MODULE 1: Verifying the Hypothesis ,

Basic Concepts in Research through experimentation

A. making a design
LEARNING COMPETENCIES: B. putting up
the set –up
1. Define research. C. observing
2. Explain the importance of research. D. recording of
3. Differentiate the goals and purposes data
of research. E. tabulating
4. Explain the characteristic of /organizing
educational research. F. graphing the
5. Classify research according to design data
and methodology. G. analyzing
6. Identify the types of research. H. interpreting
7. Identify the types of variables. Conclusion – rejection and acceptance of the
8. Write research titles that describe hypothesis are explained in this section, a
what the study is all about. generalization of the study.
Notes:
Comprehensive definition by Calderon and
The development of the society from its Gonzales
simple to complex state will reveal the many
and varied problems faced by human kind. Research is defined as a purposive,
Thus, solutions to problems must be systematic and systematic process of gathering,
based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting,
guesses or theories. To acquire knowledge and and interpreting data for the solution of a
to continuously evaluate its accuracy and problem, for prediction, for invention, for the
usefulness requires a well - planned and discovery of truth, or for the expansion or
systematic procedure on which research has verification of existing knowledge, all for the
been devised to meet this need. preservation and improvement of the quality of
human life.
Re - search - implies that the person has to
search again Polit & Beck (2001) stated that research is
- to take another more careful look a systematic inquiry that uses
- to find out more. (Selltiz and disciplined methods to answer
others , 1976) questions or solve problems. The
Kerlinger(1986) a social behaviorist, defines goals of research are to develop,
research as “ a systematic, refine and expand a body of
controlled, empirical and critical investigation knowledge.
of natural
phenomena guided by theory Palispis (2001) cited that research is carried
and hypotheses about the out for a specific purpose to
presumed relations among answer specific questions to solve
such phenomena. particular problem or issue.
Good - defines research as a careful, It seeks new knowledge and
critical disciplined inquiry, provides useful information in the
varying in technique and method form of verifiable data. It
according to the nature and contributes to the attainment of the
conditions of the problem development goals of nation.
identified, directed toward the Research is not only conducted
clarification or resolution of the because it is a pre-requisite to
problem. obtaining a degree, but more
Aquino has a more detailed definition – he so because it can potentially
says that research is, simply, mobilize society.
the systematic search for pertinent
information on a specific topic Burns & Grove (2007), said that research is to
or problem. search or examine again and
Manuel and Medel defined research as the again or carefully. Research is a
process of gathering data or information to diligent, systematic inquiry or
solve a particular or specific problem in a investigation to validate and
scientific method refine existing knowledge and
Scientific Method generate new knowledge.
Steps:
Identification of Problem Coleman & Briggs (2002) defined research as
Gathering of Information both a critical and self-critical
Related to the Problem inquiry aimed at contributing
Formulating of Hypothesis towards the advancement of
 knowledge and wisdom. phenomenon that can be known and
understood better by research
Sanchez (2002) defined research as a is why women are generally smaller than
discovery and exploration of the men.
unknown. It involves an
investigation of facts leading to the 11. To expand or verify existing knowledge, this
discovery of new ideas and new usually happens when
methods. researchers are replicated.
methods that test concepts, practices and
theories.
Functions of Research In relation to purposes nos. 2 and 3, the
following may be added to the list of purposes:
1. Research corrects perceptions as well as
expands them. 12. To improve educational practices for raising
2. Research gathers information on subjects or the quality of school
phenomena we lack or products.
have little knowledge about.
3. Research also develops and 13. To promote health and prolong life.
evaluates Purposes of Research
(Aims, Objectives, Goals) 14. To provide man with more of his basic
needs-more and better food,
Goal : is the preservation and improvement clothing, shelter, etc.
of the quality of human life
Purpose : is to serve man 15. To make work, travel, and communication
faster, easier, and more
Specific Purposes and comfortable.
Goals of Research
1. To discover new facts about known Characteristics of Good Research
phenomenon. (Alcohol is a known
phenomenon and research may turn it Best, gives a summary of the more
into a kind of fuel equal in important characteristics of a good research.
quality with gasoline)
1. Research gathers new knowledge or data
2. To find answer to problems which are only from primary or first hand
partially solved by existing sources.
methods and information. (Cancer is a
serious disease which is only 2. Research is expert, systematic and accurate
partially cured by present methods but
due to intensive and investigation.
continuous research, the disease may be 3. Research is logical and objective, applying
eradicated later on)
every possible test.
3. Improve existing techniques and develop 4. Research endeavors to organize data in
new instruments or products. quantitative terms, if possible,
and express them as numerical measures.
4. To discover previously unrecognized
substances or elements. 5. Research is carefully recorded and reported.

5. Discover pathways of action of known 6. Research is original work.

substances and elements. 7. Research is patient and unhurried activity.

6. To order related, valid generalizations into 8. Research requires an effort-making capacity.

systematized science. 9. Research requires courage.

7. To provide basis for decision- making in Major Characteristics of Research

business, industry, education,
government, and in other undertakings. 1. Empirical - is based on direct experience or
observation, the collection
8. To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity. of data relies on practical
experience without benefit of
9. To find answers to queries by means of scientific knowledge or theory.
scientific methods. 2. Logical - is based on valid procedures
and principles. Scientific
10. To acquire a better and deeper investigation is done in an orderly
understanding about one manner.
3. Cyclical - it starts with a problem and ends 3. The research 3. The problem to be
with a problem. In the problem is not solved has to
recommendation many problem necessarily defined be defined
will crop up as other specifically. specifically and
subjects for study, hence the identified
cycle is repeated. definitely.
4. Analytical - research utilizes proven analytical 4. All research is 4. Problem -
procedures in gathering intended to solve solving does not
data. some kind of always involve
5. Replicability - the research designs and problem, but this is research.
procedures are replicated to not the primary
enable the researcher to aim.
arrive at valid and conclusive 5. Research is 5. Problem -
results. The more conducted not solving is always
replications of researches, the more primarily to solve a intended to solve
valid and conclusive the problem but a problem.
results would be. to make a
6. Critical - exhibits careful and precise contribution to
judgment. A higher level of general knowledge.
confidence must be established. 6. Research is 6. Problem - solving
7. Systematic - It follows an orderly and concerned with is concerned
sequential procedure that leads to broad problems, with a specific
the discovery of truth, solution recurrent problem and
of a problem or whatever phenomena, and once the problem
is aimed to be discovered. wide is solved that
8. Controlled - All variables except those application is the end of it.
that are tested or being through
experimented upon are generalization.
kept constant (not allowed to
change or vary) so that the
changes made on the subjects Kinds and Classification of Research
of the study can be attributed
only to the experimental 1. According to Purpose
variable.
9. Employs hypothesis- This is to guide A. Predictive or prognostic research
the investigation process. In has the purpose of determining
experimental studies, the future operation of the
hypotheses are expressly stated but variables under investigation.
in descriptive studies, the B. Directive research determines what
specific subproblems or specific should be done based on
questions serve as the the findings to remedy
hypotheses and the hypotheses are unsatisfactory condition if there is
tested and not proved. any.
10. Rigorous - This ensures that procedures C. Illuminative research is
followed to find answer to concerned with the interaction of the
questions and relevant, components of the variable
appropriate, and justified. being investigated.
11. Valid and Verifiable- This implies that 2. According to Goal
whatever one can conclude on
the basis of the findings is A. Basic or pure research is done for
correct and can be verified by the development of theories
others, too. or principles. It is conducted
Differences Between Research and for the intellectual pleasure
Problem-Solving of learning.
B. Applied research is the application
Research Problem-solving of the results. This is testing
the efficacy of theories and
1. There may not be a 1. There is always a principles.
problem problem to be
only interest in solved. 3. According to Level of Investigation
answering a
question or query. A. Exploratory research- studies the
2. A research problem 2. A problem to be variables pertinent to a specific
is more solved is less situation
rigorous and rigorous and less B. Descriptive research - studies the
broader in scope broad. relationships of the variables.
 C. Experimental research - studies the specific questions or problems of the
effects of the variables on study are available. Historical
each other research makes use of
the library as well as archeological
findings.
4. According to the Type of Analysis B. Field research - conducted in a
natural setting . No changes are
A. Analytic approach - the researcher made in the
attempts to identify and environment. It is applicable to
isolate the descriptive survey
components of the research and experimental method
situation C. Laboratory research - is
B. Holistic approach - begins with the conducted in artificial or controlled
total situation, focusing conditions by
attention on the isolating the study in a rigorously
system first and then on its specified and
internal operationalized area.
relationships.
Hindrances to Scientific Inquiry

4. According to Choice of Answers to A. Tradition. This is accepting that customs,

Problems beliefs, practices, and
superstitious are true and are
A. Evaluative research, all parts of the daily lives of men.
possible courses of actions are B. Authority. This is accepting without
specified and question, an opinion about a certain
identifies and the researcher subject which is given by
tries to find the someone who is considered an
most advantageous. authority on the subject.
C. Developmental research, the C. Inaccurate observation. This is describing
focus is on finding or developing wrongly what is actually
a more observed.
suitable instrument or process than D. Overgeneralization. This is establishing a
has been pattern out of a few instances.
available. E. Selective observation. This is persisting
to believe an observed pattern
5. According to Statistical Content from an
overgeneralization and ignoring other
A. Quantitative or statistical pertinent patterns.
research is one in which F. Made-up information. This making up
inferential information to explain away
statistics are confusion.
utilized to determine the results of G. Illogical reasoning. This is attributing to
the study. some thing to another without
B. Qualitative research. This is any logical basis.
research in which the use of quantity H. Ego-involvement in understanding. This
or statistics is is giving an explanation when
practically nil. This is especially one finds
true in himself in an unfavorable situation.
anthropological studies where I. Mystification. This attributing to
description is supernatural power, the phenomenon
usually used. that cannot be understood.
J. To err is human. This is an attitude that
6. According to Time Element admits the fallibility of man.
K. Dogmatism. This is an unwritten policy
A. Historical research describes what of certain institutions and
was Government prohibiting
B. Descriptive research describes the study of topics that are
what is believed to run counter to
C. Experimental research describes the established doctrines of
what will be such institutions or
governments.
7. According to place of study
Qualities Needed by a Researcher
A. Library research - done in the
library where answers to the
 A. Intellectual Curiosity C. Healthy instruments and analytical system, and will
Criticism permit generalizations. All
B. Prudence D. these are deemed invaluable to
Intellectual Honesty future researches and to
understanding certain conditions or
Acronym-RESEARCHER situational problems.
R-Research Elements of a Research Problem
Oriented
E- Effective 1. Aim or purpose of the problem for
S- Scientific investigation. This answers the
E- Efficient question “ why?” Why is there an
A-Active investigation, inquiry or study
R- Religious 2. The subject matter or topic to be
C- Creative investigated. This answers the question
H- Honest what? ” What is to be investigated?
E- Economical 3. The place or locale where the researcher
R- Resourceful is to be conducted. This
Research Problem and Objectives answers the question “Where?” Where is the
study to be conducted?
The research process with a problem 4. The period or time of the study during which
which is “a perceived difficulty, a feeling of the data are to be gathered.
discomfort with the way things are, or a This answers the question “When?” When is
discrepancy between.. what should be and what the study to be carried out?
is. While problems are day-to-day experiences 5. Population or universe from whom the
of a human being, not all problems are data are to be collected. This
researchable. Some problems do not require answers the question “Who?” or “From
any research undertaking since they require Whom?” Who are the
just one possible explanation or solution. Others respondents? From whom are the data to be
may have already known solutions; what is gathered?
needed is a decision on what solutions to use
and to act on, so as to solve the problem. Guidelines in the Selection of a Research
How does one know that a problem is Problem or Topic
researchable?
1. The research problem must be chosen by the
1. There is no known answer or solution to it researcher himself.
such that a gap in knowledge 2. It must be within the interest of the
exists. researcher.
2. There are possible solutions the effectivity of 3. It must be within the specialization of the
which is untested or unknown researcher.
yet. 4. It must be within the competence of the
3. There are answers or solutions the possible research to tackle.
result of which may seem or 5. It must be within the ability of the researcher
may be factually contradictory. to finance, otherwise he
4. There are several possible and plausible must be able to find funding for his research.
explanations for the undesirable 6. It is researchable and manageable, that is,
condition. A. Data are available and accessible
5. When the existence of phenomenon requires B. Data must meet the standards of
explanation. accuracy, objectivity and
verifiability.
Criteria of a Research Problem C. Answers to the specific questions can
found
1. A problem should be of great interest to the D. The hypotheses formulated are testable,
researcher. that is, they can be
2. A problem should be relevant and useful to a accepted or rejected
specific group of people. E. Equipment and instruments for research
3. A good research problem is novel in that is are available and ca gives
possess the element of valid and reliable results.
newness or freshness. 7. It can be completed within a reasonable
4. A problem should be well-defined or period of time.
specified. 8. It is significant, important, and relevant to
5. A problem should be measurable the present time and situation,
6. A problem is time-bound. timely, and current interest.
7. A problem is good if the study of its will 9. Results are practical and implement able
contribute to the refinement of 10. It requires original, critical, and reflective
certain important concepts, creation or thinking so to solve it.
improvement of research
11. It must be delimited to suit the resources of OTHER SOURCES OF TOPICS AND
the researcher but big or RESEARCH PROBLEM
large enough to be able to give significant,
valid, and reliable results De Poy and Gitlin (1994) suggest the five
and generalizations. basic sources that professionals use to select a
12. It must contribute to the national topic and a researchable problem. They are:
development goals for the 1. Professional Experience. Perhaps the
improvement of the quality of human life. most immediate and important sources from
13. It must contribute to the fund of human which research problems emerge is professional
knowledge. experience. The daily ideas and confusions that
14. It must show solutions of the problem. arise from professionals challenges often yield
15. It must not undermine the moral and significance areas of inquiry. Many issues that
spiritual values of the people emerge in supervision, meetings, or
16. It must not advocate any change in the conferences may also provide investigators with
present order of things by researchable topics and ideas.
means of violence but by peaceful means. 2. Professional Trends. Research topics may
17. There must be a return of some kind to the also come from publications and newsletters.
researcher, either one or all Investigators frequently read them with the
of the following, if the research report is intent to determine the broad topic areas and
completed: problems of current interest of the profession.
A. Monetary, either increase n salary or Also, professionals associations establish short
publication of the results in this and long term research goals and priorities for
there is some kind of loyalty. the profession. For example, the Psychological
B. Advancement in position or Association of the Philippines identified the
promotion. need to develop more research in the area of
C. Improved specialization, competence, the therapeutic effectiveness. Examining the
and skill in professional goals and policy statements of professionals
work especially if the research subject association provides very good sources from
is related to the profession. which to establish research direction.
D. Enhanced prestige and reputation.
E. Satisfaction of intellectual curiosity and 3. Public Research. Reading research in
interest, and being able to professional journals provides an overview of
discover truth. the important studies that are being conducted
18. There must be a consideration of the in a topic area of interest. Most public research
hazards involved, either physical, studies identify, with in the text, additional
social, or legal. This author knows of a man research problems and unresolved issues
who went to the mountains generated by the research findings. Journals
to study a tribe, ignoring physical dangers and abstract publish current research findings
from wild animals and from that are useful and relevant to the profession.
the tribesmen themselves. While this act is Reading such journals also provides an idea of
admirable, the researcher what issues professionals peers fell are
must also consider his personal safety. important to investigate and what studies need
to be replaced or repeated to confirm the
Sources of a Research Problem findings. There are many published journals in
other disciplines that may assist in the
1. When there is a dissatisfaction of services identification of a topic.
and information 4. Societal Trends. Social, Political, and
2. Problems maybe encountered in the Economical concerns are trends are reflected in
classroom or at work. legislation and the findings priorities of
3. Breakthroughs in science and technology government, and local agencies, foundations,
may present unexpected and corporations provide a second and critical
problem area of potential inquiry for investigation. For
4. Research thrusts and priorities of certain example, the report Philippines 2000
organization. establishes the priority areas for the nation. It
5. Misconceptions on culture. provides a rich foundation for the development
of research problems.
By Bhagwani p.7
5. Existing Theory. Theories also provide
6. Man’s major problems. sources for generating topics and research
7. His specialization. problems. Inquiry related to theory
8. Methods of teaching development is intended to substantiate the
9. Existing and past researches theory and advance its development or modify
10. Theses, dissertations, research journals it by refuting some or all of its development of
cognition in his observation made on his two
by Calmorin pp. 25-26 children have been refuted, corroborated, or
modified by studies conducted by scholars studied or to be studied. Hence, the title
interested in human cognition. indicates what is expected to
be found inside the thesis report.
The Research Objectives
4. It must be as brief and concise as possible.
An objective has been defined as “an
effect that is desired or expected to be 5. Avoid using the terms “An Analysis of,” “A
achieved by an activity, project or program. Study of,” “An Investigation
Research objectives then refer to statements of of,” and the like. All these things are
purpose for which the investigation is to be understood to have been done or
conducted. They describe the aims or goals to be done when research is conducted.
which are expected to be attained at the end of
the research process. They are stated right 6. If the title contains more than one line, it
after the well-defined research problem on must be written like an inverted
which they are based and from which they pyramid, all words in capital letters.
logically follow. Example of a complete title:

Major Classifications THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE IN THE HIGH

SCHOOLS OF BOHOL WISDOM SCHOOL AS
Research objectives may be classified PERCEIVED BY THE SCIENCE TEACHERS
into two broad categories which are general and AND STUDENTS
specific. The general objective is a broad DURING THE SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021
statements of purpose which uses abstract
unmeasurable concepts. The specific objective The contents as required by Guideline
is a statement of purpose which uses well- No.2 are:
defined and measurable concepts, the
formulation of which should be based on, and A. Subject Matter: The teaching science;
logically flow from the general objective. Some B. Locale of the study: Bohol Wisdom School
studies may only have specific objectives while C. Population involved: The science teachers
others may include both categories. and students; and
D. Period of the study: School year 2020-2021
Good Research Objectives
A brief and concise form of the title and a better
Good research objectives should not only one follows:
flow from the identified research problem but
should also have the following characteristics: TEACHING OF SCIENCE IN THE HIGH
1. they should be stated in simple language; SCHOOL OF BOHOL WISDOM SCHOOL
2. they use measurable concepts;
3. they are attainable; It will be noted that the population, the
4. they are result-oriented; and science teachers and the students as well as
5. they are time-bound. the period of the study, 2020-2021, are omitted
Combining all the italic letters when writing the second form but they have to
above will result in an acronym be mentioned in the scope and delamination of
S-M-A-R-T, which will be useful in the study. It will be noted also the title, through
remembering the characteristics of good brief and simplified, is broad enough to include
objectives. all possible aspects of the subject matter. The
The Title central theme, which is teaching of science, is
also very clear.
Guidelines in writing the title. The theses
writer should be guided by the following in the
formulation of his title. These are also the The Variable
characteristics of the title.
The term variable has been mentioned
1. Generally, the title is formulated before the several times so that it is necessary to define it
start of the research work. It here. In research, a variable refers to a
may be revised and refined later if there is a characteristic that has two or more mutually
need. exclusive values or properties. Sex, for
instance, two properties which are maleness
2. The title must contain the subject matter of and femaleness. The ages of different persons
the study, the locale of the have different values; so with their size, height,
study, the population involved, and the weight and income. The phenomenon of variety
period when the data were is what makes life interesting; it is one of the
gathered or will be gathered. motivating factors of the research undertaking.

3. It must be broad enough to include all Types of Variables

aspects of the subject matter
A. Independent variable - this is the Independent Independent
stimulus variable which is chosen by Variable Variable
the researc
Example: If an investigator wants to teaching method achievement in
determine the effects of used chemistry
independent variable A on the Control Variable Moderator
dependent variable B, but Variable
suspects that a third factor , Intelligence of the
alter s or modifies the respondents Intelligence of the
relationship between A and B, respondents
then C is considered the Organismic Possible
moderator variable. Government Variables Intervening
interventions can be a Variables
moderator variable. Gender of the
respondents test was given
D. Control variable - this is a variable Intelligence of the
controlled by the researcher in respondents
which the effects can be
neutralized by eliminating or
removing the variable. It How to Write Chapter 1
guarantees that it will not have a
moderating effect on the Basic Guidelines in Writing Parts of the
relationship between A and B. Report

E. Intervening variable - this is a The most basic guide in writing any part
variable which interferes with the of the research report is an outline of parts or
independent and dependent topics. This outline will help the writer in
variables, but its effect can organizing his notes, statistical tables, figures
either strengthen or and other supporting documents, and in
weaken the independent and grouping and ordering his ideas. Without an
dependent variable. outline as guide, what usually happens is that
the writer writes down whatever comes into his
Example: Suppose a researcher wishes mind, resulting in a poorly organized
to know the effect of presentation of ideas. When his attention is
educational qualification on called to this defect, the writer has to wrestle
performance. EQ is the with the problem and task of finding which
independent variable and ideas should be grouped together, which ones
performance is the dependent should be presented first, which ones are to
variable. But it is possible that follow, what documents should support which
age, civil status, experiences, ideas and so on. This problem can be avoided
socio-economic status, values with the use of topics outline which also
and attitudes as intervening simplifies and facilitates the writing of the
variables might have an effect report.
on performance.
Introduction or Rationale
F. Organismic variable - a variable which
is pre-existing characteristics In the introduction, it is important to give
of the individuals understudy. the reader enough background of the problem
It is not a variable that can investigated. The reader should be given a clear
be randomly assigned to idea about the existence and prevalence of the
individuals. The gender and the problem, the difficulties it causes, and the
intelligence are examples of importance of investigating it. It would be
this.

G. Extraneous variable - a variable that insightful for the writer to mention here
is related to the dependent or previous studies on the problem, stating briefly
independent variable that is their major findings, followed by a statement as
not part of the experiments. to where the present study fits in. If a study
- are independent variable that deals with an intervention program, it would be
have not been controlled. helpful for the reader to know something about
the program-its goals, area and population
By Calmorin pp. 14-16 coverage, duration, implementation activities,
and other important aspects of the program.
The presentation of the background should very
naturally lead to the statement of the problem.
Examples:
 The basic parts of the introduction were researcher must also explain his desire to find a
given on the previous page; there is no better way of teaching science in the high
constraint, however, on the part of the school of BWS to improve the outcome of
researcher to include additional sections on instruction.
topics very much related to the problem
investigated. What they are, their content,
functions in the research process, and guides in 7. A desire to discover something. In
working on each one of them were adequately connection with the teaching of science in the
discussed in the early parts of the book. What high school of BWS, the researcher may have
should be stressed here is the logical ordering the desire to discover that is wrong with the
of topics, meaning, that the connections instruction and a desire to discover better ways
between topics should be made clear. In other of teaching the subject. He may discuss his
words, the background statements should lead desire to discover such things.
to the problem, the problem in turn leads to the
objectives, the objectives to the hypotheses,
and so on. 8. Geographical conditions of the study
locale. This is necessary in anthropological and
Guidelines in Writing the Introduction economic studies. If the subject of investigation
is rice production, then the terrain, soil, climate,
1. Presentation of the problem. The start of rainfall, etc. of the study locale have to be
the introduction is the presentation of the described.
problem, that is, what the problem is all about.
This will indicate what will be covered by the 9. A link between the introduction and the
study. statement of the problem. A sentence or two
show the link between the introduction and the
2. The existence of an unsatisfactory conducting of the researcher. Example: The
condition, a felt problem that needs a researcher got very much interested in the
solution. Example: The teaching of science in determining the status of teaching science in
Bohol Wisdom School has been observed to be the high school of BWS and so he conducted
weak as shown by the results of the survey this research.
tests given to the students recently. The causes her to determine its relationship to
must be found so that remedial measures may an observed
be instituted. phenomena.
- a variable that is
3. Rational of the study. The reason or manipulated to examine its
reasons why it is necessary to conduct the impact on a
study must be discussed. dependent variable.
- represent the
4. Historical Background of the problem. treatments or the conditions that
For historical background of the research the researcher
problem of the teaching of science, the first control to test their effects on
satellite to orbit the some outcomes.
- also known as the
treatment variable
earth sent aloft by Russia may be mentioned.
Example: Since the sending into space by Example: The profile and working
Russia of the first satellite that orbited the conditions, physical facilities and
earth, educational systems all over the world equipment, administrative
including that of the Philippines have been support, financial resources,
trying hard to improve their science curricula policies and standards, EQ etc.,
and instruction.
Example: The researcher wants to
determine the effects of NCEE
5. A desire to have a deeper and clearer percentile rank (independent
understanding of a situation, variable) on achievement
circumstance, or phenomenon. If the (dependent variable). The NCEE
teaching of science in high school of BWS is the percentile rank is the I. V.
topic, the researcher must explain his earnest because it is the stimulus
desire to have a deeper and clearer variable that is manipulated.
understanding of the situation so that he will be
in a better position to initiate remedial B. Dependent variable - this is the response
measures. variable which is observed
and measured to
determine the effect of the
6. A desire to find a better way of doing independent variable
something or improving a product. The
 Example: The level of job satisfaction,
productivity, achievement,
performance. The dependent
variable changes when the
independent variable varies.

- If EQ is high, what happens to

performance? If EQ is low, what
happens to performance?

C. Moderator variable - this is a secondary or

special type of independent
variable chosen by the
researcher to ascertain if it alters or
modifies the relationships
between the independent and I. BusinessandBusinessOrganizations
dependent variables.
The satisfaction of human needs is a
universal concern.Business firmsand the
government are expected to provide the goods
and services to sustain societal life and at the
same time making sure that such a life is
guaranteed to flourish and grow in a peaceful
land just environment.
In a free enterprise system, business
firms are free to compete with each other in the
task of making available a wide array of
products and services to the public. This is all
the more made possible by advancement in
technology which continuously flood the market
with the latest models and designs. Healthy
competition leads to theses offering of new and
improved products and services. Innovation is
the nme of the game
The quest for profits has always been
the driving force of businesses. In fact business
is generally defined as any form of human
activity which seeks to provide goods and
services to satisfy human needs and wants
through the exchange process intended for
profits. There are many forms of business
organizations. Let us limit our topics to three:
1.Commerce–engaged inb uying and
selling of goods. Included in this category are
the trading, merchandising and marketing
firms.
2.Industry –mainly engaged in
production. Included in this category are the
manufacturing, construction , extractive and
genetic industries.
3.Services –offer services to
clients/customers.Included in this category are
the recreational, restaurants and the hospitality
establishments ,banks and other financial
institutions.

To earn profits is the motivation of

business, but can business dowhatever it takes
to make profits?Can businesses window dress 4.Theuseofconfidentialinformationforpersonalga
financial reports to present a good operating in
performance? Are advertisers free to include 5.Communityinvolvement
labels in product packaging that are not true in 6.Bribery
order to push more sales? Will merchandising 7.Illegalpaymentstodomestic/foreign
firms continue to use plastic bags even governments to obtain business
ifregulationsalreadyexistbanningthepracticetopr 8.Promulgationofthe“TruthinLendingAct”
otecttheenvironment? 9.TheAntiTrustLaw
In business, many interests are at stake,
customers, suppliers, Justhearingnewsinmediaorbypersonalobservatio
owners,employees,creditors,government,andth nswecanlistsomecurrentissuesinethicslikethefoll
epublic.Maintainingrelationshipsamongthestake owing:
holdersrequirebusinessestoobservecertainprinci 1.Servingspoiledfoodtocustomers
ples, morals and norms that promotes the 2.Individuals/business firms claiming insurance
best interest of all concerned including the claims
business firm itself .A society with no regard 3.Paiddiplomas
for norms and morals will inevitably 4.Bribinggovernmentofficials
disintegrate, a fact some 5.Conflictofinterest
philosophersmaintain.So,theprofitmotivationisn 6.Employeetheft
otenough.Aimingforgoodrelationsand the 7.Abuseofexpenseaccounts
quality of life takes precedence if only to 8.Misuseofcompanyassets
ensure a properly functioning society.
IIIWhat then are business ethics?
II The Need for Ethics in Business Businessethicsisasetoflawsabouthowabusinesss
houldconductitself.These are standards of
In a more general sense, the call for conduct and moral values governing actions
truthfulness and honesty in all business and decisions in the work environment .These
dealings is the most important consideration. are practices that try to balance between
Coupled with this is the idea of curbing the what’s right and what’s profitable. Businesses
pursuit of wealth for its own sake. That justice are implored to adhere to certain ethical
must play an important role in the economic conduct when dealing with people especially
activities of buying and selling so that the those affected by their activities.
transacting parties are given what is rightfully
due them. Wikipediadefinesbusinessethics(alsoknownascor
porateethics)asaform of applied ethics or
The concept of stewardship is likewise professional ethics, that examines ethical
an important consideration, regarding the principles and moral or ethical problems
resources of the earth as a gift intended that can arise in a
for all, so that its equitable distribution is the businessenvironment.Itappliestoallaspectsofbus
premise of any notion of development for both inessconductandisrelevanttotheconductofindivid
individuals and society. There has to be ualsandentireorganizations.
a conscious effort of pursuing wealth with a
view of alleviating poverty, of embracing Business ethics can also be defined as both
the real value of human labor by avoiding any written and unwritten codes of principles and
form of exploitation by the practice of a just values that govern decisions and actions within
wage. This presupposes that economic a company.In the business world, the
systems must improve the conditions of the organization’s culture sets standards for
masses of humanity especially the poor and determining the difference between the good
the less privileged. and bad decision-making and behavior.

Thus, the government is not remiss in its duty

to uphold public welfare. It promulgates laws Core Principles
intended to regulate ethical behavior in the Accountability is the obligation to
following are asor concerns among others: demonstrate that work has been conducted
1.Productsafetyandquality in compliance with agreed rules and standards
2.Fairemploymentpractices and to report fairly and accurately on
3.Fairmarketingandsellingpractices performance results vis-à-vismandated roles or
plans.It is taking responsibility of your work and
facing the consequences of your actions.
Without accountability, mismanagement and
abuse of power can be expected.

Transparency is being open and truthful to what

is right, not hiding what people should be aware
of, or manipulating information for one’s own
benefit. It is being visible and true in your
motives and actions.

Fairness is the quality of making judgments that

are free from discrimination and treating people
without bias or partiality.