TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 3

2.0 OBJECTIVES................................................................................................. 3

3.0 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS................................................................................ 3

4.0 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................ 4

4.1 PROCESS FLOWCHART.................................................................................... 4

4.2 COMPUTER SIMULATION ................................................................................. 5

4.3 TESTING THE OUTPUT................................................................................... 6

5.0 DATA AND RESULTS....................................................................................... 6

6.0 CONCLUSION............................................................................................... 9

7.0 RECOMMENDATION ....................................................................................... 9

1.0 Introduction

This project involves the design and construction of a variable power supply using the LM317
adjustable voltage regulator IC. The power supply can provide a stable DC output within a
specified voltage range. The LM317 allows for voltage adjustments by varying the resistance of
a potentiometer, making it ideal for laboratory testing and low-power applications.

The circuit includes a step-down transformer, capacitors for filtering, and diodes for
rectification to ensure the correct DC output. A DC voltmeter is used to monitor the output
voltage, while a heatsink dissipates the heat generated by the LM317 during operation.

2.0 Objectives
• Design and implement a variable power supply capable of delivering a DC output ranging from
1.25V to approximately 12V.
• Ensure the output is stable and regulated for safe use with sensitive electronic components.
• Provide a visual display of the output voltage through a connected DC voltmeter.

3.0 Scope and Limitation

Scope:

1. Adjustable DC Power Supply: The power supply is designed for low-power applications with
an adjustable output. It is ideal for use in testing and developing electronic circuits.

2. Portable and Compact Design: Unlike larger, traditional power supplies, this design is
compact and easy to carry, so it can be used in both workspaces and on-the-go
environments.

3. Simple Voltage Selection: Featuring an easy-to-use selector knob, switching between

voltages is quick and hassle-free, allowing users to move between preset levels without
extra setup or fine adjustments.

Limitations:

1. LM317-Based Adjustable Power Supply with Overload Protection: The maximum output
current and voltage are determined by the LM317, and the components used. Overloading
the circuit may lead to overheating or failure. The input voltage is limited by the step-
down transformer used in the design.

2. Heat generation can be an issue especially at higher currents. Proper heat sinking or
thermal management may be required to prevent overheating.
4.0 Methodology
4.1 Process Flowchart
1. Step-down Transformation: The 230V AC is stepped down to 15V AC using a step-down
transformer.
2. Rectification: The AC voltage is rectified using a bridge rectifier consisting of 1N4007 diodes.
3. Smoothing: Capacitors (1000µF) are used to filter and smooth the rectified DC voltage.
4. Regulation: The LM317 IC regulates the output voltage. The potentiometer (5k) allows for
adjustment.

5. Display: The DC voltmeter displays the output voltage.

6. Output Testing: A load is connected to testing the output.

4.2 Computer Simulation

The following Figures 4.2 and 4.3 shows the output design of the schematic and PCB
layout that is used in the Power Supply by the use of the software suite for electronic
designs.

Figure 4.1: Schematic Diagram

Figure 4.2: PCB Layout

 4.3 Testing the Output

7. Initial Setup: The circuit was powered by connecting it to the 230V mains. The transformer
stepped down the voltage to 15V AC, which was rectified to approximately 12V DC.
8. Adjustment: The potentiometer was adjusted, and the output voltage ranged from
1.25V to approximately 12V, as displayed by the DC voltmeter.
9. Output Stability: The output remained stable when connected to various loads,
confirming the proper functioning of the LM317 regulator.

5.0 Data and Results

Figure 5.1: 3V Figure 5.2: 4.5V

Figure 5.3: 6V Figure 5.4: 9V

Figure 5.5: 12 V
 10. The following table summarizes the performance of the LM317 power supply at various
potentiometer settings:

Set Voltage (V) Actual Voltage (V)

3V 2.91V
4.5V 4.45V
6V 6.27V
9V 9.00V
12V 12.43V

The results indicate that LM317 provided a stable and adjustable output across the entire range. The
output voltage increased proportionally with the potentiometer adjustment.

6.0 Conclusion

The LM317-based variable power supply was successfully designed, constructed, and tested. It
delivers a stable and adjustable output voltage, making it well-suited for various low-power
applications. The addition of a DC voltmeter enables easy monitoring of the output voltage, while
the heatsink ensures effective thermal management of the LM317, contributing to the overall
reliability and performance of the power supply.

7.0 Recommendation

To further enhance this power supply design, several improvements could be considered.
Implementing a more efficient heatsink or integrating active cooling, such as a small fan,
would allow the power supply to handle higher current outputs without causing the LM317
to overheat. This would improve the durability and efficiency of the power supply when
used for extended periods or with devices that draw more current.

Additionally, incorporating a current-limiting feature would provide extra protection

for both the power supply and any connected devices, preventing damage due to
overcurrent situations. This would make the power supply safer and more versatile for a
wider range of applications.

Finally, to achieve an output range that exceeds 12V, a step-up in the input voltage could
be made by using a transformer with a higher output. Along with this, higher-rated
components would be required to ensure they can handle the increased voltage and
current demands. These modifications would expand the usability of the power supply,
allowing it to support more types of circuits and devices.