II.

Roads: Basic Construction and Heavy Equipment

A. Preparatory Works
-Preconstruction Conference/Preliminary Preparations
-As-Stake Survey
-Temporary Facilities
-Access and Detour Roads(Traffic Management)

B. Road Construction Methods

-Preconstruction Conference/Preliminary Preparations

-As-Stake Survey
-Temporary Facilities
-Access and Detour Roads(Traffic Management)
-Clearing and Grubbing
-Removal of Existing Structures
-Roadway Excavation
-Embankment
-Stabilizing Layers(Subbase & Base Course)
-Portland Cement Concrete Pavement(PCCP)
-Asphalt Pavement

C. Drainage Structures
D. Slope Protection/Retaining Structures
E. Miscellaneous Works
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

A. Curb and Gutter

B. Sidewalk

C. Guardrail

D. Parapet

E. Road Signs

F. Road Safety Devices

MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

A. Curb and Gutter

It is the raised rim of concrete which forms the edge of the sidewalk while the
gutter is the horizontal paved portion slightly inclined.

Both forms the road surface drainage system used to collect surface run-off water.
Source: DPWH Highway safety Design Standards
B. Concrete Sidewalk

-It is for use of pedestrians

-It provides safety also to motorists as a good clearance so that the roadway can be
fully utilized.
C. Guardrails

-They are installed to mark the limit of safe travel and warn of danger beyond

-It is used to restrain and guide out-of-control vehicle in a manner that will cause the least
damage and not create undue hazard to other vehicles.

-are provided at points of hazard such as steep grades, sharp curvature,

along water courses, deep ditches
Material Requirements

-Standard beam type are either galvanized or aluminum

-Post may be concrete, steel or aluminum

Installation Procedure:

1. Location lay-out

2. Post installation

3. Beam assembly

4. Backfilling of drilled/dug holes

1. Location lay-out

- The proper location of guardrail is as shown in the plans.

- But most often, its location is left to the discretion of the Engineer.

- In general, the rail should be located near the shoulder line to give a maximum width of
roadway and shoulder.

- However, the distance from the back of the post line to the slope should to be less than 0.6 m
in order to give adequate support against overturning.
2. Post Installation

- Spacing of posts should be done with accuracy according to plans.

- Excavated holes are pre-drilled/dug depending on the kind of soil or presence of rock or
boulders.
3. Beam Assembly

- Assembly begins at the end farthest from approaching traffic placing one
panel of the rail at a time on the posts.

- The end piece is installed just like any other panel and always with the end flared back.

-The lap at all posts should be such that a vehicle does not strike the end of the metal.
Poor Bridge Railing

A large gap – no smooth

transition provided for safety

Source: DPWH Highway safety Design Standards

Good Connection

Source: DPWH Highway safety Design Standards

Poor End Treatment

Can result in a vehicle being

speared

Source: DPWH Highway safety Design Standards

A car being speared by Guardrail:

Source: DPWH Highway safety Design Standards

4. Backfilling of Drilled/Dug Holes

- Backfilling of dug or drilled holes should not be completed until the rail is in place and lined
up.

- Backfill should consist of dry earth or granular material well tamped.

- Posts need not be set in concrete unless unusually soft materials require it.
D. Concrete Parapet Wall

An economical alternative road protection

E. Road Signs

This are traffic signs installed along the roadway for the following purposes :

- For traffic safety

- To remind particular traffic rules
- To inform drivers how to use the roadway

Types :

Warning sign

Regulatory sign

Informatory sign
Warning signs
Chevron Signs

- are used to guide drivers through a change in horizontal alignment of the road

- the point of the arrow indicates the direction of travel

- shall be visible for at least 150m to provide the user adequate time to react to the change
in alignment

- minimum lateral offset from edge of pavement is 1.8m

- height above ground:

1.5m – for rural areas

2.2m – for urban areas

Regulatory Signs
Informatory signs
G. Road safety devices

Barriers

Should be connected to provide safety

Traffic Cones Bollards
G. Pavement Markings

Center (Separation) Lines

- are used to separate traffic movements

For speed limit of <60kph: L1 = 3.0 m; L2= 6.0m

For speed limit of >60kph: L1 = 3.0m; L2 = 9.0m

Double Unbroken Yellow Lines

- Used when overtaking from both directions and all crossing movements prohibited.
- Are also used where sight distance is restricted for descending traffic
Single Unbroken Yellow Line

 Overtaking on both directions prohibited

 Crossing movements are permitted
Combination of UNBROKEN YELLOW LINE and a WHITE SEPARATION LINE :

DIRECTION IN WHICH
OVERTAKING IS PROHIBITED

DIRECTION IN WHICH
OVERTAKING IS PERMITTED
Rumble Strips

Reflectorized thermoplastic rumble strips purpose:

a. Warn/alert drivers of upcoming roadway condition such as intersections, sharp horizontal

curves, narrow bridge approaches, tunnels.

b. Use to prevent/lessen the effect of drowsiness during long drive and inattention
Reflectorized thermoplastic rumble strips shall have the following dimension:

Height : 4.0 - 13 mm
Width : 50 - 100 mm
Spacing : 200 - 500 mm

As much as possible, placement of reflectorized thermoplastic rumble strips shall be limited to rural
locations and shall not be installed near residential areas because of the noise it can generate.
Curb Marking for Parking Prohibition

NO PARKING ZONE

38
No Loading/Unloading Zone
or Fire Lane Zone

39
MATERIALS

Thermoplastic marking machine

Reflectorized traffic paint

40
III. Bridge Basics: Classification, Materials and Construction

A. Bridge Components

B. Bridge Classification

C. Materials and Construction

D. Maintenance of Bridges in the Philippines

INTRODUCTION

Bridge

- a construction made for carrying the road traffic or other moving

loads in order to pass through an obstacle or other constructions.

- the required passage may be for pedestrians, a road, a railway, a

canal, a pipeline, etc.

- obstacle can be rivers, valleys, sea channels, and other constructions,

such as bridges themselves, buildings, railways, or roads.
BRIDGE COMPONENTS

A. Superstructure

B. Bearings

C. Substructure

D. Accessory structures
Typical Cross section:
(A) Superstructure

- In general, the superstructure represents the portion of a bridge above

the bearings

- the part of a bridge supported by the bearings, including deck, girder, truss,
etc.
(B) Bearings

- a component of a bridge transmitting the loads received from the deck

on to the substructure and to allow controlled movement due to
temperature variation or seismic activity and thereby reduce the stresses
involved.
(C) Substructure

- the portion of the bridge below the bearing, used for supporting the
bridge superstructure and transmits all those loads to ground.

- include abutments, piers, wing walls, or retaining walls, and foundation

structures
(D) Accessory structures

Bridge accessories are structure members subordinate to the main

bridge structure, such as parapets, service ducts
BRIDGE CLASSIFICATION

Depending on the objective of classification, the bridges can be classified in

several ways:

Materials of construction

Span length Position (for movable bridges)

Span types

Usage

Structural form
Bridge Classification by Structural Form

Although bridges can be classified by different methods, the bridge

classification according to its structural form is still the common way.

In general, bridges can be classified into:

a. Beam bridges(Girder bridges)

b. Truss bridges

c. Arch bridges

d. Cable stayed bridges

e. Suspension bridges
a. Beam Bridges (Girder Bridges)

- the most common, inexpensive, and simplest structural forms supported

between abutments or piers.

- the weight of the beam and other external load need to be resisted by
the beam itself, and the internal forces include the bending moment and
shear force.

- when subjected a positive bending moment, the top fibers of a beam are
in compression (pushed together) while the bottom fibers are in tension
(stretched).
B. Truss Bridges

a structure of connected elements forming triangular units, and a bridge

whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss.
Modular Steel Truss Bridges in the Philippines
C. Arch Bridges

- a bridge shaped as an upward convex curved arch to sustain the vertical

loads.

- a simple arch bridge works by transferring its weight and other loads
partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the strong abutments at either
side.
 Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, 1991, ASCE
The thirteenth such structure and the first concrete bridge so designated

Salginatobel Bridge, 1930, Switzerland

Structural Artist: Robert Maillart
D. Cable-Stayed Bridges

- a structure with several points in each span between the towers supported
upward in a slanting direction with inclined cables and consists of main
tower(s), cable-stays, and main girders

- Cable-stayed bridges have the second-longest spanning capacity (after

suspension bridges), and they are practically suitable for spans up to around
1000 m.
8.9-kilometer Cebu-Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX)
E. Suspension Bridges

-a continuous girder suspended by suspension cables, which pass through

the main towers and end on big anchorages that hold them.

-The curve shape of the suspension cables is similar to that of arch.

-However, the suspension cable can only sustain the tensile forces, which is
different from the compressive forces in the arch.

-Also because of this, the cable will never “buckle” and highly efficient use of
high strength steel materials becomes possible.
Brooklyn Bridge, 1883, New York
Reference for today’s discussion:

1. BRIDGE ENGINEERING - Classifications, Design Loading, and Analysis Methods, Lin & Yoda

2. DPWH BRIDGE REPAIR MANUAL

3. DPWH Highway Safety Design Standards