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Topic Division

HISTORY

The French Revolution

Socialism in Europe and

the Russian Revolution

NAZISM & Rise of Hitler

Mind Map

FRENCH
REVOLUTION
 In 1774 Louis XVI married Austrian
princess Marie Antoinette and ascended
the throne

The French government was

Upon his accession the king
obliged to spend an increasing
found an empty treasury due
percentage of its budget on
to year long war
interest payments
 French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century

The society of estates was

Enjoyed privilege by
part of the feudal system 1st Estate birth

Clergy

The term Old Regime is usually used Enjoyed privilege by

2nd Estate birth
to describe the society and institutions
of France before 1789. Nobles

3rd Estate

Peasants,Businessmen,Merchants
1st Estate 2nd Estate 3rd Estate

Peasants were forced to

provide services to the
Lord to work in his fields
and houses, serve in army
Taxes imposed: and participate in building
● Taille- Paid directly to state roads
● Tithe- Tax levied by
church, 1/10th
● Indirect taxes
 Unemployment,Price
This led to a rapid increase rise,Low wages the gap
in the demand for between the poor and the
foodgrains rich widened.
The population of France
rose from about 23 million
in 1715 to 28 million in
1789
The Struggle
to Survive

Led to
subsistence
crisis
what was the subsistence crisis? Why did it occur in France during
the Old Regime?
The population of France was on the rise. It rose from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in
1789.This led to increase in the demand for food grains.

2-The production of food grains could not keep pace with the demand and the price of bread
which was the staple diet of the majority Rose rapidly.

3- The wages also did not keep pace with the rise in prices. The gap between the Rich and
the poor widened. This led to the subsistence crisis.
 Growing Middle Class & Enlightenment
thinkers

The 18th century witnessed the

emergence of social groups termed as
‘middle class’

There were also professionals in this

group like lawyers and administrative
officials

They all believed in the idea of

privileges on merit and not on
birth
 These were based on
freedom and equal laws
Montesquieu
and opportunities for all in a
in his book ‘The Spirit
society.
of Laws’

Jean Jacques
Rousseau in his
book ‘The Social
Contract’

These ideas were John Locke in his

highlighted by book ‘Two treatise
philosophers like of Government’
 The outbreak of a Revolution

In 1789, Louis XVI called together an

assembly of the Estate General to pass
proposals for new taxes.

The first and second estates sent 300

representatives each, who were seated in
rows facing each other on two sides, while
the 600 members of the third estate had to
stand at the back.

Voting in the Estates General in

the past had been conducted
according to the principle that each
estate had one vote
 The outbreak of a Revolution

Louis XVI was determined to continue the

same practice. But members of the third
estate demanded that each members should be
given a right to vote.

The king rejected this proposal, members Louis XVI, after facing the
of the third estate walked out of the revolting subjects, recognised
assembly in protest. the National Assembly and also
accepted that his powers would
be checked by the Constitution
On 20 June they assembled in the hall of an
indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles.
They declared themselves a National Assembly

On the night of 4th August, 1789 the Assembly passed a decree

abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes.
 The National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution the rest of
France seethed with turmoil

A severe winter had meant a bad harvest The price of bread rose

Crowds of angry women stormed into the shops

The king ordered troops to move into Paris. On 14 July, the agitated
crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille

Tensed peasants looted hoarded grain and burnt down documents containing records of
manorial dues.

A large number of nobles fled from their homes, many of them migrating to
neighbouring countries
 France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy

The National Assembly completed the

draft of the constitution in 1791.

Its main object was to limit the powers of

the monarch.

The powers were assigned to different

institutions – the legislature, executive
and judiciary.
 FEATURES OF 1791 CONSTITUTION

★ The king came under the supervision of the government and France
became a constitutional monarchy.
★ Feudal system was abolished.
★ The nobles and the clergy were stripped - off of their privileges.
★ Taxes collected by the church were abolished and the lands owned by the
church were confiscated.
★ Power to make laws was vested in the hands of the national assembly.
★ Powers were distributed among the different institutions- - the judiciary, the
executive, and the legislature.
★ It limited the powers of the king.
 Rise of jacobins club

People started forming political

Louis XVI had signed the constitution he clubs to discuss government
entered a secret negotiation with the King policies and plans
of Prussia.
The most successful of these clubs was the
A war was declared by National ‘Jacobins’
Assembly against Prussia and
Austria in April 1792
The members of the Jacobins club
belonged to the less prosperous section
of the society including shopkeepers,
IMPACT OF artisans and workers
WAR?
The leader was Maximilien Robespierre

Elections were held and the newly

elected assembly was known as ‘The In August 1972 the Jacobins stormed
Convention’ inside the palace of Tuileries and
held the king as hostage.
On 21 September 1792 it abolished the monarchy and
declared France a republic

There is no hereditary monarchy

On 21 January 1793 Louis XVI was executed

publicly at the Place de la Concorde. The queen
Marie Antoinette was also guillotined
 The Reign of Terror: 1793-1794

He was convicted by a court in July,

Laws were introduced in placing 1794 arrested and guillotined.
maximum ceiling on wages and prices by
Robespierre’s Government. All those whom he considered as his enemies- including
his club members and anyone who did not agree to his
methods-were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a
Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that revolutionary tribunal.
even his supporters began to demand moderation
● Maximum Ceiling on wages
● Meat and Bread were rationed
● Peasants were forced to sell at government fixed
price
● The use of expensive wheat was prohibited
If the court found them guilty they were
● All citizens had to eat the same quality of bread
‘guillotined’
made of wheat
● Instead of traditional Monsieur(sir) and
Madame(Madam) all french men and women
were called as Citoyen and Citoyenne.
● Churches were shutdown and buildings were
converted to office
Describe the causes for the fall of Jacobin government in
France.
(i) The Jacobin government in France was based on extreme measures. The period from
1793-1794 is referred to as the reign of terror. Robespierre followed a policy of severe Control
and punishment.

(ii)All those he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic nobles and clergy, members of other
political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods–were
arrested, imprisoned and guillotined. This led to chaos and resentment among the people.

(iii)Robespierre’s government ordered shutting down of churches and converting church

buildings into barricades or offices. Thus the clergy turned against the Jacobin regime and
hastened its fall.

(iv) Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters turned against him.
They began to demand moderation and a middle path. Finally, he himself was tried by a court in
July 1794, arrested and guillotined
“Robespierre’s rule in France was known as the Reign of terror.”
Justify the statement.
Step 1: The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the ‘Reign of Terror’.
Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment.

Step 2: All those whom he saw as being ‘Enemies’ of the Republic—ex-nobles and
clergy, members of other political parties, and even the members of his own party who
did not agree with his methods, were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a
revolutionary tribunal.

Step 3: If the Court found them ‘guilty’, they were guillotined.

Step 4: Robespierre’s Government issued laws, placing a maximum ceiling on wages

and prices. Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to transport their
grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the Government.

Step 5: Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or
offices.
 The Directory Rules

This political instability paved the way

for the rise of a military dictator,
● After the fall of the Jacobin government- the
Napoleon Bonaparte.
wealthier middle class took over the power.

● A new constitution was introduced which

denied voting right to those who did not own The Directory often clashed with the
property Legislative Councils.

This provided safeguard against any one

man dominating the power

It gave way to two elected Legislature

councils
These then appointed a Directory, an
executive made up of five members
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

The clash +Political Instability led to the rise of a

military Dictator

Napoleon crowned himself the Emperor in 1804

and abolished dynasties

He viewed himself as a “moderniser of Europe” and was

rightly seen as a liberator who introduced a uniform
system of weights and measures, introduced laws to
protect private property, etc

He incorporated revolutionary principles in order to

make the whole systems more rational and
efficient

However ,his quest for power led to his ultimate downfall

with his defeat at Waterloo in 1815.
 Women in Revolution

★ They worked as seamstresses and also

Third Estate employed as domestic workers
★ No access to Education nor job
★ Daughters of wealthy nobles cold study but
married

Women’s Political ★ Nearly sixty women’s clubs came up and The

Participation Society of Revolutionary and Republican
Women was famous
 Women in Revolution

Constitution Reduced them to passive citizens

1791
Women’s movements
for voting rights and
Revolutionary equal wages
government ➔ Creation of state schools, schooling
continued through the
was made compulsory for all girls.
next two hundred
➔ No longer forced marriage
years in many
➔ Divorce was made legal
countries of the
world.
Reign of
Terror ➔ Closure and banning of Political clubs

It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote
Discuss the participation of women in political clubs, their
activities and demands.
From the very beginning, women were active participants in the events which brought about so
many important changes in French society.

1. They hoped that their involvement would pressurise the revolutionary government to
introduce measures to improve their lives.

2. Most women of the third estate had to work for a living. They worked as seamstresses or
laundresses, sold flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market, or were employed as domestic
servants in the houses of prosperous people.

3. Most women did not have access to education or job training. Their wages were lower than
those of men.

4. One of their main demands was that women should be given the same political rights as
men.

5. Women were disappointed that the constitution of 1791 reduced them to passive citizens.
 The Abolition of Slavery

The slave trade began in the 17th

century

The merchants sailed from the ports of

Bordeaux or Nantes to the African
coast, where they bought slaves from Europe
the local chieftains

Triangular
slave trade
America Africa
The exploitation of slave labour made it
possible to meet the growing demands of
sugar, coffee and Indigo in Europe.
 The Abolition of Slavery

One of the most revolutionary social reforms

of the Jacobins regime was the abolition of
slavery in the French colonies

In 1794, the Convention legislated to free all

slaves in the French overseas possessions.

After Napoleon came to France, he It was finally abolished in 1848 in

reinstated slavery. French colonies.
The term ‘Old Regime' is usually used to describe

A France before 1000 B.C

B Society of France after 1789 A.D.

C
Society and institutions of France
before 1789 A.D.

D None of the above

The law is the same for all, and all are equal before it, during the French Revolution this idea
is expressed by what?

A The winged woman

B Red Phrygian cap

C The Law Tablet

D Statue of Liberty
Assertion (A): According to the Constitution of 1791, Not all citizens had the right to vote.
Reason (R): Only men above 18 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a
labourer’s wage were given the right to vote.

A
Both A and R are true, and R is
the correct explanation of A.

B
Both A and R are true, but R is
not the correct explanation of A.

C A is true, but R is false.

D A is false, but R is true.

 Column A Column B Match the Following

1.Rousseau a.Political Body

2.Mirabeau b.Noble Family

3.Estates c.The fortress Prison

General A A - II, B-IV, C-III, D-I

4.Bastille d.The social Contract

B A IV, B - II, C - I, D - III

C A-III, B - II, CI, DIV

D A-II, BI, C - IV, D - III

Which of the following options best signifies
this image?

A An empty treasury

B Division of French Society

C Division of Indian Society

D Subsistence Crises
Which of these provisions were passed by the Assembly on
the night of 4 August, 1789?

A Abolition of feudal system of obligations

B Clergy had to give up its privileges

C Tithes were abolished

D All the above

Who seized the power after the fall of the Jacobian
government?

A Common People

B Descendants of Louis XVI

C Wealthy Middle Class

D None of the above

Socialism and
Russian
Revolution
The Age of Social Change

Colonial development reshaped ideas of

After the revolution, individual rights and social
societal change but everyone was not in
power began to be discussed
favour of the complete transformation of
society.

Through Russian revolution, socialism

became one of the most significant and
powerful idea
Liberals, Radicals and Conservatives

Liberals Radicals Conservatives

They argued for an elected Wanted a government based on Conservatives believe in a limited
parliamentary form of majority of country’s population government that has a reduced
Form of Government government, subject to an role in people's lives
independent judiciary

Looked for change in society. Open to changes in the They are not open to the idea
They wanted a Secular Society, even radical ones of new changes. By 19th
Changes Nation, where all religions are century, they accepted that
respected some changes are inevitable.
to be brought in a slow pace

They were not democrats. They They were They believed that privileges of
believed in voting rights only for democrats.Supported women’s the monarchy and nobility should
Democrats propertied men and were suffrage movement Opposed exist
against voting rights for women the privileges of landowners and
wealthy factory owners

Supported Private Property. They disliked the concentration All property to be held by church
Private Property Opposed the power of dynastic on power in the hands of few , and nobility
rule but were not against private
property
Industrial Society and Social Change

Industrial Revolution led to

changes in social and economic life

Unemployment during
the time of low
demand for industrial
goods
Men, women and children
came to factories in search
of work Working hours
were long and
wages were poor
 Liberals and radicals made wealth
through trade or industrial ventures

According to them, society can be developed if

● freedom of individuals was ensured
In France, Italy, Germany and Russia, ● if the poor could labour
revolutionaries overthrow existing ● those with capital could operate without restraint.
monarchs.

Nationalists talked of revolutions

to create ‘nations’ with equal
rights.
 The Coming of Socialism to
Europe
What is Socialism?
Mid 19th
A system or condition of century:
society in which the means socialism
of production are owned and grab
controlled by the state. attention

Who were Why?

socialist?
People who are against
private property.

What was the solution

they gave for the
problem?

Cooperative
The Coming of Socialism to Europe

Socialist were against

private property

Louis Blanc (1813-1882) wanted the

government to encourage
cooperatives and replace capitalist
enterprises Robert Owen (1771-1858)
sought to build a cooperative
community called New
Harmony in Indiana (USA).
 Karl Marx

Profit of capitalists was

produced by workers

Karl Marx Friedrich Engels

Workers had to overthrow
capitalism and the rule of
private property.

A communist society was the

natural society of the future.
Support for Socialism

In Germany

The associations worked closely with the Social

Democratic Party (SPD) and helped it win
By the 1870s, socialist ideas parliamentary seats.
spread through Europe and they
formed an international body
THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL In Britain &
France

● Labour Party in Britain

● Socialist Party in France
 The Russian Revolution

❖ Autocratic Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia.

❖ Russian was a big empire.

❖ Major religion: Russian Orthodox Christianity.

❖ But the empire also included Catholics,

Protestants, Muslims and Buddhists.
 Economy & Society

Majority: Agriculturists
A
G
R
I
C
85% of population earned living from
U agriculture.
T
U
R
E Cultivators produced for the market as well as
for their own needs.

Russia was a major exporter of grain.

 Prominent industrial areas were St
Petersburg and Moscow.
Industries in
Pockets
Craftsmen were also present.

1890s - Many factories were set up. Foreign

investment increased.

Railway network was extended.

Coal production doubled and iron and

steel output quadrupled.
 Workers were a
divided social group. ‘Metalworkers considered themselves
They were also aristocrats among other workers.
divided by their skill. Their occupations demanded more
training and skill

Divisions among workers showed

themselves in dress and
manners too

Women 31%
Some workers formed few
Women were paid
Men 69%
associations to help members in times
less than men
of unemployment or financial hardship
Workers in
factory
 PROBLEMS IN FACTORIES

Government supervised
But factory inspectors
large factories to ensure
could not prevent rules
minimum wages and limited
being broken
hours of work.

Workers were a Workers united to stop

divided social group. work when they
They were also disagreed with employers
divided by their skill. about dismissals or
work conditions.
PEASANTS OF RUSSIA

Peasants cultivated most of the land but the nobility,

the crown and the Orthodox Church owned large
properties.

How were peasants of Russia

different from other European
Peasants?

(i)No respect for Nobility: In Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles
to be given to them. Frequently, they refused to pay rent and even murdered
landlords. Thus, they did not respect nobles. But in Europe, peasants respected
nobles and fought for them.
(ii) Pooled their Land:Russian peasants were different from other European
peasants in another way. They pooled their land together periodically and their
commune (min) divided it according to the needs of individual families.
Socialism in Russia

All political parties were illegal in

Russia before 1914.

Still the Russian Social Democratic

Workers Party was founded in
1898.

It set up a newspaper, mobilised

workers and organised strikes.
Socialism in Russia
★ Socialists were active in the countryside and formed the Socialist
Revolutionary Party in 1900.

★ Believed that Peasants were NATURALLY SOCIALISTS.

Social Democrats disagreed

Socialism in Russia SOCIAL DEMOCRATS SOCIAL REVOLUTIONARY

Lenin felt that peasants were not

one united group. Some were poor ★ Believed that Peasants were
and others rich, some worked as NATURALLY SOCIALISTS.
labourers while others were
capitalists who employed
workers. Given this ‘differentiation’
within them, they could not all be
part of a socialist movement
 THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WORKERS
PARTY was divided into two parts in 1903

BOLSHEVIK MENSHEVIK

UNDER BOLSHEVIK UNDER MENSHEVIK

❏ Majority faction headed by ❏ Another fraction of the party
Vladimir Lenin. headed by Julius Martov.
❏ He believed that party should ❏ They believed that party
be disciplined and should should be open to all (as in
control the number and Germany).
quality of its members.
 A Turbulent Time: The 1905
Revolution
20th Century: Russia was under
autocracy, as Tsar was not subject
to parliament.

Social Democratic+Socialist
Revolutionaries
Peasants+Workers
Jadidisst (Islamic Reformists)
TSAR

1905 Revolution: Demanded a

Constitution.

It was also supported by nationalist

of Poland & Muslims.
 Worsening Economic Situation in 1904
Events at Putilov Iron work

When four members of the Assembly of

Russian Workers, were dismissed at the
Putilov Iron Works, there was a call for
industrial action
Reasons Workers went on strike
Bad year for Russian
for 1905
Workers
Revolution

Prices of essential
goods increased &
real wages declined
by 20%.

Membership of
workers associations
rose dramatically.
 Bloody Sunday

● 110,000 workers

● Led by Father Gapon; went to winter

palace to delegate with Tsar.
● But attacked by the police and the Cossacks.

● 100 workers were killed, 300 wounded.

Demands
The incident known as
Bloody Sunday, started a
series of events which resulted ● Reduction in working hours
in the 1905 Revolution.
● Increase in wage

● Improvement in working conditions

1905 REVOLUTION SPREAD
● Strikes took place all over the country and
universities closed down.

● Lawyers, doctors, engineers and other

middle-class workers established the Union of
Unions.

● Demanded a constituent assembly

 IMPACT OF THE 1905 REVOLT

The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and the
re-elected second Duma within three months.

He did not want any questioning of his

authority or any reduction in his power.

He changed the voting laws and packed the

third Duma with conservative politicians.
The First World War and the Russian Empire

In 1914, war broke out between

Germany, Austria and France, Britain and

Turkey (the Central Russia (later Italy and
powers) Romania).

This was the First World War.

 1914-1917: Russia’s armies lost
badly against Germany and
Austria.

7 million casualties by 1917

Russian army destroyed crops and

buildings to prevent the entry of
the enemy.

3 million refugees in Russia

Situation discredited the

government and the Tsar.

Soldiers did not wish to

fight such a war.
The country was cut off from other
suppliers of industrial goods by Shortage of food; riots in
German control of the Baltic Sea. front of bread shops
 The February Revolution
in Petrograd

Winter of 1917 - conditions in

Petrograd(capital) were serious

Right bank (river

Neva)- workers
Layout of quarters and
the city factories.
divided
among its Left bank -
people Fashionable areas,
Winter Palace, and
Official buildings.
● People raised slogans - bread, wages, better
hours and democracy.
On 22 February

Lockout took place at a factory on the right bank

Workers in fifty factories called a Strike in

sympathy, WOMEN LED

No political party was actively

organising the movement

The government imposed a curfew

On 25 February

❏ The government suspended the Duma

❏ Politicians spoke out against the measure

On 26 February

❏ Demonstrators returned in force to the streets of the left bank

On 27 February

❏ The Police Headquarters were ransacked

❏ The streets thronged with people raising slogans about bread, wages, better hours and
democracy
❏ The government tried to control the situation and called out the cavalry
❏ The cavalry refused to fire on the demonstrators- why?

MUTINY
 On 27 February,Evening

● Soldiers and striking workers gathered to form a

soviet or council (Petrograd Soviet).

On 2nd MARCH

● Tsar abdicated on 2nd March.

● Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a

Provisional Government to run the
country.-UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE

● Petrograd brought down the monarchy in

February 1917.
After February
Provisional
Dominated by Army officials,
Government
landowners and industrialists

Provisional Government New Changes

❏ Restrictions were removed on Associations
and Public Meetings
❏ “Soviets” like were set up everywhere
(Like Petrograd) though no common
system of election was followed.
 Vladimir Lenin

❖ April 1917 - returned to Russia from his exile.

❖ He and the Bolsheviks opposed the war since 1914.

❖ He felt it was time for soviets to take over power.

April Theses
Bolshevik Party to be renamed as
Communist Party 1. War be brought to a close.

2. Land be transferred to the peasants, and

3. Banks be nationalised.
To indicate its
new radical
aims
 The Revolution of
October 1917
❖ Conflict between; Provisional Government and
Bolsheviks.

❖ Lenin feared; Provisional Government would set up a

dictatorship.

On 16 October 1917 ❖ To organise the seizure, a Military Revolutionary

Committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon
Trotsky.
On 24 October 1917
❖ Bolshevik supporters in the army, soviets and factories
were brought together. Military Revolutionary Committee
ordered its supporters to seize government offices and
arrest ministers

❖ All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd,

approved the Bolshevik action.
By December❖ Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrograd
area.
 What Changed after
October?

Most industries and banks were

nationalised - November 1917
Land was declared social property and
peasants seized lands of nobility.
Partition of large houses according to family
requirements.
Banned the use of the old titles
(aristocracy).
New uniforms were designed for the army
and officials.
Bolshevik Party was renamed as Russian
Communist Party.
 The Civil War
In November 1917

● Elections were conducted to the Constituent

Assembly, but the Bolsheviks failed in the
majority.
In January 1918
● the Assembly rejected Bolshevik measures
and Lenin dismissed the Assembly.

● The Bolsheviks participated in the elections to

the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which
became the Parliament of the country.

Russia became a one-party

state.
 The Civil War

3 Main
groups

Bolsheviks - Reds Pro-Tsarist- Whites

Socialist revolutionaries
- Greens
❖ South Russia - Reds organised troops to fight the
Bolsheviks.

❖ 1918 and 1919 - the greens and whites controlled most of

the Russian empire.

❖ French, American, British and Japanese troops worried at

the growth of socialism in Russia.

❖ A civil war took place between Red army & White army.

❖ Looting, banditry and famine became common.

❖ Supporters of private property took harsh steps with

peasants.

❖ Loss of popular support for the non-Bolsheviks.

 Success Of Bolshevik
● January 1920 - Bolsheviks controlled most of the former
Russian empire.

● Bolsheviks succeeded due to cooperation with

non-Russian nationalities and Muslim jadidists

● Non-Russian Nationalists diverted from Socialism.

● In Khiva, in Central Asia, Bolshevik colonists massacred

local nationalists in the name of socialism.

Formation of USSR, 1922

● Most non-Russian nationalities were also given

political autonomy.
 Making a Socialist Society

❖ Introduced centralised planning.

❖ Officials planned & set targets for a five-year

period (Five Year Plans).

❖ Government fixed all prices to promote industrial

growth in first two Plans.
 1

Industrial
production
increased.

5
Economic Growth
Cheap public health care New factory cities
between
was provided & Model developed.
1927-1932 and
living quarters were set (1929-1933 )
1933-1938
up for workers.

4 3
Creches were
An extended
established for children
of women workers.
schooling system
developed.
Negative Impact
➔ Rapid construction led to poor working
conditions
➔ Workers lived hard lives and the result
was 550 stoppages of work in the first
year alone.
➔ In the wintertime, at 40 degrees below
people had to climb down from the fourth
floor and dash across the street in order
to go to the toilet
Stalinism and Collectivisation

Joseph Stalin

❖ Headed the party after the death of Lenin.

❖ Introduced firm emergency measures.

❖ Believed: Rich peasants and traders were

holding stocks in the hope of higher prices.
Speculation had to be stopped.
Adopted Measures
Party members visited
grain-producing areas. Supervised
& enforced grain collections.

Raided kulaks &

Suggested for collectivise farms.

Reasoned: Grain shortages were

partly due to the small size of
holdings. To increase Labour
Productivity
Eliminated kulaks and establish
state-controlled large farms.
Stalin’s collectivisation programme

➔ The Party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms

➔ The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the
ownership of collective farms.
➔ Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkhoz profit was
shared.
➔ Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their
livestock.
● Between 1929 and 1931, the number of
cattle fell by one-third.
● Those who resisted collectivisation were
severely punished.
● Many were deported and exiled
Did the situation of Food
shortage improve after
collectivisation?
 1. Forced all
peasants to
cultivate in
collective farms
(kolkhoz).

5. Many were
2. Kolkhoz profit
deported and
was shared.
exiled.
Stalin’s
collectivisat
ion
programme

3. Some
peasants
4. They were resisted, and
severely destroyed their
punished. livestock.
Discuss Stalin’s collectivisation programme.
Stalin felt that collectivisation would definitely solve the problem of
shortage.

2. From 1929 the Party forced the peasants to cultivate in collective farms
(Kolkhoz).
3. The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of
collective farms.
4. Peasants worked on the land and the Kolkhoz profit was shared.
5. Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock.
Between 1929 and 1931 the number of cattle fell by 1/3.
 The Global Influence of the
Russian Revolution and the USSR

Mixed Reaction

❖ Communist parties were formed in most

of the countries.

❖ Example: Communist Party of Great

Britain.
Spread of Socialism by Bolsheviks

❖ Encouraged colonial peoples to follow their

experiment.

❖ Held Conference of the Peoples of the East

(1920). Many non-russians participated.

❖ Founded Comintern (an international union of

pro-Bolshevik socialist parties).
 World’s View On USSR

● Slowly, world realised socialist movement was not

upto the mark in the Soviet Union.

● A backward country had become a great power.

● It had denied the essential freedoms to its citizens

and used repressive policies.

● End of the 20th century: the international

reputation of the USSR as a socialist country had
declined.

● But different countries in the world had adopted

the ideas of socialism in different ways.
How did Russia's participation in the World War cause the fall
of the Tsar?
1. The war was initially popular and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II.

2. The war continued, support became thin and Tsar's popularity declined.
Anti-German sentiments became high.

3. The Tsarina Alexandra's German origins and poor advisers, especially a monk
called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular.

4. Defeats were shocking and demoralising. Russia's armies lost badly in

Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million
casualties by 1917.

5. The destruction of crops and buildings led to over 3 million refugees in Russia.
The situation discredited the government and the Tsar.
Capitalists believed in

A Control of property by society

B Worker rights

C Sharing of profits with workers

D Profit and private property

Assertion (A): The first World War on the ‘Eastern front’ differed from that on
the ‘Western front’.
Reason (R): The soldiers of Russia did not wish to fight this War

A
Both A and R are true, and R is
the correct explanation of A.

B
Both A and R are true, but R is
not the correct explanation of A.

C A is true, but R is false.

D A is false, but R is true.

 Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
I. Beginning of collectivisation
II. The civil war
III. The bloody Sunday incident
IV. Formation of Comintern

A II-III-I-IV

B III-II-IV-I

C IV-II-I-III

D I-III-II-IV
Match the column A with column B.

Column A Column B

1. Kolkhoz a. Britain

2. Labour Party b. Collective farms

3. The 'whites' c. Second international

4. Socialist d. Pro-Tsarist
International body
Socialists took over the government in Russia through the?

A October Revolution in 1917

B November Revolution in 1918

C December Revolution in 1919

D February Revolution in 1920

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

A
By 1916, railway lines in Russia began
to break down

There were labour shortages and small

B workshops producing essentials were
shut down

C
Large supplies of grain were sent to
feed the army

D All the Above

The picture represents which of the following

A
Unemployed peasants in pre-war
St Petersburg.

B Workers sleeping in bunkers

C
Russian soldiers during the First
World War.

The Petrograd Soviet meeting in

D the Duma
Nazism and the
Rise of Hitler
 Central Powers
● Germany - A powerful empire in the early years
of the 20th century.
Germany
● Fought the First World War (1914-1918) alongside Austria-Hungary
the Austrian empire and against the Allies Ottoman Empire
(England, France and Russia).
Bulgaria
● Germany made initial gains by occupying France
and Belgium.

● The Allies, strengthened by the US entry in 1917.

● Defeated Germany and the Central Powers in

November 1918.
Allied Powers

England
France
Russia
USA
 The defeat of Imperial Germany and the abdication
of the emperor gave an opportunity to
parliamentary parties to recast German polity.

A National Assembly met at Weimar and established

a democratic constitution with a federal structure

Deputies were now elected to the German Parliament or

REICHSTAG, on the basis of equal and universal votes cast
by all adults including women
 WEIMAR
REPUBLIC was not 1.Terms it was forced to accept 2.The peace treaty at
welcomed by its after Germany’s defeat at the end Versailles with the Allies was a
own people of the First World War harsh and humiliating peace

Germany lost its overseas colonies

★ A tenth of its population

★ 13 percent of its territories
★ 75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal to France, Poland,
Denmark and Lithuania
★ Allied power Demilitarised Germany.
★ Under War Guilt Clause Germany was forced to pay 6 billion
pounds.
★ The Allied armies (France) occupied the resource - rich Rhineland
for a long time.
Germany after the Versailles Treaty. You can see in this map the
parts of the territory that Germany lost after the treaty.
The Effects of the War

The war had a devastating impact on the entire

continent both psychologically and financially.

From a continent of creditors, Europe turned into one

of debtors.

The Weimar Republic was made to pay for the sins of

the old empire.

They were mockingly called the ‘November criminals’.

Political Radicalism and Economic Crises

The birth of the Weimar Republic

coincided with the revolutionary uprising of
the Spartacist League on the pattern of
the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

WEIMER REPUBLIC
SPARTACIST LEAGUE
★ The Weimar Republic crushed the uprising with
★ The Spartacists founded the the help of a war veterans organisation called
Free Corps.
Communist Party of Germany.
Economic crisis of 1923

➢ Germany refused to pay the war reparations.

➢ France occupied its leading industrial area,

Ruhr.

➢ Germany retaliated with printing paper

currency recklessly.

➢ The value of the mark collapsed.

➢ Prices of goods soared.

➢ There was hyperinflation

 ❖ 1924 -128 - Saw some stability

❖ Germany was totally dependent

one short-term loans largely from
This support was withdrawn when the Wall Street the USA.
Exchange crashed in 1929.

➢ Fearing a fall in prices, people made frantic efforts to

sell their shares.
➢ On one single day, 24 October, 13 million shares were
sold.
➢ National Income of U.S.A. fell by half. Factories shut
down. Exports fell and farmers were badly hit.
speculators withdrew their money from the market
➢ Effect was felt worldwide.
This was the start of the Great Economic Depression.
The German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis of 1929

● Germany received short-term loans largely from the

US.
● Industrial production reduced.
● Workers lost their jobs.
● Youth took to criminal activities.
● Small businessmen and self-employed suffered as
their businesses got ruined.
● People lost confidence in the democratic
parliamentary system, which seemed to offer no
solutions.

● Men with placards around their necks saying, ‘Willing

to do any work’ or desperately queued up at the local
employment exchange
Defects of Weimar Republic
● Proportional representation: Made achieving a majority by any
one party a near impossible task, which led to a rule by
coalitions.
● Article 48: Gave the President the powers to impose
emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.
● Within 239 days twenty different cabinets were changed which
ultimately dissatisfied people
At the same time people lost confidence in democratic
parliamentary system
Give reasons why the Weimar Republic failed to solve the
problems of Germany.
1. The birth of the Weimar Republic coincided with the uprising of the Spartacus League
on the pattern of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

2. The Democrats, Socialists and Catholics opposed it. They met in Weimar to give
shape to a democratic republic.

3. The republic was not received well by its own people largely because of the terms it
was forced to accept after Germany’s defeat at the end of the First World War.

4. Many Germans held the new Weimar Republic responsible for not only the defeat in
the war but the disgrace at Versailles. This republic was finally crippled by being forced
to pay compensation. Soon after the economic crisis hit Germany in 1923, the value of
German mark fell considerably.

5. The Weimar Republic had to face hyperinflation. Then came the Wall Street
exchange crash in 1929
 Hitler Born in 1889 in Austria spent his youth in poverty

Hitler’s Rise to Power

★ When the First World War broke out, he enrolled
for the army, and earned medals for bravery.

The German defeat horrified him and

the Versailles Treaty made him
furious
★ In 1919, he joined a small group called the
German Workers’ Party.

He took over the organisation and renamed

it the National Socialist German
Workers’ Party.
★ This party came to be known as the Nazi
Party
★ 1923 —- Hitler planned to seize control of Bavaria, march to Berlin and
capture power. He failed, was arrested and tried for treason, and later
released. The Nazis could not effectively mobilize popular support till the
early 1930s.

★ 1928 Election - Nazi party got 2.6

percent votes in Reichstag.

1929: GREAT
DEPRESSION

★ 1932 Election - Nazi party got 37 percent

votes in Reichstag.
Hitler was a powerful speaker.
His passion and his words
moved people
❏ To build a strong nation

❏ Undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty

❏ Restore the dignity of the German people

❏ Employment for those looking for work

❏ Secure future for the youth

❏ To weed out all foreign influences and resist all

foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany.
Nazi’s spectacle of power

He devised a new style of politics. Nazis held

massive rallies and public meetings to
demonstrate their support for Hitler and instil a
sense of unity among the people.

The Red banners with the Swastika, the Nazi

salute, and the ritualised rounds of applause
after the speeches were all part of this spectacle
of power.
The Destruction of Democracy

On 30 January 1933,President
Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship,
the highest position in the cabinet of
ministers, to Hitler.

The Fire Decree of 28 February 1933 indefinitely

suspended civic rights like

● Freedom of speech Persecution of people at

concentration camps
● Freedom of press
● Freedom of Assembly
that had been guaranteed by the Weimar constitution.
Enabling Act On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed

Features of Enabling Act

➔ This Act established dictatorship in Germany

➔ It gave Hitler all powers to sideline Parliament and rule by
decree
➔ All political parties and trade unions were banned except for the
Nazi Party and its affiliates
➔ The state established complete control over the economy,
media, army and judiciary

➔ Apart from the already existing regular police in a green

uniform and the SA or the Storm Troopers, these included the
Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads),
criminal police and the Security Service (SD).
Reconstruction
Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to The
economist Hjalmar Schacht

● This project produced the famous German superhighways

and the people’s car, the Volkswagen.
● Schacht had advised Hitler against investing hugely in
rearmament as the state still ran on deficit financing
● Hitler chose war as the way out of the approaching
economic crisis
● Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of
territory
Hitler’s Foreign Policy

➢ He pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933

➢ Reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936
➢ Integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the
slogan One people, One empire, and One leader
➢ Acquired German-speaking Sudetenland from
Czechoslovakia.

➢ Hitler chose war to recover from economic crisis.

Historic blunder He attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941.

Hitler exposed the German western front to

British aerial bombing and the eastern front
to the powerful Soviet armies.

Soviet hegemony in East

The Soviet Red Army inflicted a

crushing and humiliating defeat on
Germany at Stalingrad.
 America’s Stand on War

● USA had resisted involvement in the war

● Japan was expanding its power in the east
● It was planning attacks on US naval bases in the Pacific.
● When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed
the US base at Pearl Harbor .The US entered the
Second World War
The Nazi Worldview
According to Nazi ideology there was no equality
between people, but only racial hierarchy. Racism of
Hitler borrowed from thinkers like Charles Darwin
and Herbert Spencer.The argument of Nazi was
simple: the strongest race would survive and the
weak ones would perish.

Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while

Jews were at the lowest while all other races
are between them.

New territories had to be acquired for settlement

of Nordic German Aryans race: geopolitical
concept of Lebensraum (living space).
Establishment of the Racial State

The Nazis quickly began to implement their UNDESIRABLES:

dream of creating an exclusive racial ❖ Jews
community of pure Germans by physically ❖ Gypsies
eliminating all those who were seen as ❖ blacks
‘undesirable’ in the extended empire ❖ Russians and Poles

❏ Nazis wanted only a society of ‘pure and

healthy Nordic Aryans’ considered as racial ‘inferiors’. They were
widely persecuted
❏ They alone were considered ‘desirable’
From 1933-1938- The Nazis
terrorised, pauperised and segregated
❏ Hitler believed that conversion was no the Jews, compelling them to leave
solution to the Jewish problem. the country.

❏ It had to be solved through their total From 1939-1945, Aimed at concentrating them
elimination. in certain areas and eventually killing them in
gas chambers in Poland.
 Youth in Nazi Germany

★ Hitler was interested in the youth of the country. Schools

were cleansed and purified. Germans and Jews were not
allowed to sit or play together.

★ In the 1940s Jews were taken to the gas chambers

★ Introduction of racial science to justify Nazi ideas of race.

Children were taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews
and worship Hitler.
Youth organisations Youth organisations were made responsible for educating German
youth in the ‘the spirit of National Socialism’.

At 10 years Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk.

At 14 years All boys had to join the Nazi youth organisation – Hitler Youth

What they were taught ?

● To worship war
● Glorify aggression and violence
● Condemn democracy
● Hate Jews, communists, Gypsies and all those
categorised as ‘undesirable’. They had to
serve in the
armed forces
At 18 years After a period of rigorous ideological and physical training and enter one of
they joined the Labour Service the Nazi
organisations.
The Nazi Cult of Motherhood

Nazi Society
★ Girls had to maintain purity of the race,
distance from Jews, look after their home and
teach their children Nazi values.
★ Boys were taught to be
aggressive, masculine ★ But all mothers were not treated equally.
and steel hearted Honours Crosses were awarded to those who
encouraged women to produce more children.
Bronze cross for four children, silver for six,
and gold for eight or more.

★ Women who maintained contact with Jews,

Poles and Russians were paraded through the
town with shaved heads, blackened faces and
placards hanging around their necks
announcing ‘I have sullied the honour of the
nation’.
The Art of Propaganda

● The Nazi regime used language and media with care

and often to great effect.

● The terms they coined to describe their various

practices are not only deceptive.

Mass killings were termed as

➔ special treatment final solution (for the Jews)
➔ Euthanasia (for the disabled
➔ Selection and disinfections.
Evacuation meant deporting people to gas
chambers.

● They used films, pictures,

radio, posters, etc., to
spread hatred for Jews.
 How did the common people react to Nazism?

SUPPORTERS OF NAZISM NON NAZIS

★ Nazi ideology was overruling their mind. ★ Organised active resistance against
Nazism, braving police repression and
★ Hatred and anger against those who death.
looked like Jews.
★ However many were passive onlookers
★ Houses of Jews were marked, suspicious and a pathetic witness. Who were too
neighbours reported. scared to act, to differ, to protest.

★ They believed that Nazism will bring ★ Pastor Niemoeller protested an uncanny
prosperity and improve general well-being. silence, amongst ordinary Germans against
brutal and organised crimes committed in the
Nazi empire.
★ Charlotte Beradt’s book called the Third Reich
of Dreams describes how Jews themselves
began believing in the Nazi stereotypes about
them.
Identify the correctly matched pair

A
Lebensraum - Become impoverished like
working class

B Proletarianism - Living space

C Genocidal - Killing on large scale to destruct

Puppet - Control by one country over other

D countries
Choose the incorrect statement.

A
Hitler's racism was borrowed from the ideas of
Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer.

B
The idea of 'Survival of the Fittest' was added by
Hitler.

C
The Jews were regarded as the arch-enemies of the
Aryans.

Hitler believed that new territories had to be

D acquired for settlement.
Assertion (A) Hitler withdrew the League of Nations in 1933 and reoccupied the
Rhineland in 1936.
Reason (R) Austria and Germany were integrated by Hitler.

A Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

explanation of A.

B Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct

explanation of A.

C A is true, but R is false.

D A is false, but R is true.

According to the Nazis, which people were to be regarded as desirable?

A Pure and healthy Nordic Aryans

B German soldiers who helped in territorial expansion

C German police of different types

D All those who were willing to consider Hitler as God

The following Picture shows

A Hitler being greeted at the Party

Congress

B Nazi youth Assembly

C Nazi prison

D Nazi being opposed

Match the Following

Column A Column B

Symbol of Nazi World War 1

party

Treaty of Swasthik
versailles

Lebensraum Auschwitz

Concentration living space

Camp
Wall street crash affect crippled german
economy?

a True

b False
Which was a feature of Hitler’s foreign
policy?

He pulled out of the league of nations

a in 1933

b He decided not attack any country

c Supported the Allied powers

d All the Above

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