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Notes 2019 09 19

Electronics and communication

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16 views10 pages

Notes 2019 09 19

Electronics and communication

Uploaded by

mohdakram11100
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sum of Sinusoidal Signals Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Periodic Signals Time-Frequency Spectr

Amplitude Modulation

I Amplitude Modulation is used in communication systems.


I The objective of amplitude modulation is to move the
spectrum of a signal m (t ) from low frequencies to high
frequencies.
I The message signal m (t ) may be a piece of music; its
spectrum occupies frequencies below 20 KHz.
I For transmission by an AM radio station this spectrum must
be moved to approximately 1 MHz.

©2009-2019, B.-P. Paris ECE 201: Intro to Signal Analysis 91


Sum of Sinusoidal Signals Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Periodic Signals Time-Frequency Spectr

Amplitude Modulation

I Conventional amplitude modulation proceeds in two steps:


1. A constant A is added to m (t ) such that A + m (t ) > 0 for all
t.
2. The sum signal A + m (t ) is multiplied by a sinusoid
cos(2pfc t ), where fc is the radio frequency assigned to the
station.
I Consequently, the transmitted signal has the form:

x (t ) = (A + m (t )) · cos(2pfc t ).

©2009-2019, B.-P. Paris ECE 201: Intro to Signal Analysis 92


Sum of Sinusoidal Signals Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Periodic Signals Time-Frequency Spectr

Amplitude Modulation

I We are interested in the spectrum of the AM signal.


I However, we cannot compute X (f ) for arbitrary message
signals m (t ).
I For the special case m (t ) = cos(2pfm t ) we can find the
spectrum.
I To mimic the radio case, fm would be a frequency in the
audible range.
I As before, we will first need to express the AM signal x (t )
as a sum of sinusoids.

©2009-2019, B.-P. Paris ECE 201: Intro to Signal Analysis 93


Sum of Sinusoidal Signals Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Periodic Signals Time-Frequency Spectr

Amplitude Modulated Signal


I For m (t ) = cos(2pfm t ), the AM signal equals
x (t ) = (A + cos(2pfm t )) · cos(2pfc t ).
I This simplifies to
x (t ) = A · cos(2pfc t ) + cos(2pfm t ) · cos(2pfc t ).
I Note that the second term of the sum is a beat notes signal
with frequencies fm and fc .
I We know that beat notes can be written as a sum of
sinusoids with frequencies equal to the sum and difference
of fm and fc :
1 1
x (t ) = A · cos(2pfc t ) + cos(2p (fc + fm )t ) + cos(2p (fc fm )t ).
2 2

©2009-2019, B.-P. Paris ECE 201: Intro to Signal Analysis 94


Sum of Sinusoidal Signals Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Periodic Signals Time-Frequency Spectr

Plot of Amplitude Modulated Signal


For A = 2, fm = 50, and fc = 400, the AM signal is plotted
below.
3

1
Amplitude

−1

−2

−3
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time(s)

©2009-2019, B.-P. Paris ECE 201: Intro to Signal Analysis 95


Sum of Sinusoidal Signals Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Periodic Signals Time-Frequency Spectr

Spectrum of Amplitude Modulated Signal

I The AM signal is given by

1 1
x (t ) = A · cos(2pfc t ) + cos(2p (fc + fm )t ) + cos(2p (fc fm )t ).
2 2
I Thus, its spectrum is

X (f ) = { ( A2 , fc ), ( A2 , fc ),
( 14 , fc + fm ), ( 14 , fc fm ), ( 14 , fc fm ), ( 14 , fc + fm )}

©2009-2019, B.-P. Paris ECE 201: Intro to Signal Analysis 96


Sum of Sinusoidal Signals Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Periodic Signals Time-Frequency Spectr

Spectrum of Amplitude Modulated Signal


For A = 2, fm = 50, and fc = 400, the spectrum of the AM
signal is plotted below.
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Spectrum

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
−500 −400 −300 −200 −100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Frequency (Hz)
©2009-2019, B.-P. Paris ECE 201: Intro to Signal Analysis 97
Sum of Sinusoidal Signals Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Periodic Signals Time-Frequency Spectr

Spectrum of Amplitude Modulated Signal


I It is interesting to compare the spectrum of the signal
before modulation and after multiplication with cos(2pfc t ).
I The signal s (t ) = A + m (t ) has spectrum

1 1
S (f ) = {(A, 0), ( , 50), ( , 50)}.
2 2
I The modulated signal x (t ) has spectrum

X (f ) = { ( A2 , 400), ( A2 , 400),
( 14 , 450), ( 14 , 450), ( 14 , 350), ( 14 , 350)}

I Both are plotted on the next page.

©2009-2019, B.-P. Paris ECE 201: Intro to Signal Analysis 98


Sum of Sinusoidal Signals Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Periodic Signals Time-Frequency Spectr

Spectrum before and after AM


Before Modulation After Modulation

2 2

1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2
Spectrum

Spectrum
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0

−100 −50 0 50 100 −500 0 500


Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

©2009-2019, B.-P. Paris ECE 201: Intro to Signal Analysis 99


Sum of Sinusoidal Signals Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Periodic Signals Time-Frequency Spectr

Spectrum before and after AM

I Comparison of the two spectra shows that amplitude


modulation indeed moves a spectrum from low frequencies
to high frequencies.
I Note that the shape of the spectrum is precisely preserved.
I Amplitude modulation can be described concisely by
stating:
I Half of the original spectrum is shifted by fc to the right, and
the other half is shifted by fc to the left.
I Question: How can you get the original signal back so that
you can listen to it.
I This is called demodulation.

©2009-2019, B.-P. Paris ECE 201: Intro to Signal Analysis 100

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