FUNCTIONS

NAME:
…………………………………………………………
………….

CLASS:
Key …………………………………………………………
………..

Concept: Relationships
Related Concepts: Justification, Model, Representation
Global Context: Scientific and technical innovation

Why do we study functions?

1
Because “We can represent the relationships around us by using
functions. Functions enables us to model these relationships and
models need to be justified.”

2
 KEY TERMS
INTRODUCTION MYP

We can observe relations around us. For example:

.Factual questions:
Remembering facts
The stopping distance of your car depends on your speed.
and topics
Your tax bill depends on your income
Air temperature depends on altitude.
The pressure on a submarine depends on depth.
depends on
depends on

Find your own examples and complete the table.

FACTUALWhat is a variable?

What are the types of variables? Determine the types of variables for
the above examples.

Example 1.
Let the set A={1,2,3,4,5} represent the side lengths of squares and the set
B= {0, 1,3,4,9,10,16,25,30} represent the possible values of the areas of the squares
with the given side lengths.
Draw a mapping diagram showing the relation between the elements of the sets.

What is an ordered pair and how we use it?

Now write the relation in Example 1. as a list of ordered pairs?

3
 COMMAND
TERM
Discuss and reflect: Can we change the order of the numbers in an ordered pair? State : simply write down
what is expected.You do
not need any reasoning.

What Is A Function?
A function relates an input to an output.
It is like a number machine that has an input and an output.

https://www.mathplayground.com/functionmachine.html

We have some rules for a relation being a function!

Definition: A function is a relation where each element in set A is related to one and only
one element in set B.
We express it as : f: A → B , x → y=f(x)

The set A is called domain and the set B which is the set of all possible outputs are called range.

i. State the domain and the range of the function f.

ii. List the function in ordered pairs.

iii. Find the values:

f(1)
f(2)
f(3)
f(4) KEY TERMS

4
Discuss and reflect:Is it allways effective to show a function by using a mapping diagram?

Example 2.
Check whether the following relations are function or not. Justify your answer.

Example 2.1

Example 3.
If the function g is given by g={ (2,-1),(3,0),(4,1)} then find :

a-) domain …………………………………..

b-) range …………………………………….

c-) g(2) + g(4)=……………………………………

Example 4.
A ={1,2,3} and B ={a,b,c,d} are given .Let f, g and h be the functions from A to B. Decide whether the
following relations are functions or not. Justify your answer.

5
Reflect and discuss:
Representation is an MYP related concept. It is defined as ‘the manner in which something is
presented’.
● How did you represent relations and functions in Example 2 and Example 4?
● How does representation enable you to determine whether or not a relation is a function?

The Rule Of A Function?

f(x) = x2 shows us that function "f" takes "x" and squares it.

The function f is definedned as: f (x) = x2 :

● f is the name of the function
● x is an element of the domain
● f (x) is read as ‘f of x’
● ‘x2’ tells you what the function does to each element of the domain to get the corresponding
element from the range.
This is the definition of this specific function f. When defining a function, the domain is usually
specified. If it isn’t, it is assumed to be the set of real numbers.

Example 5. Justify :
Give valid reasons or
A={ 1 ,3 , 7 , 9 } f : A → R f ( x )=2 x−3 evidence to support an

Find f(A)
answer or conclusion.
COMMAND
TERM
6
 3 x−1
Example 6. Given the function f with the rule f : R → R f ( x )= , evaluate the
2
followings:

 f(5)

 f(0)

 f(a+2)

 f(x+1)

FACTUAL How do you calculate the value of a given function?

Example 7. If f(x) = |x+3|- 5 then evaluate f(-5).

Example 8.
The functions f and g , defined in the set of real numbers are given as ;
COMMAND TERM
2
f(x)= x + 4

g(x) = 4x2 + x + 12 Evaluate: Make and show

necessary computations in
steps.
If f(2a) = g(a) then find the value of a=?

7
 Example 9. If f ( x +2 )=4 x +5 find:

 f(3)

 f(0)

 f(a+1)

 f(x)

ACTIVITY: HOW TO DETERMINE DOMAIN AND RANGE

ATL: CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS: Draw reasonable conclusions and generalizations
With some functions, it is possible to determine the domain and range
by simply thinking about the kinds of values that can be used as input
and the kinds of values that are produced as output. Using this method,
copy and complete this table.
FUNCTION DOMAIN RANGE
x can be any value,
f ( x )=2 x since
you can double any
value,
so the domain of f is R.

By convention, the square

root function gives only the
g ( x )=√ x positive square root. So the
range of g is { y | y ≥ 0, y∈R
}.

2
h ( x )=x

1
k ( x )=
x

Example 10.
Write the largest possible domain of the function f ( x )=
√ x−1
x 2−9

8
 ACTIVITY: HOW DO I KNOW IT IS A FUNCTION?
ATL: CREATIVE THINKING SKILLS: Make guesses, ask ‘what if’ questions and generate testable
hypotheses
For functions, it is important to consider the domain and codomain of the
1
function together with its rule. Take the function f with rule f ( x )= and
x +2
consider this rule in a variety of domain and codomain cases. Justify your
answer.

f :N →Q

f :N →Z

f :Z→Q

f :N →R

Reflect and discuss

Justification is an MYP related concept. It is defined as ‘valid reasons or evidence used to support a
statement’
● Where in this activity have you used justification?
● How does justication enable you to support whether or not a relation is a function?

Example 11. Check if the followings are functions, according to given domain and codomain.
Justify your answer.

g : R → R g ( x )=√ x+1

9
 Hence means you
should
use the preceding
work to
obtain the required

+¿→ R g ( x ) = √ x+1 ¿
g:R

Example 12.
The function f maps a postive number to the sum of itself and its multiplicative inverse. State the
domain and the rule of the function f.

Sometimes the rule of the function is given implicitly:

Example 13. Given that f ( x +1 )=f ( x )+ 2 and f(1)=5

a) Find f(2)

b) Hence find f(3) and f(4)

c) Find a practical way to find f(100)

Example 14. Given that f ( x )=3 x−f (2)

(Hint: Note that f(2) is a number)
a) Find f(2)
b) Hence find f(10)

10
Example 15. The function f is defined by f ( 3xx+2+1 )=2 x +5, evaluate f(8).

Example 16. The function f is defined by f ( x +2x )=2+ x+2x , evaluate f ( 23 ).

Example 17. The function f is defined by f ( 2x +1 )=2+3 x , evaluate f ( 9 ) +f ( 32 ).

Example 18. Given that f ( x )=3 x +2 and f ( 2 m )=15+ f ( m) find the value of m.

11
Example 19. If f ( x ) +2 f (−x )=6 x +2 then find:

a) f(0)

b) f(1)

Example 20. The function f satisfies the rule: f ( a .b )=f ( a ) + f (b) for every a and b Find

a) f(1)

b) given that f(2)=5 find f(8)

Example 21.
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ATL : TRANSFER SKILLS: Combine knowledge, understanding and skills to create products or solutions

This year, first topic we covered was Principles Of Counting. In this question, use the skills you got
from it to find a solution to the following problems.

a) Let A be a set with 4 elements and B be a set with 5 elements. Find the number of all
functions that can be defined from A to B.

b) Answer the same question if A has n, B has m elements.

Example 22. Given that

Find g(3).

Example 23. Given the function f ( x )=2 x +6

13
 a) Find f ( 2 x ) in terms of x.
b) Write x in terms of f ( x )
c) Write f ( 2 x ) in terms of f ( x )

Example 24. Given that f ( x )=3 ⋅2 x . Find f ( x +1 ) in terms of f ( x ) .

What Are The Types Of Functions?

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One-to-One Function

Definition: Let f be a function from A to B. If f assigns all members of A to different members of B f

is said to be a one- to- one function.
KEY TERMS

…………………………………. ……………………………………

Example 25. Given the functions

2
f : R → R f ( x )=2 x g : R → R g ( x )=x

a) Solve the equations f ( x )=16 and g ( x )=16

b) For each function, determine whether there is only one possible input value for an output
value.
c) Use your findings to decide if a function is always a one-to-one relationship between an input
value and an output value. Justify your answer.

Example 26. Decide whether the following functions are one-to-one or not.

2
f : N → Z f ( x )=x +1

g :Z → Z g ( x )=| x|+ 5

Onto and into functions

15
Definition: In the function f: A → B, if f(A) = B, f is an onto function. So all elements in codomain must be
covered by f.
If a function is not onto, it is called into function.

Example 27. Decide whether the following functions are onto or into. Justify your answer.
a) f : N → N f ( x )=x+ 2
b) g :Z → Z g ( x )=2 x
c) h : R → R h ( x )=x 2
d) k : Z → Z k ( x )=x +1

Identity function
Definition: Let A be a set. The function I: A → A defined by I(x) = x or f(x) = x is called the identity function.

Example 28. Find a, b and c if the function f(x) = (a – 2) x2 + (2b – 8)x + c-5 is an identity function.

Example 29. Let f be an identity function. Given that f ( a+1 ) +f ( b−3 ) =10
find f ( a+b+5 ).

KEY TERMS

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 KEY TERMS

Constant function

Definition: If f assigns every element of the domain to a single value, it is called a constant function.

Example 30. The function f is given by f ( x )= ( a−1 ) x 2+ ( b+2 ) x+ ab.

Find f ( 2021 ) , if f is a constant function

3 x+ m
Example 31. f : R−{ 2 } → R f ( x )=
x−2
If f is a constant function, find m.

Linear function

Definition: Let a and b be real numbers. y = f(x) = ax + b is called a linear function.

Example 32. Check if the following functions are linear:

a) f ( x )=3 x 2 +5
−2 5
b) g ( x )= x+
3 7
c) h ( x )=5 x
d) k ( x )= √ 3

Example 33. A linear function satisfies f (−2 )=5 and f ( 3 )=15.

a) Find f ( x )
b) Hence find f ( 1 ) .

17
 KEY TERMS

Assessment
Objective: C. Communicating
i. use appropriate mathematical language (notation, symbols and
terminology) in both oral and written explanations.

In the following questions you need to use function notation to express the
relation, set builder
notation for the domain and range, and words such as ‘domain’, ‘range’,
‘one-to-one’
to explain how the relation is a function.
1) A carpenter charges his clients a rate of €30 an hour, plus a single €40 fee
for each job. Express the relationship between time spent on a job and the
fee charged to the client.

2) A bathtub is filled with 120 liters of water. The drain plug is pulled and the
water empties out at a rate of 25 liters per minute. Express the relationship
between time elapsed since the plug was pulled, and the amount of water in
the bathtub.

Odd and Even Functions

Definition
Let f : [–a, a] → R.
If f(–x) = f(x) for all x f is said to be even,
If f(–x) = –f(x) for all x f is said to be odd.

Example 34. Examine whether following functions are odd or even or none.

a) f ( x )=5 x b) g ( x )=3 x 2+1 c) h ( x )=2 x−1 d)

k ( x )=|x|

18
 Example 35. If f : R → R , f ( x )=( a−3) x 3+ b x2− ( b−2 ) x +a ⋅b is an even function, find
f ( 5 ).

Example 36. An odd function f satisfies f (−x ) =x3 + f ( x ) .

a) Find f ( x ) .
b) Hence find f ( 2 ) .

Piecewise Function

Definition: Some functions that are defined by more than one equation over a specified domain are
called piecewise function.

Example 37. The following functions are examples of piecewise functions:

{x−2 , x ≤ 0
2
a) f ( x )=
x +1 , x >0 find f ( 3 )and f (−5 )

{
2−x , x <1
b) g ( x )= 5 , 1≤ x< 4 find g ( g ( g ( 0 ) ) )
2
x ,4≤ x

19
Example 38. A taxi driver charges a fee to his clients according to the following function.
(x: distance f(x): fee in Liras for a distance of x km)

{
f ( x )= 3 x +10 , x <10
2 x+ 10 , x ≥10

a) Find the fee for a travel of distance 6 km

b) Find the fee for a travel of distance 15 km
c) Find the distance traveled if the fee is 50 ₺.

Example 39. Write the function f defined by f ( x )=| x−2| in piecewise form.

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OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

f: A→R and g:B →R , y=f(x) and y=g(x) are given then the functions four operations on f and g are
defined as follows:

(f + g): A∩ B→ R , (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

(f - g): A∩ B→ R , (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)

(f . g): A∩ B→ R , (f . g)(x) = f(x) . g(x)

f f f (x ) MYP
( ): A∩ B→ R , ( )(x) = ( g ( x ) ≠ 0)
g g g (x)
Conceptual Questions
Analysing ideas

Example 40. Let A={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 } and B= {1 , 3 ,5 , 7 }.

f : A → R f ( x )=2 x−3
g :B → R g ( x )= x+2

a) Find ( f +g ) (3 )

b) CONCEPTUAL Can you find ( fg ) ( 2)

c) Find the domain and the range of ( fg ) ( x )
d) Find the domain and the rule of ( f ⋅ g )( x )

Example 41. Let f and g be the functions defined over the real numbers.
If ( 2 f −g ) ( x ) =3 x +2 and ( f +g ) ( x ) =−x+ 4

a) Find f ( x )
b) Hence find f ( 3 )

21
 accurate diagram or
graph, using a pencil. A
ruler (straight edge)
should be used for
straight lines. Diagrams
should be drawn to
scale. Graphs should
have points correctly
Example 42. f ={ ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 3 ,−4 ) , ( 4 , 1 ) , ( 6 ,3 ) , ( 8 , 5 ) } plotted (if appropriate)
and joined in a straight
g= { ( 0 , 2 ) , ( 1 ,−1 ) , ( 2 ,5 ) , ( 4 , 4 ) , ( 6 , 0 ) }

a) Find f ⋅ g
f
b) CONCEPTUAL Can you define the function ?
g

HOW DO WE DRAW THE GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS?

Drawing The Graphs Of Linear Functions

 The graphs of x=a (a ∈ R)

Perpendicular to

Parallel to

 The graphs of y=b (b ∈ R)

Perpendicular to …………………………….

Parallel to ……………………………………….

Example 43. f : { 0 ,1 , 2 ,3 , 4 } → R f ( x )=2 x +¿1

g: R → R g ( x )=2 x+ 1

h : [ 1 ,+ ∞ ) → R h ( x )=2 x+1

Draw the graphs of f, g and h on separate xy-planes

22
Example 44. Draw the graph of f : R → R f ( x )=5.

Example 45. Draw the graph of f ( x )=−x+6 is given below. Find f ( mn )

Example 46. Find the rule of the function with the graph given below.

23
Example 47. The graph of the function y=f(x) is given below.

a) Find the rule of the function.

b) Hence, find m.

24
QUESTION IN CONTEX (SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INOVATION)

25
 1. Forensic scientists can determine the height of a
person based on the length of their femur. The
equation is h(f ) = 2.5f + 54, where f is the length of the
femur (cm) and h is the person’s height (cm).
a) Determine the height of a person with femur
length of 51 cm.
b) If someone is 161 cm tall, what is the length of
their femur?
Oxford IB Diploma Programme: IB Mathematics: analysis and
approaches, Standard Level, 2019. Pg 84

2. The force applied to a spring and the extension of the spring are connected by a
linear relationship. When a spring holds no mass, its extension is zero. When a force of
160 newtons (N) is applied, the extension of the spring is 5 cm.
a) Find a linear model for the extension of the spring in terms of the force applied.
Make sure you state clearly the variables you use to represent each quantity.
b) Find the extension of the spring when a force of 370 N is applied.

26
 {
5 , x <1
Example 48. Draw the graph of the piecewise function f ( x ) = 4 , x=1
3 , x >1

Example 49. Write the function f ( x )=| x|+ 1 in piecewise form, draw its graph.

Example 50. Find a and b for the given function below

27
INTERPRETING THE GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

When the graph of f(x) is given as in the figure then ;

 For point A(a,b) it means that f(a)=b

 The image of “a” under f function is “b”

Example 51. For the given function below find: f ( 3 ) , f ( 0 ) and f (−2 )

Example 52. According to the given graph find;

f(-4)= …………

f(-3)=…………

f(-2)=…………

f(0) = …………

f(2)=………….

28
 Example 53. Find the domain and the range of the following functions with the given graph.

Example 53.a

1)For the given function

a)Find the domain of the function

b)Find the range of the funtion

c)Find the sum of f(-1) +f(0) + f(2)

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HOW TO CHECK IF A GRAPH BELONGS TO A FUNCTION

The vertical line test: if no vertical line intersects a graph at more than one
point, the relation is a function. If a vertical line intersects the graph at more than
one point, then the relation is not a function.

Example 54. Use the vertical line test to determine which of these graphs show
functions.

Example 55. If x is the input and y is the output, determine whether or not the following relations
are functions:
a) y=x 2
b) y 2=x
c) | y|=x
d) y=5−x

Reflect and discuss

● CONCEPTUALWhat sort of relations generate more than one output value for a single input value?
● How does this relate to the ‘vertical line test’?

Example 56.

The graph at left shows the linear relation between buy

price and sell price of a product.
a) Write sell price (y), as a function of buy price (x).
b) Express the profit in terms of x and y.
c) Hence, find the buy price of the products for which
35₺ profit is made.

30
ACTIVITY: HOW TO CONSIDER FUNCTIONS IN CONTEXTCOMMAND TERM
ATL: CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS: Draw reasonable conclusions and generalizations
Explain:Give a
deailed account
including reasons or
A 360 km B

City A is 360 km away from city B. A car starts to move from A to B with a constant speed 60 km/h.
A function f ( t ) is defined by “ distance of the car to A, t hours after its departure”.
A function g ( t ) is defined by “ distance of the car to B, t hours after its departure”.

a) Find the rules of f ( t ) and g ( t ).

b) What does g( 2 ) mean?

c) Is it meaningful for you the value of the function g at t=10 (ie g ( 10 ) )

d) What values of t are meaningful in this context? Can you determine the domain for f and
g?

e) Draw the graphs of y=f ( t ) y=g ( t ) on the same set of axis, by using desmos or
geogebra. Then read the coordinates of the intersection point and explain its meaning.
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/xci5keqy2e?lang=tr

31
ACTIVITY: HOW DO WE USE FUNCTIONS FOR MODELING
QUESTION IN CONTEX (SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INOVATION)
ATL: Critical Thinking skills: Use models and simulations to explore complex
systems
“Model” is an MYP related concept meaning that “A depiction of a real-life event using expressions,
equations or graphs”

In this activity, we will study a real life problem and model it with a function to get an answer for the minimum
cost
A wind tirbune is set on the sea at point W. A
factory located at F is 3 km due North and 10 km
due east of the wind tirbune. Electricity produced by
wind tirbune will be transmitted by cables to factory
to supply power. It is known that cost of cabling
beneath the sea is $10000 per km whereas $ 3000
on the ground. An engineer plans to design a
cabling route to minimize the cost and he sketches
the diagram at left. Now help him find the best
point B where cabling on the ground begins.
a) What may be the reason why he does not plan direct cabling from W to F?

b) Find the expressions in terms of x for the distance between B&F and that of W&B.

c) Now find the cost of each part and express the total cost as a function of x. ( eg C(x) )

d) What are the possible values of x? Find an interval for the domain of the cost function.

e) Use a graphing calculator software and graph the total cost function. Hence, find the x
value minimizing the cost of cabling.
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/fqypy3kosl?lang=tr

32
Reflect and discuss
● FACTUALWhat is modelling?
● CONCEPTUALHow does this relate to the solution of this problem?

SOLVING EQUATIONS INVOLVING FUNCTIONS

Equations in the form f ( x )=0

Definition: The x values satisfying f ( x )=0 are said to be “zeroes of the function” or “roots of the
function”. In other words, x-intercepts of the graph are the zeroes of the function.

Find the zeroes of the functions with the graphs given above.
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/jexzdx77g3?lang=tr

CONCEPTUAL What does it mean to have a “solution” of a function?

Example 57. Find x values if f ( x )=0

Example 58. Find the possible values of k so that the equation

f ( x )=k has:
a) 1 solution
b) 2 solutions
c) 3 solutions
d) Find the set of x values for which f ( x ) <0

33
 e) Find the set of x values for which f ( x ) ≥ 0

Example 58.a :

a)Find the set of x values satisfying f(x) =0

b)How many x values are there f(x)=2

Example 58.b :

Find the x values in the interval [ −5 , 6 ] satisfying the

equation f(x) > 0

CONCEPTUAL What are the possible cases for the solution set of .
Sketch your own graphs to exemplify the cases.

How to determine if a graph belongs to one-to-one or onto function?

Horizontal line test: If the graph of a function f is intersected by any horizontal line at only one point,
f is one-to-one. If the horizontal line covers all of the elements in codomain the function is called
onto.

34
Example 59. Determine if the following functions are one-to-one or onto.

35
FACTUAL What are the different ways to represent a function?
CONCEPTUAL Hypothesize why there are so many ways to represent a relation or function.
DEBATABLE Which one gives more information about a function:its graph or its equation?

COMMAND TERM

Example 60. Determine whether the following functions are one-to-one, onto or not.To hypothesize means simply
to make a hypothesis. Which
is just a scientific way of
One -to-one Onto saying "make a really good
educated guess.’’

36
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
“In some cases, output of a function can be input of another function.”

Oxford IB Diploma Programme: IB Mathematics: analysis and approaches, Standard Level, 2019. Pg 86

Let f : A → B and g : B → C be functions. The

gof = {(x , z) : (x , y) ∈ f and (y, z) ∈ g}

function

defined from A to C is called the composition of

the functions f and g.

Notice that (gof)(x) = g[f(x)]

(gof) (x) is read as “g of f of x”, or “g composition f of x”

37
Define a real life example for composite functions write it in symbols.

Example 61.
For the given functions find:

COMMAND TERM

Define
Give the precise meaning of a
word, phrase, concept or
physical quantity.

38
 a) f ∘ g ( a )

b) f ∘ g ( c )

Example 62. A function f is defined by f : N → N f ( x )=Number of positive divisors of x .

a) Find f ( 20 )
b) Hence find f ∘ f ( 20 )

Example 63. If f ( x )=x 2 +1 and g ( x )=5 x−2 , find :

a) f ∘ g (1 )

b) g ∘ f (1 )

CONCEPTUAL Does the order you perform the functions matter? Explain your answer.
Example 64. Let f ( x )=x 2 +1 and h ( x )=2 x . Find the rule of the following functions:
a) f ∘ h ( x )
b) h ∘ f ( x )

Example 65. f ( x )=3 x−1 and g ( x )=2 x+3 . Find “a” if f ∘ f ( a )=g ∘ f (2 a ).

39
 Example 66.
a) State the general form of a linear function f.
b) Hence find f ∘ f ( x ). Determine the type of f ∘ f ( x ).
c) Find the rule(s) of the function f , if f ∘ f ( x )=4 x−9 .

Example 67.

If f ∘ f (−2 ) =15, find “a”.

Example 68.

Find f ∘ f ∘ f (−3 ) .

Example 69. Given that f ( x )=5 x−10 , g ( x )=7 x+ 1 and h is a constant function.
If f ∘ h ( x )=20 , find h ∘ g ∘ f ( x )∧g ∘h ( x ) .

40
Example 70. f is odd and g is an even function from R to R. Some values of f and g are given
below
x 0 1 2 3 4
f (x) 4 5 3 2 1
g ( x ) -2 3 -4 -5 1
a) Find f ∘ g (1 )
b) Find f ∘ g (−2 )

ACTIVITY: HOW DO WE USE FUNCTIONS FOR MODELING?

A particular computer screen saver simulates an expanding circle. The circle

starts as a dot in the middle of the screen and expands outward so its radius
increases at a constant rate.

The screen is a rectangle with a height of 20 cm. The circle takes 4 seconds
to expand to touch the top and bottom of the screen.

a) Copy and complete this table for the radius of the circle at time t seconds:

41
b) The radius r is given by the function f (t). Use the values in your table to and the function f (t).
c) The area of the circle with radius r is a function g (r). Write the function g (r).
d) Hence express the area of the circle as a function of time t.

Objective D: Applying mathematics in real-life contexts

i. identify relevant elements of authentic real-life situations

In this example, you will need to identify the meaning of the given functions in
light of the problem.

As a diver descends deeper into the ocean, the mass of water above the diver
increases and so the pressure on the diver’s body increases.
This table shows the diver’s depth at different times.

Time t 0 20 40 60 80 10 12
(seconds) 0 0
Depth d 0 15 32 44 65 80 90
(meters)

The next table, below, shows the pressure exerted on a diver at different
depths. The pressure is measured in atmospheres (atm), where 1 atm is the
atmospheric pressure at sea level.

Depth d 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(meters)

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 Pressure p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(atm)

1. Let D (t) be the function connecting time t and depth d

Find D(60). Explain what D(60) means.

2. Let P be the function connecting the depth d and pressure p.

Explain what P(60) = 7 means.

3. Use the tables to find P o D (120). Explain what P o D (120) means.

4. Explain how to find the time before the diver is at a pressure of 9 atm.

INVERSE FUNCTION
Sometimes, we need to know where a particular output originates from, for a given function. In this
case we use inverse functions.

Definition: Let f be a one-to-one and onto function from A to B. Then f −1, inverse of f ,is a function
from B to A.

Example 71. State whether or not the following functions are one-to-one and onto. Which
functions are invertible?

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CONCEPTUAL How are the domains and ranges of two inverse functions related?

Example 72.

Example 73.
Find

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 Example 74.

Find:
−1
f (2 )

−1 −1
f ∘f (−5 )

−1
f ( 0)

Example 75.
If f ( f ( a+1 ) ) +3=f −1 (3 ) find a.

How to find the rule of an inverse function?

 Replace y for f ( x )
 Replace x with y and y with x.
 Isolate y to get f −1 ( x )

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 Example 76. Find f −1 ( x ) , if f ( x )=7 x −5. Generalize the question for f ( x )=ax+ b.

Example 77. f ( x )=2 x−5 and g ( x )=4 x+1.

a) Find f −1 ∘ g ( x )
b) Hence find f −1 ∘ g ( 2 )

Example 78 :Given that f ( x )=a x3 +1 and f −1 (−15 )=2, find a.

Example 79:

If then find f −1 (−2 )

Example 80:

If f ( x +2 )=3 x +1 ,find f −1 ( 8 ) .

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Example 81:

2 x+ 3
Given that f ( x )=
x−1

a) Which value of x cannot be in the domain of f?

b) Find f −1 ( x )
c) Which value of x cannot be in the domain of f −1?
d) Hence find m and n for which f : R−{ m } → R−{ n } is an invertible function.

Example 82
−2 x+ 5
f : R−{ m } → R−{ n } f ( x )= is an invertible function. Find f ( m⋅n ) .
x−3

Example 83:

3
f : R−{ m } → R−{ n } f ( x )= is a one-to-one and onto function.
x−2
a) Find m & n.

b) Find f −1 ( x )

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Example 84:

Given that f : [ 0 , ∞ ) → [ 1 , ∞ ) and f ( x )=x 2 +1 find f −1 ( x )

ACTIVITY: GRAPH OF f AND f −1

ATL: CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS: Draw reasonable conclusions and generalizations
In this activity we will study the graphs of a function and its inverse. Use
a graphing calculator (like Desmos) to graph the functions and observe
their properties.
Let f : R → R f ( x )=x 3 +1.
 Graph the function y=f ( x ) and determine if f is one-to-one and onto.
 Find f −1 ( x ) and graph it on the same set of axis.
 Can you draw any conclusion about the graphs of f and f −1. Are they symmetrical
about a line ?

Example 85:
Given that f ( x )=2 x +1
a) Find f −1 ( x )
b) Hence find fo f −1 ( x ) and f −1 ∘ f ( x )
c) Compare the results and draw a conclusion? Explain why f −1 ∘ f ( x )=x by using mapping
diagram for an invertible function f

Example 86:

x +1
If f ∘ g ( x ) =x for every x and f ( x )= find g ( x ) .
2 x−3

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Example 87:

If f ( f −1 ( x ) )=f −1 ( x )−3 find f −1 (2 ) .

Example 88:

Consider f ( g ( x ) )=h ( x ) .
a) Plug in g−1 ( x ) for x on both sides and express f ( x ) in terms of h and g.
b) Compose both sides by f −1 and express g ( x ) interms of f and h

Example 89:

Find f ( x ) for the following cases:

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 a) f ( x +2 )=3x +1 b) f ( 3 x +1 )=2 x c) f ( g−1 ( x ) ) =1+2 x

Example 90:

If fog ( x )=4 x−1 and g ( x )=2 x+3 find f ( x ) .

Example 91:

fog ( x )=4 x−2 and f ( x )=3 x−1 find g ( x ) .

Example 92:
Prove that

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Example 93:

Find f ( x )

Example 94:

Find g ( x ).

Example 95:
If f ( x +5 ) =g ( x−7 ) Find f −1 ∘ g ( 4 )

Example 96:

If ( f ∘ g )−1 ( x ) =f ( x ) find g−1 in terms of f

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Example 97:

If (fog-1 ) (x) = 4x + 3, find (gof -1) (x)

Example 98:

If f[g(x – 2)] = x2 – x – 6 and g(x + 2) = x – 1, find f(0)

Example 99:

Considering the graphs of f and g, find

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 ( f + g )(−2 )
a)
f ∘ g ( 3)

−1
b) ( f ∘ g−1 ) ( 7 )

Example 100:

The graph of y=f ( x ) is given below. If g ( x )=x−5, solve fog ( x )=0

UNC

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FUNCTIO

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Resources:

 EIS Yayınları 10. Sınıf Matematik

 Oxford, MYP Mathematics 4-5
 Hodder, MYP Mathematics 4
 Oran Yayınları New Mathematics 10
 https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/functions-operations.html

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