TOPIC: PREPARATION OF SOAP

AND THEIR CLEANSING AGENT

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
KARWAR
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT OF
“preparation of soap and their cleaning agent”

Guided by: Mrs. AKSHATA (PGT- chemistry)

Submitted by:

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that

Master………………………………..………………………………..…………………………………a student
Of class 12 XII science has successfully completed the project “preparation of soap
and their cleansing agent” under guidance of Mrs. AKSHATA ( PGT-CHEMISTRY).
During the academic year 2024-25 in partial fulfillment of chemistry practical
examination conducted by AISSCE,DELHI.

SIGN OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER::

SIGN OF SUBJECT TEACHER::

SIGN OF PRINCIPAL::

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I am immensely indebted to almighty god for his blessings of and grace
without which I could not have undertaken this task and my efforts would never
have been success.

I would like to sincerely and profusely thank MR. AKSHATA

For the valuable guidance, advice and for giving useful suggestions and relevant
ideas facilitate and easy and early completion of this project.
This guidance and support received from my entire classmates who contributed
and who are contributing to this project, is vital for the success of this project. I
am greatful for their constant support and help.

I also owe sense of gratitude to my parents for encouragement and support

throughout the project.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT::

CONTENTS

SR.NO. TITLE
1 AIM
2 INTRODUCTION
3 MICELLE
4 TO PREPARE SAMPLE OF SOAP
5 PROCEDURE
6 PROPERTIES
7 HARD WATER REACTION
8 THE UNIVERSE OF DIFFERENT
 TYPES OF SOAPS
9 BIODEGRADABLE AND NON
BIODEGRADABLE
10 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOAP AND
DETERGENTS

TO STUDY THE PREPARATION OF SOAP AND

THEIR CLEANSING AGENT
 INTRODUCTION
In chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soap are mainly used
as surfactants for washing, bathing, cleaning .
Fats and oils are composed or triglycerides; three molecules of
fatty acids are attached to a single molecules of glycerol. The
alkaline solution, which is often called lye, brings about a
chemical reaction as saponification .
They have a polar end which is hydrophilic (water loving) and
a long non-polar chain which is hydrophobic (water hating). As
a consequence, they can form emulsion by suspending oil in
water.
FATTY END OF WATER SOLUBLE END

CH3-(CH2)n-COONa
Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both
a hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water, as well as
hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve non-polar grease
molecules.

MICELLE
Micelles is an aggregate of surfactant molecules disperse in a liquid colloid.
In an aqueous solution, molecules having polar or charged or group and non
polar regions (amphiphilic molecules) from aggregate called micelle. In a micelle,
polar or ionic heads from an outer shell in contact with water, while non-polar
tails are sequestered in the interior.

Hence, the core of a micelle being formed of long non-polar tails, resembles an oil
gasoline drop. The number of amphiphilic molecules forming the aggregate is
called aggregation number ; it is a way to describe the size of the micelle.

TO PREPARE SAMPLE OF SOAP AND TO EXAMINE ITS PROPERTIES::

EQUIPMENT’S:-

*250ml beaker

*sodium hydroxide(20% solution)

*100ml beaker
*ethanol

*wire gauge

*saturated solution of sodium chloride

*laboratory burner

*CaCl (5% solution)

*glass stirring rod

*MgCl2 (5% solution )

*test tube and FeCl (5% solution)

*filter flask and burner funnel

*kerosene and filter paper

*cooking oil and graduated cylinder

*watch glass to extinguished ethanol flames

PROCEDURE:-

1.Measure 20 gm of cooking oil into a 250ml beaker. At 20 ml of ethanol and

25ml of 20% NaOH solution. Stir the mixture in the beaker, place the beaker on
wire gauge on a rings stand and heat gently.

2. Heat until the odor disappears.

3. Turns of the burner and allow the beaker to cool down

4. move it safely to bensetop

5. At that 100ml of saturated NaCl to your soap preparation and stir the
mixture thoroughly.
6. It is used to remove the soap from water, glycerol and any excess NaOH
present.

7. Filter of the soap with vacuum filtration apparatus and wash once with ice
water.

8. Weigh your dried soap and record the weight.

PROPERTIES

WASHING PROPERTIES

Take a small amount of soap and try to wash your hands with it. It should lather
rather easily if soft water or deionized water.

EMULSIFICATION

Put 5-10 drops of kerosene in test tube containing 10ml water shake to mix.
Emulsification or suspension of tiny oil droplets in water from formed ..let this
stand for a few minutes.

Prepare a another test tube with the same ingredients and also add a small
portion (1/2 gm)of your soap. Shake to mix, compare the relative stability of the
two emulsion.

HARD WATER REACTION

Take 1g of your soap and warm it with 150ml of water in a 100ml beaker.

When you have obtained a reasonably clear solution. Pour about 15ml into each
of three test tubes.

Test one of the three test tubes with 10 drops of 5% CaCl2 solution, one with 10
drops of 5% MgCl2 solution and one with 10 drops 5% FeCl3 solution.

Let these solution stand, then make your observation.

BASICITY:- Soap with free alkali can be very damaging to skin, silk or wool.

It’s test

Dissolve a small piece of your soap in 15ml of ethanol and then add two drops of
phenolphthalein. It the indicators turns red, the presence of free alkali is
indicated.

It the indicators turns red, the presence of free alkali is indicator.

• Fats and oils are hydrolyzed with a high pressure to yield crude fatty acids
and glycerols.

• The fatty acid are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali
to produce soap and water.

• Fatty acid + NaOH > glycerol + sodium soap

• Sodium soaps are “hard” soap

• The more saturated the oil (tropical vegetables oils such as coconut oil), the
harder the soap.

Fatty acid + KOH > glycerol + potassium soap

Potassium soap are softer and are found in some liquid hand soap and
shaving cream.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I would like to acknowledge the following sources through which I obtained vital
information which contributed in the completion of this project:
• slideshare.com

• wikipedia.org

• icbse.co.in

• scribd.com