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OWC Modulation Lecture

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OWC Modulation Lecture

Uploaded by

vinesh20027676
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Modulation Techniques

•On-Off Keying (OOK)


• OOK is a type of amplitude-shift keying in which information is transmitted via the presence or absence of a signal.
The simplest example is using a flashlight to send binary code to a neighbor across the street, with “1” being when
the light is on and “0” being when the light is off. OOK is used primarily to send Morse code over RF channels.
•Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM)
• A PPM system uses two principals to send information: intra-signal timing and signal spacing. In intra-signal timing,
or the timing window, say that there is a window of time in which a signal can be sent, i.e., assume a signal can only
be sent in a 1 second window before the transmitter turns off for another 3 seconds. Within this 1 second window,
called the frame window, the signal with all information encoded on it is sent via a pulse that is 1 millisecond long,
and depending on where that millisecond pulse falls within the 1 second window and how many pulses are sent,
the receiver interprets the received signal to mean different things. If the transmitter is turned off for 2 seconds
instead of 3 seconds and another pulse is sent in a new window, the receiver interprets this information differently
as well. It is important to have the clocks of the transmitter and receiver perfectly synced up since information can
be misinterpreted if the clocks are not perfectly synced. That’s why PPM is used primarily in optical
communications.
•Differential Pulse-Position Modulation (DPPM)
• DPPM is the same as PPM with one key difference. Instead of having the transmitter’s and receiver’s clocks
synced to each other, the receiver merely looks for pulse timings relative to previously received pulse timings.
DPPM is used primarily in free-space optical communications.
•Differential Amplitude Pulse-Position Modulation (DAPPM)
• DAPPM is a combination of PAM and DPPM. Like PAM, the information in the signal is coded onto evenly-spaced
Dirac delta functions. From here, the carrier wave is transmitted via pulse within set time slots in a certain
window of time just like DPPM, and the information received is received relative to the pulses that preceded it.
PPM: Modulating a digital signal to Pulse Position is pretty much straight forward. The duration between the pulses will
represent a digital 0 or 1. A small duration represents digital 0, and a large duration represents digital 1. The duration is not
standard and varies according to the system requirements. An example is the IR TV remote control. The Sony IR protocol for
example uses PPM transmission. A delay of 1.2mSec represents digital 0, and a delay of 1.8mSec represents digital 1. Here is an
8-bit data transmission example:

The byte '11011100' is encoded with PPM so that it


can be transmitted with infrared light. For the first
bit (1), the transmitter will send a pulse 1.8 mSec
after the rising edge of the clock. For the second bit
(1), the transmitter will send a pulse 1.8 mSec after
the second rising edge of the clock. But for the
third bit which is 0, the transmitter will send a
pulse after 1.2 mSec from the third rising edge of
the clock. Same algorithm applies for all other bits.
This method has a great disadvantage. The
decoding of the signal requires that the decoder has
a perfectly synchronized clock with the transmitter.
Most of the times that is impossible. The signal
itself does not provide a method for the decoder to
reconstruct the clock. For this reason,
the Differential Pulse Position Modulation is
used.
The Differential Pulse Position Modulation is a variation of the PPM coding, which in fact transmits data regardless of a
clock. The delay between the pulses does not take reference from the rising edge of the clock. Instead, each delay takes
reference from the falling edge of the previous pulse. Here is an example:

The above example shows how an 8-bit byte ('11011100') is encoded with Differential PPM. I did not add the clock because,
as said before, this method encodes a signal regardless of a clock. This is what makes this method so widely used. In fact this
is the modulation method that many TV remote controls work with.
Advantage: The more the ZEROS the data has, the less
time it needs to be transmitted! As a matter of fact, this is
one of the great advantages of this system. The bandwidth
efficiency is increased, as the overall transmission is
significantly faster. Taking into account also the
simplicity and ease of implementation, this explains why
this method is so widely used.

One big disadvantage for the D-PPM and PPM systems is


that, any false pulse due to external fields or cable inter-
talk, is very hard (if not impossible) to be detected and
thus the complete transmission is corrupted. It is absolutely
improper to be used in harsh environments or critical
applications where reliability is required.
When an optical pulse
in a time slot is
detected, transmission
information of “1” is
recorded; no optical
pulse means
transmission
information of “0”.

PPM maps a group of n-bit binary data into a single


pulse signal in a time slot composed of 2n time slots,
where the pulse position is the decimal number
corresponding to the binary data.
𝐿 = 2𝑀 M is no. of bits/symbol
𝐿 = 2𝑀
Optical Communication in the Future

• X-ray Space Optical Communication

• Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing

• Neutrino Communication

• Gravitational Wave Communication

• Terahertz Wave Communication


• X-ray Space Optical Communication
• Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing
• Neutrino Communication
• Gravitational Wave Communication

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