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Experiment 7

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5 views5 pages

Experiment 7

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lakshyasantani14
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‭KJSCE/IT-AI&DS/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

‭Experiment No.7‬

‭Title: To Implement Triggers.‬

‭(Somaiya Vidyavihar University)‬


‭KJSCE/IT-AI&DS/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

‭Batch:‬‭C-2‬ ‭Roll No.:‬‭16014223049‬ ‭Experiment No.: 7‬

‭ itle:‬‭To implement Triggers for given database.‬


T
‭____________________________________________________________________‬
‭Resources needed:‬‭PostgreSQL 9.3‬
‭____________________________________________________________________‬
‭Theory‬
‭Pre Lab/ Prior Concepts:‬
‭Trigger:‬
‭A‬ ‭trigger‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭statement‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭executes‬ ‭automatically‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭side‬ ‭effect‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬
‭modification to the database. Triggers are used to ensure some types of integrity.‬

‭ o design a trigger mechanism you should:‬


T
‭1.‬ ‭Specify‬ ‭when‬ ‭a‬ ‭trigger‬ ‭is‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭executed.‬ ‭This‬ ‭is‬ ‭broken‬ ‭up‬ ‭into‬ ‭an‬ ‭event‬ ‭that‬ ‭causes‬ ‭a‬
‭trigger to be checked and a condition that must be satisfied for trigger execution to proceed‬
‭2. Specify the actions to be taken when the trigger executes.‬

‭ eneralized Model:‬
G
‭Triggers‬ ‭are‬‭based‬‭on‬‭the‬‭Event-‬‭condition-‬‭Action‬‭(ECA)‬‭Model.‬‭A‬‭rule‬‭in‬‭the‬‭ECA‬‭model‬
‭has three components.‬
‭1. The event(s) that triggers the rule.‬
‭2.‬ ‭The‬ ‭condition‬ ‭that‬ ‭determines‬ ‭whether‬ ‭the‬‭rule‬‭action‬‭should‬‭be‬‭executed.‬‭If‬‭no‬‭action‬‭is‬
‭specified, the action will be executed once the event occurs.‬
‭3.‬ ‭The‬‭action‬‭to‬‭be‬‭taken.‬‭It‬‭could‬‭be‬‭a‬‭sequence‬‭of‬‭SQL‬‭statements,‬‭a‬‭DB‬‭transaction‬‭or‬‭an‬
‭external program that will be executed automatically.‬

‭ hen to use Trigger:‬


W
‭In‬ ‭many‬ ‭cases,‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭convenient‬ ‭to‬ ‭specify‬ ‭the‬‭type‬‭of‬‭action‬‭to‬‭be‬‭taken‬‭when‬‭certain‬‭event‬
‭occurs and when certain conditions are satisfied.‬
‭It‬ ‭may‬ ‭be‬ ‭useful‬ ‭to‬‭specify‬‭a‬‭condition‬‭that,‬‭if‬‭violated,‬‭causes‬‭some‬‭user‬‭to‬‭be‬‭informed‬‭of‬
‭the violation.‬
‭For example:-‬
‭A‬‭manager‬‭may‬‭want‬‭to‬‭be‬‭informed,‬‭if‬‭an‬‭employee’s‬‭travel‬‭expenses‬‭exceed‬‭a‬‭certain‬‭limit‬
‭by receiving a message whenever this occurs.‬
‭The condition is thus used to monitor the database.‬

‭ REATE‬ ‭TRIGGER‬ ‭statement‬ ‭is‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭implement‬ ‭such‬ ‭action‬ ‭in‬ ‭SQL.‬ ‭Consider‬ ‭the‬
C
‭triggers for following cases:-‬
‭1. Trigger for insertion:-‬
‭This‬ ‭trigger‬ ‭executes‬ ‭whenever‬ ‭condition‬ ‭is‬ ‭satisfied,‬ ‭during‬ ‭the‬ ‭insertion‬ ‭statement.‬ ‭If‬ ‭no‬
‭condition is satisfied, then it executed for every insertion statement, for the relation specified.‬
‭Example:-‬
‭(Somaiya Vidyavihar University)‬
‭KJSCE/IT-AI&DS/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

I‭ n DB, we have created a trigger for insertion, on the relation Employee. If salaries <‬
‭1500 then print ‘Unsuccessful’ else print ‘Successful’.‬
‭2. Trigger for Updation:-‬
‭This‬ ‭trigger‬ ‭executes‬ ‭for‬ ‭updating‬ ‭of‬‭a‬‭column‬‭name(s)‬‭of‬‭a‬‭particular‬‭relation.‬‭A‬‭condition‬
‭may or may not be specified.‬
‭Example:-‬
‭In‬ ‭our‬ ‭DB,‬ ‭we‬ ‭have‬ ‭created‬ ‭a‬ ‭trigger‬ ‭for‬ ‭updating,‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭relation‬ ‭Employee.‬ ‭If‬ ‭salary‬ ‭is‬
‭updated to unacceptable amount, then print unsuccessful and rollback else print successful.‬
‭3. Trigger for Deletion:-‬
‭This‬ ‭trigger‬ ‭executes‬ ‭during‬ ‭the‬ ‭deletion‬ ‭statement.‬‭If‬‭a‬‭particular‬‭condition‬‭is‬‭satisfied,‬‭the‬
‭system may allow or not allow the deletion of certain tuples,‬
‭Example:-‬
‭If SSN from Employee =101, then print ‘Unsuccessful’ and rollback, else print ‘Successful’.‬

I‭ n‬‭Postgresql‬‭we‬‭need‬‭to‬‭create‬‭a‬‭function‬‭to‬‭execute‬‭all‬‭action‬‭statements‬‭of‬‭trigger‬‭and‬‭call‬
‭this function in create trigger statement for certain event.‬
‭Example.‬
‭In‬‭employeee‬‭table‬‭dnum‬‭is‬‭a‬‭foreign‬‭key.‬‭So‬‭the‬‭trigger‬‭writen‬‭here‬‭will‬‭increment‬‭total_emp‬
‭of‬ ‭department‬ ‭table‬ ‭by‬ ‭one‬ ‭and‬ ‭total_sal‬ ‭of‬ ‭department‬ ‭by‬ ‭salary‬ ‭of‬ ‭newly‬ ‭inserted‬
‭employee's salary.‬

‭CREATE or replace FUNCTION inse_function() RETURNS trigger As $emp_update$‬

‭begin‬
‭UPDATE dept set total_emp=total_emp + 1,‬
‭total_sal=total_sal+ new.salary where dept.dno=new.dno;‬
‭RETURN new;‬

‭ ND‬
E
‭$emp_update$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;‬

‭CREATE TRIGGER emp_update AFTER INSERT‬


‭ON emp_table FOR each ROW‬
‭EXECUTE PROCEDURE inse_function();‬
‭________________________________________________________________________‬
‭Procedure / Approach /Algorithm / Activity Diagram‬

1‭ . Create new database for your application‬


‭2. Apply required integrity constraints on tables in your database‬
‭To design a trigger.‬
‭(Somaiya Vidyavihar University)‬
‭KJSCE/IT-AI&DS/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

1‭ . Identify events in the database.‬


‭2. Specify conditions under which the trigger is to be executed.‬
‭3. Specify actions to be taken when trigger is executed.‬

_‭ ____________________________________________________________________‬
‭Results: (Program printout with output / Document printout as per the format)‬

‭ REATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION prevent_duplicate_reviews()‬


C
‭RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$‬
‭BEGIN‬
‭-- Check if the user has already reviewed the restaurant‬
‭IF EXISTS (‬
‭SELECT 1‬
‭FROM Reviews‬
‭WHERE UserID = NEW.UserID‬
‭AND RestroID = NEW.RestroID‬
‭) THEN‬
‭RAISE EXCEPTION 'User has already reviewed this restaurant.';‬
‭END IF;‬

‭ ETURN NEW;‬
R
‭END;‬
‭$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;‬

‭ REATE TRIGGER PreventDuplicateReviews‬


C
‭BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON Reviews‬
‭FOR EACH ROW‬
‭EXECUTE FUNCTION prevent_duplicate_reviews();‬

‭(Somaiya Vidyavihar University)‬


‭KJSCE/IT-AI&DS/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

‭___________________________________________________________________________‬

‭Questions:‬

‭Explain any one real-time application of trigger‬

‭Ans.‬
‭One real-time application of triggers is in inventory management systems, where they‬
‭automatically reorder stock when levels fall below a set threshold. This ensures optimal‬
‭inventory levels without manual intervention. Additionally, triggers can enforce‬
‭business rules and log changes for audit trails. Overall, they enhance efficiency,‬
‭accuracy, and timeliness in managing inventory.‬

‭(Somaiya Vidyavihar University)‬

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