Linux Commands

1. help
$ <command> -h / <command> --help
2. manual
$ man <command>
-----------------------------------------------------------
1. ls (list show/ list directory)
$ ls / ls -a / ls -l
2. cd (change directory)
$ cd <name of dire.>
3. pwd (present working directory) -> current location
$ pwd
4. mv (rename / move objects)
$ mv <old-name of object> <new-name of object>
$ mv <source-of-object> <destination-of-object>
5. cp (copy)
$ cp <source-of-object> <destination-of-object>
6. mkdir (make directory)
$ mkdir < Name of direc>
7. touch (create files)
$ touch <file name>
8. cat (list cont. of file)
$ cat <filename>
9. rm (remove object)
$ rm <filename> -> remove the file
$ rm -rf <directory>
10. echo (print anything)
$ echo 'write what to print'

--------------------------------------------
> -> redirection
echo 'hello' > echo.txt
--------------------------------------------
11. sudo (super user do)
$sudo <command>

12. whoami (who are you)

$whoami

13. nano (text editor)

$ nano <filename>

Brace Expressions
{} -> {a..z}

* ->

*.txt

14. locate (find object)

$ updatedb
$ locate <objectname>

15. tar -> tape archive

$ tar -cvf <file name>.tar <file that has to bee archived> -> create a
archive
$ tar -tvf <file name>.tar -> list the contents in archive
$ tar -xvf <file name>.tar -> extract the tar
 PERMISSIONS
Numerical Way

r -> read 4
w -> write 2
x -> execute 1
- -> No permissions 0

USER
GROUP
OTHERS

permissions.txt -> rwxr----x

chmod -> used to change permissions

$chmod <numerical permissions> <filename>

chmod 741 permissions.txt

Symbolic way
user -> u
groups -> g
others -> o

chmod -> used to change permissions

$ chmod <permissions> <filename>

permission.txt

16. chmod u=rwx,g=r,o=x permissions.txt

17. chown -> change ownership

$chown <new owner> <file/folder>

18. chgrp -> chaneg group

$chgrp <new group> <file/folder>

19. ifconfig -> used to check network(ipv4/ipv6) in your Kali linux

$ifconfig

PIPE: '|'
command 1 | command 2
output | input

19. grep -> global resource locater

$grep 'expressions'
 -i -> ignore case sens.
-v -> inverted match
^' ' -> search at the start of string
' '$ -> search at the end of string

----------------------------------------------------------

Root Direct(/) -> top level directory

bin -> executable progrmas (all normal user)
sbin -> executable progrmas (root user)
dev -> device hadware info
home -> noraml users directory is stored
mnt -> mounting point
proc -> process info
run -> stores tmp data of services
srv -> services data is stored
tmp -> temp files
var -> variable data
boot -> booting files are present
etc -> configuration files are stored
opt -> optional direc.
sys -> kernel based info
usr -> user related info

d -> direc. / folder

'-' -> file
l -> shortcut file/folder

hard link : exact clone and they work on their own

$ln -v [path of the file] [newfilename]

softlink: normal shortcuts

$ln -s [path of the file] [newfilename]

----------------------------------------------------------
IAM -> Identity access management

USER / Group Management

UID -> User ID

0 -> root
1-99 -> predefined acc.
100-999 -> adminis. acc.
1000-10000 -> application acc. normal
10000 ++

GID -> Group ID

0 -> root
1-99 -> system/service/application(sys)/task
100+ -> user created groups

1. adduser:
$adduser <name of user>
2. passwd:
$passwd -l <account name> -> lock a acc.
 $passwd -u <account name> -> unlock acc.
3. addgroup:
$addgroup <group name>
4. usermod:
$usermod -a -G <group name> <username>
$usermod -l <new username> <old username>
5. deluser:
$deluser <usernmae> -> delete a specific user
6. delgroup:
$delgroup <groupname> -> delete a group

----------------------------------------------------------
PID -> process id
PPID -> Parent process id

'&' -> use to start the proces in background

1. ps -> check the process (process state)

$ps
$ps -f -> view entire info of process
$ps aux -> more info
$ps -U <user> -> starts user related process

2. kill -> used to terminate a process

$ kill -9 <PID> -> -9 = forefully terminate

3. $xkill -> click the applca. that you wish to terminate

---------------------------------------------------------------------

SERVICES

1. systemctl -> used to work with services

$systemctl -> show all the services

$systemctl status <service name> -> show status os service

start
stop
enable
disable

2. service -> used to work with services

$service <service name> status
start
stop
restart

---------------------------------------------------------------------
commands to update the system
PS: Yet to be covered in class but are important for
healthy system

sudo apt update

sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt full-upgrade
sudo apt update --fix-missing
sudo apt autoremove
sudo apt autoclean
sudo apt clean
---------------------------------------------------------------------
website -> mosty static, one way interaction
web-applications -> dynamic, multi user interaction

--------------------------------------------------------------------
NETWORKING

IP -> internet prot.

wireless network: -> 2000 devices

192.168/141/155.....

Types of IP:
Priate : IP within the network
Public : Global Comm.
Static : It is constant
Dynamic: Keeps on changing

192.168.0
192.168.1
192.168.171
192.168.159

Versions of IP:
IPv4:

8 8 8 8
192.168.0.131 => 32 bits
1 2 3 4

CLASS: 126
A- 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 -> 16,777,200/300 Devices - MNC
B- 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 -> 65535 Devices - small MNC
C- 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 -> 255 Deviecs - LAN

D - 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 -> Reserved(Government) ARMY

E - 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 -> Reserved(Government) Research

1 ----- 255

131 > linux -> disconnected

IPv6:

fe80:ab10:55ed:c97f:41c2:b3b4:21bd:54cd => 128

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

====================================================================
MAC Add.
14-AB-C5-44-57-AA -> windows / dell(HP, len, etc)
8 8 8 8 8 8 => 48 bit
first 3 octate: vendor, company, org. (14-AB-C5)
last 3 octates: NIC -> first connection (44-57-AA)
ipv4 -> dynamic IP

wlan0 -> wifi

eth0 -> ethernet
1> macchanger -> spoof mac addre.
#macchanger <option> <interface>
-l eth0
-s eth0
-p eth0
-a eth0
-A eth0
-r eth0

What will happen to mac /perm/ man ? IT will reset

====================================================================
PORTS
65535 -> ports

0 - 1023 -> predefined ports

1024 - 49151 -> Registred Ports
49152 - 65535 -> you can use it
====================================================================
Binary:
0 -> empty
1 -> filled

file -> bits -> network

image -> bits -> netowrk
010

192.168.0.1 => 32 bits

8 8 8 8

00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 => empty (0)

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 => filled up (255)
01001001.10010100.01010101.11111011 => soomwhat filled up 73.185

01 -> one(zero has no value)

10 -> ten(zero has value)

=============================================
1. Binary conversion

1101101 -> binary into decimal

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 -> binary
-------------
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

=> 1*2^6 + 1*2^5 + 0*2^4 + 1*2^3 + 1*2^2 + 0*2^1 + 1*2^0

=> (1 × 2⁶) + (1 × 2⁵) + (0 × 2⁴) + (1 × 2³) + (1 × 2²) + (0 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰)
=> 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1
=> 109

=============================================
2. Hexa Decimal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
10 11 12 13 14 15
A4F6
A 4 F 6 -> hexa
--------
3 2 1 0 -> indexing

=> 10*16^3 + 4*16^2 + 15*16^1 + 6*16^0

=> (10 × 16³) + (4 × 16²) + (15 × 16¹) + (6 × 16⁰)
=> 42230

====================================================================
Subnetting

192.168.0.1 - 192.168.0.255

Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 => N H H H => 255.0.0.0 => 16M +

Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255 => N N H H => 255.255.0.0 => 65K +
Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 => N N N H => 255.255.255.0 => 255

CIDR -> classless inter domain routing

192.168.0.1 = 32
8 8 8 8

00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
8 16 24 32

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

10.0.1.1/8
32-8 => 24

129.1.2.31/16
32-16 = 16

192.168.0.1/24