University of Cape Town

Department of Civil Engineering

CIV1007S, 2022 - Engineering Mechanics, Statics

FINAL EXAM: 5 December 2022

Time allowed: 3 hrs

Answer all questions
Total marks: 67
Marked out of: 67 = 100%

Closed Book
No programmable calculators are permitted
Show all your working - more marks are awarded for correct reasoning and approach than the final
answer. A correct final a nswer w ith i ncorrect working w ill r eceive very f ew marks.
 Figure 1: frame subjected to a UDL and a LDL

Question 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 marks
Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and moment at point E of the two-member
frame shown in Fig. 1 Illustrate your workings with suitable FBD(s).

Solution:

• Local FBD:

✓
• Equilibrium of member AB:
X
Mz(A) = 0, 0 = −By · 6m − (300N/m · 6m) · 3m
By = −900N ✓
• Equilibrium of member BC:
X
Mz(C) = 0, 0 = By · 6m + FR 2 · 1m − Bx · 3m
= (−900N) · 6m + (0.5 · 400N/m · 3m) · 1m − Bx · 3m
Bx = −1600N ✓
• Internal reaction at E(equilibrium ofright part of BC):
X
Fx = 0 = −NE + Bx − (0.5 · 400N/m · 3m)
= −NE + (−1600) − (0.5 · 400N/m · 3m)
NE = −2200N (compressive) ✓
X
Fy = 0, 0 = VyE + By = VyE + (−900N )
VyE = −900 N (negative shear f orce) ✓

X
Mz(E) = 0, 0 = −MzE + (0.5 · 400N/m · 3m) · 1m + By · 3m − Bx · 3m
= −MzE + (0.5 · 400N/m · 3m) · 1m + (−900N) · 3m − (−1600N) · 3m
MzE = 2700 Nm (positive moment) ✓

Figure 2: Cantilevered simply supported beam.

Question 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 marks
A simply supported beam with a cantilevered overhang is subjected to a LDL and UDL as depicted
in Fig2.
(a) Determine the shear force and bending moment distribution functions,V (x) and M (x), re-
spectively. Compute the relevant values for both. [8]

Solution:

• Approach:

• Equilibrium:

X
Fx = 0, 0 = Ax
X
Mz(B) = 0, 0 = −Ay · 3m + (0.5 · 300kN/m · 4m) · 2m

X
Ay = −650 N ✓0.5
Fy = 0, 0 = −650 − (0.5 · 300kN/m · 3m) − (300kN/m · 4m) + B
B = 2300N ✓0.5
• from inspection:

1. 2 beam segments to be considered: start of 2 segment at point of action of B

at x = 3m
 2. pinned end-support at A and no point force or moment couple at free end
at C: (1) absolute value of | (x = 0) |=| Ay | and | V (x = 7m) |= 0, (2)
Mz (x = 0) = 0andMz (x = 7m) = 0
3. LDL at x = [0; 3m], U CLatx = [3m; 7m] and intermediate support reaction
force of continuous beat at x = 3m: (1) shear force diagram is discontinuous at
x = 3m and jumps by a value of B = 2300N (2) shear force diagram quadratic
at x = [0;3m] and linear at x = [3m; 7m], (3) bending moment diagram cubic
at x = [0;3m] and quadratic at x =[3m;7m]
4. no moment couples applied: moment diagram continuous throughout

• internal reactions in segment 0 < x < 3m:

X
Fx = 0, 0 = N (x)
X
Fy = 0, 0 = (−650N ) − (0.5(100x) · x) + V (x)
V (x) = (50x2 + 650)N (quadratic function) ✓0.5
X x
Mz(x) = 0, 0 = −(−650N ) · x − (0.5(100x) · x) · + Mx (x)
3
Mz (x) = (−16.7x3 − 650x)Nm(cubic function) ✓0.5
location of extremism of Vx (x):
dVz (x)
dx
= 0, 0 = −q(x)) = 100x, x = 0(inside of segment) ✓0.5
and
d2 Vz (x)
dx2
= 0, 0 = 100(convex) ✓0.5
thus minimum V(x) and segment end-value(s):

V min = 50(0)2 + 650 = 650N ✓0.5

V (x = 3m) = 50(3m)2 + 650 = 1100N
✓0.5
location of extremism of Mz (x):
dMz (x)
= 0, 0 = −V (x)) = −(50x2 + 650), x = 3.61m(outside of segment)
✓0.5
dx
and
d2 Mz (2m)
dx 2
= 0, 0 = −
V (x)
dx
= −100x(concave) ✓0.5

segment end-values(s):
Mz (x = 3m) = (−16.7(3m)3 − 650(3m)) = −2400N m
 • internal reactions in segment 3m < x < 7m:
X
Fx = 0, 0 = N (x)
X
Fy = 0, 0 = −V (x) − (300N/m · (7m − x))
V (x) = (300x − 2100)N (linear function, positive gradient)
X (7m − x)
Mz(x) = 0, 0 = −Mz (x) − (300N/m · (7m − x)) ·
2
Mz (x) = (−150(7 − x)2 ))Nm (quadratic function) ✓0.5
location of extremism of Mz (x):

dMz (x)
= 0, 0 = −V (x)) = −(300x − 2100), x = 7m(inside of segment)
dx
and

✓0.5
d2 Mz (2m) V (x)
2
= 0, 0 = − = −300(concave)
dx dx

Thus, maximum V (x) and segment end-value(s):

Mz , max = 0
V (x = 3m) = (300(3m) − 2100) = −1200N ✓0.5
M (x = 3m) = (−150(7 − (3m)) )) = −2400N m ✓0.5
z
2

(b) Draw shear and bending moment diagrams and specify the relevant values for both [6]

Solution:
 ✓0.5
✓
✓

✓0.5

✓
✓

(c) State the critical values for internal shear and bending moment reactions and where they
occur. [3]

Solution:

• max. absolute internal shear force reaction | V (x) | max = 1200N at x = 3m ✓

• max. absolute internal bending moment reaction | M(x) | max = - 2400Nm at x = 3m ✓✓
 Figure 3: 2D truss.

Question 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 marks
The maximum allowable tensile force in the members of the truss shown in Fig. 3 is 4 kN andthe
maximum allowable compressive forces is 3 kN. Identify the members which are zero-force members
and determine the maximum magnitude of force P acting at B. Take d = 1m. Illustrate your
workings with suitable FBD(s).

Solution:
 ✓

✓✓

//fr
inspection:
• 1. There are no external or support reaction forces at joint C and connected members
CB and CD are not collinear, i.e. BC and CD are zero-force members.
2. All member forces need to be determined, i.e. make use of the method of joints
3. Truss member forces cannot be solved without determining the support reaction
beforehand, because each joint has more than 2 unknowns
Support reaction forces:

X 3
Mz (E) = 0 = P · 2m − A · m
2
4
A= P
3
X 4
Fy = 0 = P + Ey
3
4 ✓
Ey = − P
X 3
Fx = 0 = Ex − P, Ex = p
√
Joint A: with AB = 3.25m and using directional cosines:

X 1 4
Fy = 0 = FAB √ + P
3.25 3
FAB = −2.404P (C) ✓
X 1.5 1.5
Fx = 0 = FAF + FAB √ = FAF + (−2.404P ) √
3.25 3.25
FAF = 2.000P (T ) ✓
• joint B: with FB A = FAB (internal force reaction pair at a cut are opposite
√
and equal, due to equilibrium), and BF = BD = 1.25m and using directional
cosines:

X 1.5 0.5 0.5

Fx = 0 = −P − FB A √ − FB F √ + FB D √
3.25 1.25 1.25
1.5 0.5
= −P − (−2.404P ) √ − FB F √
3.25 1.25
= −P − 0.473FB F + 0.473FB D
X 1 1 1
Fy = 0 = −FB A √ − FB F √ − FB D √
3.25 1.25 1.25
1 1 1
= −(−2.404P ) √ − FB F √ − FB D √
3.25 1.25 1.25
= 1.333P − FB F 0.849 − FB D 0.894
FB F = 1.863P (T ) ✓
FB D = −0.373P (C) ✓
√
• joint E: with EF = ED = 1.25m and using directional cosines:

X 0.5 0.5
Fx = 0 = P − FE F √ + FE D √
1.25 1.25
FE F = 2.236P + FE D
X 1 1
Fy = 0 = (2.236P + FE D ) √ + FE D √ + Ey
1.25 1.25
4
= 2P + 1.789FE D + (− P )
3
FE D = −0.373P (C) ✓
FE F = 1.863P (T ) ✓
• member with largest tensile internal axial reaction force:
FAF = 2.0P <= 4KN, P = 2KN ✓

• member with largest compressive internal axial reaction force:

| FAF |= 2.404P <= 3kN, P = 0.801kN
thus compressive member FAB critical and Pmax = 0.801kN ✓
 Figure 4: 3D frame system

Question 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 marks
The frame system depicted in Fig. 4 is fixed at A and subjected to a torsional moment of 100
Nm applied to a point between A and B, as well as two point forces, 300 N at B and 200 N at E,
respectively. Determine the support reactions at A. Illustrate your workings with suitable FBDs.

Solution:
(1) neat and correct FBD ✓
(2) 6 unknown support reactions at A, namely FAx , FAy , FAz , MAx , MAy , MAz and 6
equilibrium equations, i.e. statistically determinate.
(3) force and moment components: ✓✓

(4) 3D force equilibrium:

equations (1-3) ✓
- FAx = 0N, FAy = 0N, FAz = 500N ✓
(5) 3D moment equilibrium about A:
force distance vectors with respect to point A
 then

equations (4-6) ✓✓
MAz = 0Nm; (4) : MAy = −700Nm; (3) : MAx = 1600Nm ✓

Figure 5: Cross section with a circular hole.

Question 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 marks
(a) Determine the location of the horizontal centroid coordinate z of the cross section illustrated
in Fig. 5 which is drawn to scale. [5]

Solution:
(1) centroid coordinate z̃: cross section can be split into simple shapes where
centroid is known as shown below. Note there are other configurations to this
shape split, if another shape split is chosen, mark full marks if same final answer.

✓0.5

✓0.5

P
(2) PAi z̃i = Z̃
Ai

✓
Seg. Ai [mm2 ] z̃i [mm] z̃i Ai [mm3 ]
1 120 x 90 = 10800 60 0.648x106
2 π(20)2 = 1256.64 30 −0.0377x106
1
3 2 (60)(90) = 2700 100 −0.27x106
1
4 2 (60)(30) = 900 20 −0.018x106
P
5943.36 ✓ - 0.3223x106 ✓
✓
P
PAi z̃i 0.3223x106 mm3
(3) Z̃ = Ai = 5943.36mm2
= 54mm
(b) Compute the second moment of area about the centroidal y || section. [6]

Solution:
second moment of area about the vertical centroid axis,y || )i, of a composite section,
i.e.make use of the parallel axis theorem

Calcs:

segment1 :
Ai [mm2 ] = 120x90 = 10800
1
I(y | )i[mm4 ] = (90)(120)3 = 12, 96x106
12
(d(z)i)2 Ai [mm4 ] = (60 − 54)2 x10800 = 0.3888x106
✓
I(y || )i[mm4 ] = 13.3488
segment2 :
Ai [mm2 ] = π(20)2 = 1256.64
1
I(y | )i[mm4 ] = (90)(120)3 = −0.126x106
12
(d(z)i)2 Ai [mm4 ] = (54 − 30)2 x1256.64 = −0.7238x106
✓
I(y || )i[mm4 ] = −0.85
segment3 :
1
Ai [mm2 ] = (60)(90) = 2700
2
| 1
I(y )i[mm ] = (30)(60)3 = −0.18x106
4

✓
36
(d(z)i) Ai [mm ] = (100 − 54)2 x2700 = −5.713x106
2 4

I(y || )i[mm4 ] = −5.893

segment4 :
1
Ai [mm2 ] = (60)(30) = 900
2
| 1
I(y )i[mm ] = (90)(60)3 = −0.54x106
4

✓
36
(d(z)i) Ai [mm ] = (54 − 20)2 x900 = −1.04x106
2 4

I(y || )i[mm4 ] = −1.58

Seg. Ai [mm2 ] I(y | )i[mm4 ] (d(z)i)2 Ai [mm4 ] I(y || )i[mm4 ]

1 10800 12, 96x106 0.3888x106 13.3488x106
2 1256.64 −0.126x106 −0.7238x106 -0.85x106 ✓
3 2700 −0.18x106 −5.713x106 -5.893x106
4 900 −0.54x106 −1.04x106 -1.58x106
 |
Iy | comp = 13.3488x106 -0.85x106 -5.893x106 -1.58x106 = 5.026x106 mm4 ✓
Illustrate your workings with a suitable sketch(es).

Figure 6: Tide gate.

Question 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 marks
When the tide water A subsides, the tide gate shown in Fig.6 automatically swings open to
drain the marsh B. For the condition of high tide shown, determine the horizontal reactions
developed at the hinge C and stop block D. The length of the gate is 6m and its height is 5m.
ρw = 1000 kg/m3 and g = 9.81 m/s2

Solution:
 ✓

(1) specific weight of water= (ρw = 1000 kg/m3 ) ·(g = 9.81 m/s2 ) = 9.81kN/m3 ✓
(2) Water pressures acting left and right of the tide-gate are linearly increasing with the
water depth. At the bottom i.e. point D, we have:

PD (lef t) = 9.81 · 3m = 29.4kNm− 2 ✓

PD (right) = 9.81 · 2m = 19.6kNm− 2 ✓
(3) water pressure resultant corresponds to the volume of a tetrahedron V = 12 xpD xgate−
length considering that the water pressure is constant at a certain depth:

1
FR1 = 3m · 29.4 · 6m = 264.6kN ✓
2
1
FR2 = 2m · 19.6 · 6m = 117.6kN
2
✓

(4) support reactions:

X 2 2
Mz (C) = = FR1 · ( 3m + 2m) − FR2 · ( 2m + 3m) − D · 5m
✓
3 3
D = (264.6 · 4 − 117.6 · 4.33)/5 = 109.8kN

✓
X
Fy = 0 = Cy
X
Fx = 0 = Cx + FR1 − FR2 − D = Cx + 264.6 − 117.6 − 109.8
Cx = −37.2kN ✓