PRELIM

Lesson 10
Business Communication
Overview:
This lesson is all about the business communication such as the use of
business letter, memorandum, e-mail, cover letter, and resume. This also tackles
about some tips in the job interview.
Peace concept: Observe protocol in writing business communication.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students can:
1. Describe the business letter, memorandum, e-mail, cover letter, and
resume;
2. Using the given templates, write their own business letter,
memorandum, e-mail, cover letter, and resume; and
3. Give the importance of communication in workplace.
4. Write business communication using appropriate and bias- free term.

Materials Needed: laptop, cellphone, worksheets

Duration: 360 minutes

Learning Content:

Business Letter Template

Company Letterhead
(two or more blank lines)
Date of letter
(two or more blank lines)
Name of recipient
Position/Designation of recipient
Address of recipient
(one blank line)
Dear + courtesy title + Recipient’s last name:
(one blank line)
First single-spaced paragraph
(one blank line)
Second single-spaced paragraph
(one blank line)
Third single-spaced paragraph
(one blank Line)

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 Complimentaryclose, such as “Respectfully
yours,”
(three blank lines for the sender’s signature)
Name of sender
Title/Designation of sender

A business letter is a “document that conveys information to a member of one

organization from someone outside of that organization.”

It is a form of external communication. It is formatted to contain, among others,

an inside address and a signature block that specify the recipient and sender
respectively. It also contains standard formulas of openings and closings called
salutation and
complimentary close. The standard salutation format consists of “Dear” followed
by the title (Mr., Ms., Dr., Prof., etc.) of the recipient, his or her last name, and a
colon. Conventional complimentary closes for business letters today are:
Sincerely, Respectfully, Best regards, Kind regards, and Yours truly. Finally, it is
formatted in a way that makes relevant information easy to see and understand.

Memo Template
(two inches of blank space)
Memorandum or Memo
To: Reader’s names (individual or group names) and designation/job titles
(one blank line)
From: Writer’s name and designation/job title
(one blank line)
Date: current date
Subject: What the memo is all about.
(two blank lines)
First

A memo is an internal communication which immediately gives the date, the

addressee and sender, and the subject of the memo in a standard format. There
is no need for a salutation, complimentary close, and signature block.

Work Email Sample

From: Samuel Allison <[email protected]>
To: Karen Jones [email protected]
Subject: Marks report

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Salutation ___________ Dear Karen:

Message Content _____ Have you completed a revision of the Marks report, and if so,
may I have a copy of it? I would like to take it to my meeting with Rachel tomorrow. I will
be in my office until noon if you have any questions.

Closing ______________ Regards,

Sam

Signature File Samuel Alllison

Director, Marketing
XYZ, Inc.
123 Anywhere Street
New York, NY 10024
Tel: (212) 555-1234
Fax: (212) 555-3456
[email protected]
www.xyz-inc.com

Mary Ellen Guffey (2000) notes in Essentials of Business Communication that

email message and memos are “standard forms of communication written within
organizations” and “will probably become [the] most common business
communication channel.” Email message allow professionals to send, forward,
and receive many messages quickly and efficiently, and they are designed for
simultaneous circulation.

Like memos and business letters, email message should be warm, and friendly,
but not too conversational, emotional, or intimate. The goal is a professional
tone-neither too formal nor too conversational.

Workplace emails still follow the standard format, minus the automatic
components: email systems automatically insert the date of incoming messages,
the name, and the email address of the sender. The writer inputs the name and
email address of the recipient, as well as the subject which, as in memos, should
summarize the central idea of the message. Work emails have salutations that
use the colon at the end, but in certain contexts when sender and recipient have
a close working relationship, titles are dropped and first names are used.
Paragraph organization is the same as for memos and business letters, and the
information given should be only what is necessary. Opening fillers (there is, It is,)
long lead-ins (I am writing this memo to inform you that), and wordy phrases

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 should be avoided. Lastly, it is best to compose emails offline or to at least
proofread the message before sending it.

Sample Cover Letter and Resume

April 26, 2021

DR. BAI HEJIRA NEFERTITI S. LIMBONA

Chancellor
Mindanao State University-Maguindanao
Dalican, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao

Through: GENUINE U. MALIM

Human Resource Management Officer

Dear Ma’am:

I, Almira Kusin, a graduate of Bachelor of Arts in Islamic Studies, Major in Shariah at

Mindanao State University - Maguindanao, am applying for a teaching job in your
institution.

I will be glad to answer your further clarification about my credentials at your most
convenient time. Attached is my resume, transcript of records and other necessary
documents for your references.

Thank you very much for your time and consideration. More power and Allah bless you.

You YYou may reach me at these mode of contacts: 09972794347 or [email protected].

Truly yours,

ALMIRA KUSIN
Applicant

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RESUME

ALMIRA KUSIN
Dalican, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao
Contact Number: 0916085002
E-mail: [email protected]

EDUCATION
Post Graduate(2017 -Present) Mindanao State University- Maguindanao
Graduate School
Master of Arts in English Language
Teaching

Tertiary (2008-2012) Mindanao State University-Maguindanao

Bachelor of Secondary Education-
English
Outstanding Performer of the Year

Secondary (2004-2008) Maguindanao National High School

Class Valedictorian

Elementary (1999-2004 Linantangan Elementary School

Class Valedictorian

WORK EXPERIENCE
2012-2016 Datu Odin Sinsuat Educational and
Development Foundation Inc.

INTEREST
Books
Movies
Foods

HOBBIES
Reading
Listening Music
Watching Movies

SKILLS
Singing

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Dancing
Hosting
Drawing
Acting

Job Interview
It can vary from structured or formal with a set of specific questions to
unstructured with more freewheeling conversation. Among several types of
interviews, the following are the most common:
● The traditional one-on-one interview – The candidate is interviewed by
one person.
● The panel interview – The candidate is interviewed by a group or panel.
● The group interview – The candidate is interviewed along with fellow
candidates.
The stress interview – The candidate is asked a series of difficult and
intimidating questions to see how he or she handles stress.

Before the interview

Have the right mind-set. Remember that the primary goal of the
interviewer is to learn whether you have the skills, training, experience, and
interest necessary to fulfil the requirements of the position. Answer their
questions honestly so that you may both find out if you can meet the company’s
needs.

Research. Gather information about the company you are applying to so

that you can adjust your responses to fit that company. Find out specifically
about the company’s leaders, its mission and vision or business philosophy, its
products, service, or customers, and its competition. Think about why the
company would be interested in you. Finally, think about what the job involves in
terms of duties, hours, wages, and opportunities for advancement.

Know the typical question asked. Below is a table of questions collated

from various sources but mainly based on those from The Professional
Development Seminar Junior and Senior Course Workbook (Nicholls College
Professional Development).

Getting-to-know-you question Tell me about yourself. What was your

course and major in college, and why
did you choose it? If you could do it

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 over again, would you stay in the same
field? Why? What are you greatest
strengths? What are some things you
enjoy doing in your spare time? What
are your hobbies, sports, or interests?
Question about your qualification What specific qualifications do you
have for this job? Can you talk about
your previous work experience,
whether part time jobs or internships?
What were your biggest achievements
in college? Why should we hire you
when there are other applicants with
better credentials or more experience?
Forward-looking questions Where do you see yourself five years
from now? If you were hired for this
position, what would you do to ensure
that you fit in? Do you plan to continue
your education?
Tough question What are your greatest weaknesses? Is
there anything you would like to
change about your personality? What is
this, and why? How did you prepare for
this interview? Do you feel that you
achieved the best grade-point average
of which you were capable in college?
Have you ever faced an ethical
dilemma? What did you do and how did
you feel about it? If a superior gave you
specific instructions to do something in
a particular way, and you knew that
way was wrong, what actions would
you take?
Questions about money What kind of salary do you expect?
How much did you previously earn?
How much are you presently earning?
By age___, how much money do you
expect to earn? Can you take a pay cut
from your current (or previous) job?

Learning Activity:

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 With the given templates and samples, write the following using the
appropriate and bias-free terms.
● Business letter
● Memo
● Email
● Cover letter
● Resume

Learning Evaluation
Prepare for a mock interview.
Rubric
Resume and Cover Letter 25 pts.
Attire 10 pts.
Skill 40 pts.
Delivery 25 pts.
100 pts.
References:
Books
Sygaco, S. (2018).Principles and Competencies in Purposive Communication.
West Avenue, Quezon City: Great Books Publishing

Web
http://www.omafra.com.gov.on.cal/english/rural/facts/03-033.htm
http://www.campmembers.com/media/cms/121_mod2_ch8_effective_communicat
ion_63afca8970d43.pdf

Lesson 11
8
 Making an Academic Paper

Overview:
This lesson is all about the basic rules or guidelines in writing an academic
paper. It also discusses the main parts of its writing process that is very important
in writing a good academic paper.
Peace concept: Observe protocol in writing academic paper.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the students can:

1. Discuss the basic rules or guidelines in writing an academic paper.
2. Apply the basic rules or guidelines in writing an academic paper; and
3. Give the relevance of knowing how to write academically.
4, Write a research proposal reflecting protocols and bias- free
terminologies.

Duration: 270 minutes

Learning Content:
10 Rules How to Write Academic Paper Successfully

1. You need to define the goal of writing your work. The main purpose of any
kind of paper is to analyze, inform, and persuade. Define the goal of your article
right after you choose a topic for your work.
2. Consider your audience that will read your academic paper; think how you
can catch their interests and engage people with your ideas.
3. Needless to say that your work must be written with the clear point of view.
That is why you have to reflect the main purpose of your paper in the thesis
statement.
4. You need to focus every single paragraph of your future work on the
unnecessary information in the article.
5. You have to structure information to follow standards of writing, and this is
the best way to make your work logical and clear to readers.
6. Make sure each paragraph of your article supports thesis statement and
topic. Feel free to bring description, facts, examples, quotes, personal experience,
and opinions of experts to support your argument.
7. Provide your readers with a clear and complete explanation of ideas and
thoughts you are going to write in your work. This is important for them to
understand your paper.

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 8. Make detailed research before writing and use reliable sources while writing
your article to support your own opinion. Don’t forget that it’s important to cite all
sources properly.
9. Follow all needed guidelines to use proper style and format in accordance
with all requirements about your work.
10. Use a natural writing style to make your work clear, understandable, and
easy to read for the audience. Avoid using boring style. You have to check the
article for grammar, spelling and logical errors.

Main Parts of Writing Process

If you want to know how to write good academic papers, it’s important to
understand main steps of the process. We suggest following these steps to
create perfect work.

1. Select subject;
2. Brainstorm your ideas about writing your future work;
3. Make a detailed research of chosen field;
4. Discover a thesis statement;
5. Create clear plan (outline) of your writing;
6. Write articles draft;
7. Revise finished work;
8. Edit your text;
9. Proofread your article.

Selecting Good Topic

Sometimes your teacher may provide you with list of topics for
writing, and in some cases, you will have to select a subject for your future
writing on your own. Try to find a subject you are interested in. make some
ideas, and narrow these ideas to topics. For example, you may write about
preventing ocean pollution, importance of management, or economic
analysis. These are not topics because they are very broad, and you can
choose the more concrete question to write about.

A good idea is to convert your topic into a question. This is the best way to
turn readers’ attention, as well as define main goal of your future work and
understand what kind of issues you need to review inside. This is a list of
signs of successful topics;
● You bring a question that does not have just one simple answer, but it
may have several answers.
● Your audience cares about the answers to the question of your article.

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 ● Your works provides readers with a new perspective, and topic motivates
the audience to read the entire article.
● You are involved in the topic.
● You have chosen an appropriate topic for your future academic paper- if
you will say too little or very much, you won’t get successful work.
● You have information, wide your subject, and if a lot, you have to narrow
topic.

Brainstorming ALL Ideas

This step means writing down all opinions, questions and related
information to your topic. This step allows you to understand what you
already have about your topic, and what information you still need to find.
Brainstorming helps to keep all your ideas together.

Doing Research
This is an important part of writing you need to do constantly during the
writing process. If your research leads you in a bit different direction, you
can change the topic a little. These are three important things you must
keep in mind while making research.
● Do not forget to plan your research before you start the writing process.
● Follow schedule; at the beginning make preliminary research, and start
working on your article, and go back to research process if you need.
● Make notes about your source that you may use in your work.

Writing Thesis Statement

This is the most important sentence in your work that provides readers
with the main idea of your entire article. We are going to provide you with
important things you have to include into the thesis.
● Your thesis contains the main idea of your paper (work should contain one
idea).
● A thesis reflects your own opinion -- if someone reads your thesis, he or
she has to understand the main goal of your article.
● All thesis statement should answer the research question.
● If you want to create successful work, include something interesting into
thesis to surprise your audience.
● Thesis should be clear and well-understandable to people.
● All sentences of your future work must support the thesis, and all thoughts
you put into article should be connected to it.

Making Good Outline

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 It is very important to make a detailed plan of your future article
before writing. Creating work without a clear outline is the same as traveling
without a map. It means you do not know where to start, how to go, and where
to end your paper. Thanks to outline, you will not face such problems, and
send much less time with writing. You will not lose important details and
thoughts. The more details you write into the outline, the less time you will
spend on writing entire work. When you are creating an outline, follow the
structure of your future work. Keep in mind that your article contains three
main elements: introduction, main part, and a conclusion.
● Introduction is a part that provides readers with brief information about
your work. It is important to make this part interesting to catch people
attention and motivate them to read the entire paper. You need to give
some facts to readers to understand your topic without making this part
boring.
● Body part consists of several paragraphs, depending on your articles
length and purpose. You should remember that very single paragraph
must contain one idea to support the thesis. It is difficult for readers to be
focused on long a article which is why you should not make very long
paragraphs; we suggest writing each paragraph not longer than of the
page.
● Conclusion is the shortest part of your work that sums up everything you
said and shows the significance of article, providing readers with a
rephrased thesis.
● Do not make your conclusion very long. Check out if you are not providing
your audience with any kind of new information in this part.

Creating First Draft

Read these important tips and use them during writing article.
● Follow outline during writing and re-read all information about introduction,
body part, and conclusion we provide above.
● Ready some information about how to use material from sources.
● During writing, do not pay your attention to grammar, misprints or any
other details that can distract you from the process. Your main task is to
follow your thoughts according to an outline.
● Avoid plagiarism- do not forget to mention source if you use someone’s
words.
● Plan your time beforehand, and do not try to make your work at the last
minute; if you do not have time for creating a good work, another option is
to order it online. Writing is a serious process that requires a lot of time for
planning, creating, and revising; this is one of the secrets how to write
good academic papers.

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Revising an Academic Work
After you completed your draft, it is time to revise your work. Follow these
tips to revise paper;
● Get feedback from classmates or other people, including relatives,
teacher, or colleagues. Listen to what they say and make changes
in your work, if needed.
● Re-read all requirements from your teacher, and check off what you
already did, and mark things you still needed to work on.
● Make an outline of your draft to check if you have organized all
ideas clearly.
● Read every sentence of your work to check out if it supports thesis
statement, and change all inappropriate sentences.
● Read your work to check out each body paragraph supports topic.
● Imagine that you have never read this paper before, and try to
figure out what questions and comments your readers may have.
Your audience should be attracted by your work.

Editing Your Paper

Whether you are writing articles for a journal or creating homework essay,
you need to edit the finished work to make it easier read and more precise.
Follow these steps:
● Read your paper out loud slowly and mark repetitions, wordiness,
and misprints, which you have to correct.
● Use online sources to check spelling and grammar.
● Each and every sentence of your work must have a proper
structure.

Proofreading Your Work

You have to proofread your academic paper to avoid any careless
mistakes, and we suggest having some rest after writing an article (at
least one day) and start proofreading with fresh eyes.

Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing are all different ways of including

the ideas of others into your assignments. Quoting passages allows you to
share the specific words and phrase of other author, while paraphrasing
and summarizing allow you to show your understanding and interpretation
of a text. Either way, referring to outside sources makes your own ideas
and your paper more credible. Also, properly quoting, paraphrasing, and
summarizing are great ways to avoid plagiarism.

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 Learning Activities:
Submit a draft of an actual research proposal reflecting protocols and
bias-free terminologies.

Learning evaluation:
Students will be assigned to begin writing the Introduction and Method
sections of an academic research paper related to their chosen field.

References:
Book

Web:http://www.ted.com/talks_shirky_how_cellphones_twitter_facebook_
can_make_history

Lesson 12
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

Overview:
14
 This lesson is all about the basic rules or guidelines in writing an academic
paper. It also discusses the main parts of its writing process that is very important
in writing a good academic paper.
Peace concept: Observe correctness quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students can:
1. Discuss quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing;
2. Apply the basic guidelines in quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, and
3. Give the relevance of knowing how to quote, paraphrase, and summarize.

Materials Needed: Laptop, cellphone

Duration: 180 minutes

Lesson Proper:

Quoting
● Involves copying short sentences or passages from the original text word-
for-word.
● Places copied wording within “quotation marks”.
● Includes an in-text citation that states the authors last name, the
publication year, and the page or paragraph number: (Lee, 2016, p. 1)

Paraphrasing
● Involves putting a section of a text into your own words.
● Changes the words and phrasing of the original text, but keeps the original
meaning of the text.
● Includes an in-text citation that states the authors last name and the
publication year: (Lee, 2016)

Summarizing
● Involves stating the main ideas and findings of a text into your own words.
● Presents a general overview, so is usually much shorter than the original
text.
● Includes an in-text citation that states the authors last name and the
publication year: (Lee, 2016)

Quoting

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 Quoting is when you repeat an author’s work word-for-word. Direct quotes
are placed within quotation marks (“ “) and are cited using an in-text citation. For
example:

“The systematic development of literacy and schooling meant a new division in

society, between the educated and the uneducated” (Cook-Gumperz, 1986, p. 27).

Use a Quote…
● When the authors words convey a powerful meaning.
● When you cannot possibly say the information any better.
● To introduce an author’s position that you want to discuss.
● To support claims in your writing or provide evidence for the points you
are making.

How to Quote:
If you want to include a quotation into your writing, make sure to introduce, cite,
and explain the quotation. This technique is known as the ICE method.

INTRODUCE
Introduce your quotes by stating the author’s last name, any necessary
background information, and a signal verb. According to APA guidelines, signal
verbs should be written in the past tense.

For example:
As stated by Cormac McCarthy in his 2006 novel The Road: “You forget what you
want to forget” (P. 12).

CITE
Provide in-text citations for all quotes. For each quotation, include the author’s
last name, the year the text was published, and the page number (p. #) or
paragraph number (para. #) the quote was found on. Place every quotation
between quotation marks (“ “) and copy the text word-for-word, including the
text’s original punctuation and capital letters.

EXPLAIN
Make sure to explain your quotations. Provide explanation or insight as to
why this quotation is important, or comment on the importance of the quotation.
To help with your explanation, ask yourself the following questions:
● What is this quote saying?
● How does this information add to what I am trying to prove in this
paragraph?

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 ● Why is it important to what I am saying? What is its significance?
● What am I trying to show or prove with this information?

Never leave any room for interpretation. It is your responsibility as the writer to
explain the quoted information for your reader.

Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you use your own words to express someone else’s
message or ideas. When you paraphrase, you keep the same meaning of the
original text, but you use different words and phrasing to convey that meaning.
For example:
Original paragraph from Nancy Woloch’s book, Women and the American
Experience: A Concise History.

“The feminization of clerical work and teaching by the turn of the century
reflected the growth of business and public education. It also reflected limited
opportunities elsewhere. Throughout the nineteenth century, stereotyping of work
by sex had restricted women and attracted a surplus of applicants willing to work
for less pay than man would have received. The entry of women into such fields-
whether grammar school teaching or office work-drove down wages.”

Paraphrased version
According to Nancy Woloch (2002) in women and the American
Experience: a concise history, the “feminization” of jobs in the nineteenth century
had two major effects: a lack of employment opportunities for women and
inadequate compensation for positions that were available. Thus, while clerical
and teaching jobs indicated a boom in these sectors, women were forced to
apply for jobs that would pay them less than male workers were paid (P. 170).

Use Paraphrasing…
● As another option to quoting.
● To rewrite someone else’s ideas without changing the meaning.
● To express someone else’s ideas in your own words.
● To support claims in your writing.

How to Paraphrase:
● Read the text carefully. Be sure you understand the text fully.
● Put the original text aside and write your paraphrase in your own words.
Consider each point of the original text, how could you rephrase it? Do not
simply replace every third of fourth word of the original text but is in your

17
 own words and style? Did you include all the main points and essential
information?
● Include an in-text citation that states the author’s last name and the
publication year. For example: (Lee, 2016. Including the page number is
optional, but recommended.
● Explain why the paraphrased information is important. To do so, ask
yourself the following questions:
o What am I trying to show or prove with this information?
o Why is it important to what I am saying? What is its significance?
o How does this information add to what I am trying to prove in this
paragraph?

Summarizing
A summary is a short version of a larger reading. In your summary, you
state the main idea in your own words, but specific examples and details are left
out.
Use a Summary…
● When a passage from a source is too long to quote or paraphrase.
● When only the main ideas of a source are relevant to your paper.
● When the details in a text might distract, overwhelm, or confuse readers.

How to Summarize:
● Start by reading the text and highlighting the main points as you read.
● Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leaving out examples,
evidence, etc.
● Without the text, rewrite your notes in your words. Restate the main idea
at the beginning of your summary plus all major points. Include the
conclusion or the final findings of the work.
● Include an in-text citation that states the author’s last name and the
publication year. For example: (Lee, 2016)

Learning Activities:
Using the passage below, quote, paraphrase and summarize observing
correctness usage of terms.

Do the following worksheets.

Try this one your own

Original paragraph

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 Of the more than 1,000 bicycling deaths year, three-fourths are caused
By head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study
Concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by
85 Percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions
the head.
From “Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers,” Consumer Reports (May
1990):
348:

Paraphrased:

Summarized:

Here’s another one!

Original Paragraph

“The Antarctic is the best vast source of cold on our planet, just as the
sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our
climate,” [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. “The cold ocean water around
Antarctica flows north.” To mix with warmer water from the topics, and its
upwelling’s help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the
fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity.” From
“Captain Cousteau,” Audubon (May 1990): 17.

Paraphrased:

Summarized:

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Rubric (Each Worksheet)
Organization of Ideas - 15 pts.
Accuracy - 10 pts.
Writing Mechanics - 5 pts.
30 pts.
Learning evaluation:
I. Quoting:
Each of these four attempts at quoting has an error. Find the error the
writer has made (on the right hand side) and match it to the quote
above.

Chiang, Lu and Castillo (2017,p65) consider the rise in the use of large
datasets. They state” “Simply put, a big data journey has started if
volume, velocity, and variety characterize your data challenges and
steps are taken to seize the opportunities.
a. Page number has been omitted.
b. This text is too long to be treated as a short quote.
c. It would be preferable to paraphrase this quote as it would allow the
student to show they understand the author’s meaning.
d. There is a error in the use of the quotation marks.

II. Summarizing:
Read this section of an article and choose which option from the
answers below best summariZes it.

Original source:
Longitudinal studies have also confirmed the role of beliefs in teacher
practice. The impact of previously held beliefs was found to be
enduring when four school teachers were observed over a two-year
period implementing a new and specific method of teaching reading
(Stephens et al., 2000). Despite the teachers receiving special training,
new practice was not comprehensively sustained, with one teacher
reverting to practice based on prior-held beliefs at the end of the
training period. Similar reliance on earlier beliefs has been observed in
studies of preservice teachers. In a two year study on development of
professional belief systems about reading instruction the teachers
appeared to create fictive images of themselves as teachers consistent
with their prior knowledge of teachers and reading, and the
experiences they had on teaching practicum (Stoube, 2009). These
factors seemed more important in forming these teachers’ notions
about teaching reading, than formal reading courses undertaken as

20
 part of teacher training. In a similar fashion, research with preservice
teachers at two American universities found that previous, personal
experience and beliefs continued to influence content and instructional
choices of these participants (Barnyak & Paquette, 2010).

Which of the following best summarises the original

paragraph?
a. Teachers’ reluctance to implement new methods of
teaching reading to adults is regrettable (McHardy &
Chapman, 2016). By holding onto their old belief
systems, they are not making the most of their training
and thereby disadvantaging their students. Studies by
Stephens et al. (2000), Stoube (2009) and Barnyak and
Paquette (2010) all support this assertion.

b. McHardy and Chapman (2016) discuss previous

research into preservice teachers (Stoube, 2009;
Barnyak & Paquette, 2010) and experienced teachers
(Stephens et al., 2000) and conclude that even when
they have received training in methods of teaching
reading that differ from their existing practices and
beliefs, they often revert to the old ways after the
training is completed.

c. McHardy and Chapman (2016) prove that teachers find

it impossible to change their approach to teaching
reading to adults despite being trained in alternative
methods. They always return to the practices they
believe are best. Their views are supported by at least
three other studies.

III. Paraphrasing

Below is an extract from a text which a student intends to use in an

assignment, followed by two attempts at paraphrasing it. Read through
these, then indicate which you think does a better job of paraphrasing.

Assignment topic
It is generally agreed that homelessness is increasing in Australia, yet
there is no commonly accepted definition. What does it mean to be
‘homeless’, and why is it so hard for governments, charities and social
commentators to agree on a definition?

Original text:
Because of the complexity of homelessness from a social policy and
service delivery perspective, there are a wide range of views on what
constitutes homelessness. Definitions of homelessness are culturally

21
 and historically contingent. They range from limited objective measures
which conflate homelessness with rooflessness to more subjective
definitions founded on culturally and historically determined ideas of
‘home’.

Paraphrasing - Example A
Homelessness is complicated from both policy-making and service
delivery points of view. For this reason, there are many different
opinions on what homelessness means. Characterisations of
homelessness are linked to culture and history. They encompass both
narrow objective views which define being homeless as being roofless,
and more personal definitions based on cultural and historical
understandings of 'home' (ABS, 2012).

Paraphrasing - Example B
A multi-faceted concept, homelessness can be defined in a variety of
ways, most simply as the basic lack of shelter. However, our
understanding of what constitutes a ‘home’ is also informed by our
culture and history. This complexity impacts the development of
effective policy and services to address homelessness (ABS, 2012).

Which example paraphrases the information better?

a. Example A
b. Example B

References:
Books
Sygaco, S. (2018).Principles and Competencies in Purposive Communication.
West Avenue, Quezon City: Great Books Publishing
Web
http://www.tawanmandi.org.af/knowledge-
portal/media/workplace_communication_chapter_in_communications.pdf
http://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_cellphones_twitter_facebook_can_ma
ke_history
http://www.dol.gov/odep/topics/youth/softskills/communications.pdf
https://www.monash.edu/rlo/research-writing-
assignments/writing/paraphrasing-summarising-and-quoting

22
 Lesson 13
MLA and APA Referencing

Overview:

This lesson is all about MLA and APA citation style. There are also given
samples and activities.
Peace concept: Proper usage of MLA and APA referencing.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students can:
1. Discuss MLA and APA citation styles;
2. Apply MLA and APA citation styles; and
3. Give the relevance of knowing how to use MLA and APA citation styles in
writing academically.

Materials Needed: Laptop, cellphone

Duration: 270 minutes

Learning Content:
Citation Styles:
Introduction to MLA and APA
UHCL Writing Center
Update Spring 2015

Focus of MLA & APA Styles

Modern Language Association (MLA)
● Humanities and related areas (i.e. Literature)
● Focuses on authorship: (Smith and Johnson):
● Format is designed for ease of presentation.
● Often viewed as “easier” to follow by students.
● Commonly taught first to students

American Psychological Association (APA)

● Social sciences (i.e. psychology, sociology, and linguistics)
● Focuses on date of publication: (Smith & Johnson, 2009)
● Format is designed for comparison of research and determining
relevance.
● Often thought of as more difficult by students.

23
 ● Commonly taught as an alternative citation style.

Comparing In-Text Citations

● In-text citations are used when you need to give credit to an author for
using a quote (exact wording), paraphrasing (rewarding), or discussing
his/her ideas. example: (Mathis and Jones, 2009, pg. 74)
● All in-text citations for MLA and APA must reference the author’s name.
● Reference to the page number or publication year depends on the
situation and citation style.
● When using APA, always give the year of publication.
● When quoting, always give the page number in MLA & APA.
● When paraphrasing or simply referencing, no page number is needed for
either.

Comparing In-Text Citations (Cont.)

Example: The study provided no significant findings regarding the relationship of
gender and success in language classes,”—Johnson, Thomas and Arlene
Maiden/Studies in College, New York: 2003. McGraw-Hill. Print

Paraphrase
MLA: As stated by Johnson and Maiden, the research showed that there
was…
APA: As stated in Johnson & Maiden (2003), the researcher showed that…

Quote (incorporation in text)

MLA: As Johnson and Maiden explained, their “study…classes” (34).
APA: As Johnson & Maiden (2003) explained, their “study…classes” (P. 34).

Quote (no incorporation in text)

MLA: …in language classes” (Johnson and Maiden 34)
APA: …in language classes” (Johnson & Maiden, 2003, p. 34)

Comparing Reference
● At the end of research paper, a section must be devoted to listing the
information for each resource that you used in the paper. This includes all
resources that you quoted, paraphrased, or mentioned.
● If you have done your citing correctly, you should have mentioned each

24
 reference work at least once in your paper and each cited resource should
have reference citation.
● Different citation styles use difference terms for this section:
● MLA: Bibliography (Works Cited title)
● APA: Reference Page (Reference title)
● Both MLA and APA require that you organize your citations alphabetically
by the first letter of an author’s last name.

Books
Template
MLA: Last name, First name. Title of Work. City of Pub: Publisher, Year.
Medium.
APA: Last name, First Initial. (Year). Title of work. City of Pub, State:
Publisher.

Example
MLA: Johnson, Thomas. Studies in College. New York: 2003. McGraw-Hill.
Print.
APA: Johnson, t. (2003). Studies in college. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Notice these primary differences…

● MLA uses the full first name: APA uses only the first initial.
● MLA capitalizes all major words (excluding articles (a/an/the) and
prepositions (of, out, in): APA only capitalizes first words in the titles and
proper nouns (names).
● MLA states the medium of publication (print, web): APA does not.

Books (Cont.)
Template
MLA: Last name, First name. Title of Work. City of Pub: Publisher, Year,
Medium.
APA: Last name, First Initial. (Year). Title of work. City of Pub, State:
Publisher.

Examples
MLA: Johnson, Thomas. Studies in college. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Print.
APA: Johnson, T. (2003). Studies in college. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Try to cite the following book in both MLA and APA…

25
 Author: Stephen Jones
Title: A Review of Industry Standards
Year of Pub: 2010
City of Pub: London
Publisher: Stanton Publishing Group

Books (cont. 2)
Template
MLA: Last name, First name. Title of Work. City of Pub: Publisher, Year.
Medium
APA: Last name, First Initial. (Year). Title of work. City of Pub, State:
Publisher.

Examples
MLA: Johnson, Thomas. Studies in College, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Print.
APA: Johnson, T. (2003) Studies In College. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Answers…

MLA: Jones, Stephen. A Review of Industry Standards. London: Stanton

Publishing Group, 2010. Print.

APA: Jones, S. (2010). A review of industry standards. London: Stanton

Publishing

Articles in Journals (cont.)

Template
MLA: Last name, First name. “Title of Work.” Journal Title Volume. Issue
(Year):
Page numbers. Medium.
APA: Last name, First Initial. (Year). Title of Work, Journal Title, Volume
(Issue) page
Numbers.
Examples
MLA: Smith. Linda. “Students in Danger.” New England Journal of Student
Progress 7.2 (2007): 142-154. Print.

26
 APA: Smith. L. (2007). Students in danger. New England Journal of Student
Progress 7(2), 142-154.

Try to cite the following journal article in MLA and APA…

Author: Samuel Brown Volume: 4 Pages: 164-184
Title: Working of the Union Issue: 1
Journal: Workplace Review Year: 1995

Articles in Journals (cont. 2)

Template
MLA: Last name, First name. “Title of Work.” Journal Title Volume, Issue
(Year):
Page numbers. Medium
APA: Last name, First initial. (Year). Title of work. Journal Title,
Volume(issue), page
Numbers

Examples
MLA: Smith, Linda. “Students in Danger.” New England Journal of Student
Progress 7.2
(2007): 142-154. Print.
APA: Smith. L. (2007). Students in Danger.” New England Journal of Student
Progress 7.2
(2007): 142-154. Print.

Answers…
MLA: Brown, Samuel. “Working for the union.” Workplace Review 4.1 (1995):
164-
184. print.
APA” Brown, S. (1995). Working for the union. Workplace Review, 4(1). 164-
184.

Online Source
Template
MLA: Author. Title of Site. Sponsor, date created (use n.d. if not given).
Medium.
Date accessed. <URL (optional)>.
APA: Author. (Year, Moth [use n.d. if not given]). Article or page sub-title.
Major

27
 Publication Title, Volume or issue number (if available). Retrieved from
http://url.

Example: we are citing the data found here.

MLA: Department of Enrolment Management. 2013 Fall Term
Comparison. University of Houston-clear lake, 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 21
Oct. 14
APA: Department of enrolment Management. (2013). 2013 Fall tem
Comparison Enrolment Management 2013 Reports. Management/
Images/Enrollment%20and%20SCH
Fall%2013%202Yr%201042013%20final.pdf

Online Source (cont.)

Template
MLA: Author, Title of Site. Sponsor. Date created (use n.d. if not given).
Medium.
Date accessed. <URL (optional)>
APA: Author, (Year. Moth[use n.d. if not given]). Article or page sub-title.
Major
Publication Title. Volume or issue number (if available). Retrieved from
http://url.
Example: Try to cite the following website in MLA and APA
http://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/aboutteenpreg.htm

Online Source (cont. 2)

Template
MLA: Author, Title of Site. Sponsor. Date created (use n.d. if not given).
Medium.
Date accessed. <URL (optional)>
APA: Author, (Year. Moth[use n.d. if not given]). Article or page sub-title.
Major
Publication Title. Volume or issue number (if available). Retrieved from
http://url.

Example; We are citing the data found here.

MLA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP). About Teen
Pregnancy. CDCP, 19 Jun. 2014. Web. 27 Oct. 2014.
APA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP). (2014, June).
About

28
 Teen Pregnancy. Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/
Teenpregnancy/aboutteenpreghtm.

Learning Activity:
Answer the given worksheet.
MLA/APA Worksheet
Name:___________________________________________________________
Section:______________________________________Date:_______________

1. Find an article in a research paper, and pretend you are using it in a paper.
Quote from the article, and make sure you use both the MLA/APA citation format.
2. Now write the citation for the article in a research paper.

Rubric
Organization of ideas- 15 pts.
Accuracy- 10 pts.
Writing Mechanics- 5 pts.
30 pts.
3. Provide, analyze and present sample of MLA and APA citation styles in
writing research paper.

Learning Evaluation:

1. In this lesson, you learned strategies for using APA and MLA style
documentation and formatting in a research paper. Locate a source that uses
APA or MLA style, such as an article in a professional journal in the sciences or
social sciences. Identify these key components of an APA or MLA paper in your
example: sthe abstract, section heads, in-text citations, and references list.

29
2. Check one of your assignments for correct APA or MLA formatting and
citations. (You may wish to conduct this activity in two sessions—one to edit the
body of the paper and one to edit the references section.) Check for the following:

All components of an APA or MLA paper are included.

The title page (or title block) and body of the paper are correctly formatted.
In-text, or parenthetical, citations are complete and correctly formatted.
Sources cited within the paper match the sources listed in the references or
works cited section.

The references or works cited section uses correct formatting and lists entries in
alphabetical order.

3. As electronic media continually change, guidelines for citing electronic sources

are continually updated. Identify three new or emerging forms of electronic media
not listed in this text—for instance, virtual communities, such as Second Life, or
social networking sites, such as LinkedIn, Facebook, and MySpace. Answer the
following questions:

Under what circumstances would this media be a useful source of information for
a research paper? How might students use these sources to conduct research
five or ten years from now?

What information would a student need to provide if citing this source? Why?
Develop brief guidelines for how to cite the emerging media source types you
identified.

References

Books
Sygaco, S. (2018).Principles and Competencies in Purposive Communication.
West Avenue, Quezon City: Great Books Publishing

Web
http://.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_cellphones_twitter_facebook_can_make_hi
story
htpp://www.English28payte.weble.com/uploads/3/8/2/9/38294063/nortonfieldguide.
pdf

30
 Republic of the Philippines
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - MAGUINDANAO
Dalican, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

e-mail: [email protected]

GEC 102

Purposive
Communication

LYDIA
31 S. BAWA, PHD
BAI LIBERTY S. MAMA, MPA