M. (if exists) need
g(x)
f(x)
not to be fundamental period. If L.C.M. does not exists then f(x) ± g(x) or f(x) . g(x) or is
g(x)
nonperiodic.
 a p   L.C.M.( a, p,  )
L.C.M. of  , , =
 b q m  H.C.F . ( b, q, m)
e.g. |sinx| has the period , | cosx | also has the period 

 |sinx| + |cosx| also has a period . But the fundamental period of |sinx| + |cosx| is .
2
(e) If g is a function such that gof is defined on the domain of f and f is periodic with T, then gof is
also periodic with T as one of its periods.

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Example # 24 : Find period of the following functions
x x
(i) f(x) = sin + cos
2 3
(ii) f(x) = {x} + sin x, where {.}denotes fractional part function
3x x 2x
(iii) f(x) = 4 cos x . cos 3x + 2 (iv) f(x) = sin – cos – tan
2 3 3
x x x x
Solution : (i) Period of sin is 4 while period of cos is 6 . Hence period of sin + cos is 12 
2 3 2 3
{L.C.M. of 4 and 6 is 12}
(ii) Period of sin x = 2
Period of {x} = 1
but L.C.M. of 2 and 1 is not possible as their ratio is irrational number
 it is aperiodic

(iii) f(x) = 4 cos x . cos 3x + 2

 2 
period of f(x) is L.C.M. of  2, = 2
 3 
2
but 2 may or may not be fundamental periodic, but fundamental period = , where
n
n  N. Hence cross-checking for n = 1, 2, 3, ....we find  to be fundamental period
f( + x) = 4(– cos x) (– cos 3x) + 2 = f(x)

2 2  4 3
(iv) Period of f(x) is L.C.M. of , , = L.C.M. of , 6 , = 12
3 / 2 1/ 3 2 / 3 3 2

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 Exercise – I
Section (A) : Even/Odd Functions & Periodic Functions
1. Determine whether the following functions are even or odd or neither even nor odd :
 ax  1 
(iii) f(x) = x  x
 a  1 
(i) sin (x2 + 1) (ii) x + x2
 
(iv) f(x) = sin x + cos x (v) f(x) = (x2 – 1) | x |

2. Examine whether the following functions are even or odd or neither even nor odd, where [ ] denotes
greatest integer function.

(1  2x )7 sec x  x 2  9
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) =
2x x sin x

 x | x |, x  1

(iii) f (x) = 1  x  x2 – 1 x  x2 (iv) f (x) = [1  x]  [1  x], 1  x  1
  x | x |, x 1


3. Which of the following functions are not periodic (where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function) :

(i) f(x) = sin x (ii) f(x) = x + sin x

(iii) f(x) = [sin 3x] + |cos 6x|

4. Find the fundamental period of the following functions :

(i) f (x) = 2 + 3cos (x – 2) (ii) f(x) = sin 3x + cos2x + | tanx |
x x 3 2
(iii) f (x) = sin + sin (iv) f(x)= cos x  sin x.
4 3 5 7

1
(v) f(x) =
1  cos x
sin12x
(vi) f(x) = (vii) f(x) = sec3x + cosec3x
1  cos2 6x

Section (B) : Even/Odd Functions & Periodic Functions

 1  sin x 
1. The function f(x) = log   is
 1  sin x 
(A) even (B) odd
(C) neither even nor odd (D) both even and odd
1
2. The function f(x) = [x] + , x   is a/an (where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function)
2
(A) Even (B) odd (C) neither even nor odd (D) Even as well as odd

3. The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then :
(A) f(x + 2) = f(x – 2) (B) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x) (C) f(x) = f(–x) (D) f(x) = –f(–x)

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4. Fundamental period of f(x) = sec (sin x) is

(A) (B) 2 (C)  (D) aperiodic
2

5. If f (x) = sin  
[ a ] x (where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function) has  as its fundamental period,

then
(A) a = 1 (B) a = 9 (C) a  [1, 2) (D) a  [4, 5)

6. Find the area below the curve y =  2  2cos 2x  but above the x-axis in [–3, 6] is
 
(where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function) :
(A) 2 square units (B)  square units (C) 6 square units (D) 8 square units

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 Answer Key
Section (A) : Even/Odd Functions & Periodic Functions
1. (i) even, (ii) neither even nor odd (iii) even,
(iv) neither even nor odd (v) even (vi) even

2. (i) neither even nor odd (ii) even (iii) odd (iv) even

4. (i) 2 (ii) 2 (iii) 24 (iv) 70  (v) 2 (vi)/6

(vii) 2

Section (B) : Even/Odd Functions & Periodic Functions

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (D)
6. (C)

Solution
Section (A) : Even/Odd Functions & Periodic Functions
1. (i) f(x) = sin (x2 +1)  f(– x) = f (x) = even function
(ii) f(x) = x + x2  f(– x) = x2 – x  f (x) or – f(x) Neither even nor odd function
 a – 1
x  ax – 1   ax – 1 
f(x) = x  x   f(–x) = x  x
 a  1 
f(–x) = – x  – x   a  1 
(iii) = f(x) even function
 a  1
     
(iv) f(x) = sin x + cos x  f(– x) = – sin x + cos x  f(x) or – f(x)
Neither even nor odd.
(v) f(x) = (x2 – 1) |x|   f(–x) = f(x) even function.
| x | x  
 x
x  1 

| ne | ;     x  
(vi) f(x) = [2  x]  [2  x] ; 1  x  1   f(x) =   x0
 nx  3 0 x 1
 e ; x 1 
 x x 

 x x  
    x  

f(x) =  x0 b f(x) = f(–x)
3 0  x 1

 x x 
even function

(2 x  1)7
2. (i) f(–x) = neither even nor odd
(2x )6
sec x  x 2  9
(ii) f(–x) = = f(x) even
x sin x
(iii) f(–x) = – f(x) odd
  x2 x  1

(iv) f(x) = 2  [x]  [  x] 1  x  1 , even by graph of function

  x2 x 1

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3. (i) Let f(x) = sin x is a periodic function with period T (a positive constant)
 f (x + T) = f(x)  sin x  T = sin x  x  T = n + (–1)n x , n  I
since for no value of n, T is independent of x which contradicts that sin x is a periodic function. Hence
it is a non periodic function.
(ii) Let f(x) = x + sin x is a periodic function with period T.
 2x  T   T 
x + T + sin (x + T) = x + sin x T + sin (x + T) = sin x T + 2 cos   sin   = 0
 2  2
There is no positive constant value of T for which this equation holds true so f(x) is non- periodic function.

4. (i) f(x) = 2 + 3 cos (x – 2) fundamental period = 2

2
(ii) f(x) = sin 3x + cos2 x + |tan x|  period  , ,  
3
 2 
 period of f(x) = L.C.M.  , ,   = 2 for fundamental period
 3 
f(x + ) = – sin x + cos2 x + |tan x|  f(x)
  Fundament period = 2
x x
(iii) f(x) = sin + sin  period  8, 6  period of f(x) = L.C.M. (8, 6) = 24
4 3
Fundamental period = 24
3x sin 2x 10  10 
(iv) f(x) = cos –  period  , 7 period of f(x) = L.C.M.  ,7   = 70 
5 7 3  3 
Fundament period = 70
1
(v) f(x)= fundamental period = 2
1  cos x
sin12x   
(vi) f(x) = 2
 period of f(x) = L.C.M.  ,  = for fundamental period
1  cos 6x 6 3 3
 
sin12  x  
   6  = f(x) 
f x  =  Fundament period =
 6   6
1  cos2 6  x  
 6
(vii) f(x) = sec3 x + cosec3 x  period  2 2Fundamental period = L.C.M. (2, 2)

Section (B) : Even/Odd Functions & Periodic Functions

 1  sin x   1  sin x   1  sin x 
1. f(x) = log   f(–x) = log  1  sin x  = – log  1  sin x  = – f(x) odd function
 1  sin x     
1 1 1  1
2. f(x) = [x] + , x   f(–x) = [–x] + = –[x] – 1 + = – = –  [x]   = – f(x) odd function
2 2 2  2

3. Let us consider a graph symmetric w.r.t. line x = 2 as shown in figure

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 from figure f(x1) = f(x2) where x1 = 2 – x & x2 = 2 + x  f(2 – x) = f(2 + x)

4. f(x) = sec (sin x). Since sin x is a periodic function with fundamental period 2. f(x) has a period 2
for fundamental period f(x + ) = sec (sin ( + x)) = sec (–sin x) = sec (sin x) = f(x)
 
f  x    f(x) hence fundamental period is 
 2 

5. f(x) = sin  [a] x   Period =

2
[a]
=

[a] = 4    a  [4, 5)

6. y = [2 |cosx|]
period = 

area in [0, ] = 2.
3

2
so required area = 9 × = 6
3

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