Chapter 5 Normal Distribution

Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to:

• Illustrate normal random variable and its characteristics.

• Define and construct a normal curve
• Identify regions under a normal curve.
• Transform a normal random variable to a standard normal variable.
• Compute probabilities and percentile using a normal table.

Introduction
You have learned in the previous lesson’s measures of central tendencies and
variations. In this lesson we will study a form of distribution that described a symmetrical
plot in which the given sets of data are clustered mostly to the center of the mean and the
width of the distribution is the standard deviation. This distribution with mean and standard
deviation as parameters is called the Normal probability distribution, and its graphical
presentation is called Normal curve, where the total area under the curve is always equal to
100% or 1.
.
Definition 5-1
The Normal Probability Distribution is distribution described by a bell-shaped curve
because of its flared shape where the mean, median and mode are approximately equal and the
distribution clustered closely to the center. It is symmetrical and the areas are equal each to the
left and right.

5.1. Types of Normal Distribution According to Skewness

1. Symmetrically distributed- A type of distribution without skewness, most values

clustering around a central region and gradually increasing and decreasing as they go further
away from the center. The mean is approximately equal to the median and mode.

Skewness can be calculated by Pearson’s coefficient formula:

𝑠𝑘= 3(𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛−𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛) or 𝑠𝑘= 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛−𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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 If the mean, median and mode are equal, then skewness is zero, hence no skewness and
symmetrically distributed.

Example of variables that follow a Normal Distribution are :

• heights of students
• Standardized test scores
• Income of employees
• size of materials
• errors in measurements
• blood pressure

Illustration 5-1 -The normal curve

Symmetrical Distribution (coefficient of skewness is zero) forms a normal curve
as shown in the figure below:

Properties of a Normal Curve

• The mean, median, and mode are equal in values and plotted on a central point along the
horizontal axis.

• The scores can be divided into three standard score each to the left(negative Z-score ) and to
the right(positive Z-score)
• The curve is symmetric around the mean and is asymptotic to the horizontal axis; that is, the
curve extends indefinitely in both directions.

• The total area (or probability) under the normal curve is equal to 100% or 1; or 50% or 0.5 to
each side from the center

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2. Positively skewed or spread out to the right is distribution where most values are clustered
around the left tail of the distribution while the right tail of the distribution is longer. If the
mean is higher than the mean and the median, then, the coefficient skewness of skewness is
positive.

Illustration 5-2 - Positively skewed distribution

3. Negatively skewed or spread out to the left is distribution where most values are clustered
around the left tail of the distribution while the left tail of the distribution is longer. If the
mean is lower than the mode and the median, then, the coefficient of skewness is negative.

Illustration 5-3 - Negatively skewed distribution

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5.3. Kurtosis

Kurtosis is a descriptive statistics that measures the degree to which the data
cluster in the tails. It measures the extent to which the distribution contains outliers, where an
outlier is a data point that differs significantly from other observations when the variability in
the measurements occur,. Kurtosis helps measure how data disperse between a distribution’s
center and tails. It identifies whether a distribution contains extreme values or depicts heavy
tails.

The degree of kurtosis(K) can be measured by the formula:

𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒙𝟏−𝑿 𝟒 𝟑(𝒏−𝟏)𝟐

̅
K= (𝒏−𝟏)(𝒏−𝟐)(𝒏−𝟑) ∑ ( ) − (𝒏−𝟐)(𝒏−𝟑)
𝒔

where:
̿ - Mean of samples
𝒙
xi -The ith sample
n - Total sample number
s - Standard Deviation of all samples

There are three types of kurtosis

1. Mesokurtic (K= 3)-the data is normally distributed

Illustration 5-4 - Mesokurtic

2. Platykurtic (K< 3)) the data is less than normal distribution

Illustration 5-5 - Platykurtic

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 3. Leptokurtic (K> 3) The data is more than normal distribution

Illustration 5-6 - Leptokurtic

Illustration 5-7 – The 3 forms of kurtosis

Illustrative Example 5-1

Find the coefficient of skewness and kurtosis from the data gathered as to the outputs
in the experimental study 5, 7, 14, 15, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 25.

Solution: To find the median, sort the data in ascending order, and find the middle item or
score:

5, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 25.

The median is between 16 and 17 or Median =16.5

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 ∑𝑥 156
Solution: Solve for the mean : 𝑥̅ = = = 15.6.
𝑛 10

Table5.1 Computation of the Deviation of each Score from Mean

X X- 𝒙
̅ ̅)2
(x - 𝒙 ̅
X − 𝒙 ̅ 4
X − 𝒙
𝑆 ( )
𝑆
5 -10.6 112.36 -1.79 10.21
7 8.6 73.96 1.45 4.42
14 -1.6 2.56 -0.27 0.01
15 -0.6 0.36 -0.10 0.00
0.07 0.00
16 0.4 0.16
0.24 0.00
17 1.4 1.96
0.40 0.03
18 2.4 5.76
0.57 0.11
19 3.4 11.56 0.74 0.30
20 4.4 19.36 1.59 6.31
25 9.4 88.36
∑ x = 156 ∑(X-𝑋̅)2 = 316.4 ̅ 4
X− 𝒙
∑( ) = 21.39
n = 10 𝑆

The sample standard deviation is

̅)𝟐
∑(x − 𝒙 316.4
S=√ = √ , s =5.93
𝒏−𝟏 9

Solving for coefficient skewness:

𝑠𝑘= 3(𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛−𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛)
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑠𝑘= 3(15.6−16.5)
5.93
𝑠𝑘= −0.455 - negatively skewed
Solving for degree of Kurtosis

𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒙𝟏−𝑿 𝟒 𝟑(𝒏−𝟏)𝟐

̅
K= (𝒏−𝟏)(𝒏−𝟐)(𝒏−𝟑) ∑ ( ) − (𝒏−𝟐)(𝒏−𝟑)
𝒔

Substitute the values from table 5.1

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 𝟏𝟎(𝟏𝟎+𝟏) 𝟑(𝟏𝟎−𝟏)𝟐
K= (𝟏𝟎−𝟏)(𝟏𝟎−𝟐)(𝟏𝟎−𝟑) (21.39) − (𝟏𝟎−𝟐)(𝟏𝟎−𝟑)
𝟏𝟎(𝟏𝟏) 𝟑(𝟖𝟏) 𝟏𝟎(𝟏𝟏) 𝟐𝟒𝟑
K= (𝟗)(𝟖)(𝟕) (21.39) − (𝟖)(𝟕) , K= (𝟗)(𝟖)(𝟕) (21.39) −
𝟓𝟔

𝟏𝟏𝟎
K= 𝟓𝟎𝟒 (21.39) − 4.34, K = (0.2183)(21.39) − 4.34

K = 0.33

*The coefficient of skewness (𝑠𝑘 ) has negative value and degree of kurtosis is greater lower
than 3(K<3), thus, data forms a negatively skewed and platykurtic.

5.4. Test of Normality of the Data

To test whether the data follows a normal distributed, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
(K-S test) can be utilized. The complete details and information will be discussed in the
succeeding lessons. If the probability value (also known as significance) is higher than 0.05, the
data is normally distributed, otherwise, data is not normally distributed.

K-S Test,

If P-value(significance) > 0.05 - data is normally distributed

If P-value(significance) < 0.05 - data is not normally distributed

Illustrative Example 5-2

Referring to illustrative example 5-1, determine the coefficient of skewness, degree of

kurtoses, and test the normality of the data using software such as SPSS and Jamovi apps.

Solution no. 1 Using Jamovi software

Step 1: Open the Jamovi software and enter the raw score in the first column. Click the
variable A 2x(double click), and modify to given variable such as Scores, select
“continuous” for measure, integer(numeric)for data type, and then, click the arrow key
to go back to normal view.

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Step 2: Click the “Exploration”, select “descriptive” , move the variable(score) to the right
or variable dialog box, and then, click “ Statistics” below, and Plots if charts are
needed in the presentation

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Step 3: Check the boxes for the desired values of Statistics, such as mean, standard deviation,
skewness, kurtosis, and Shapiro-Wilk for test of normality of data

Step 4: Look up the results or output to the right side, which simultaneously displayed while
working on the selections of Statistics.

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Solution no. 2: By Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

Step 1: Open the SPSS in “variable view” and accomplish the information needed in the
as shown:

Step 2: Go to the “data view” enter the raw scores vertically to the scores’ column, and click
“Analyze” select, “Descriptive” , and “Explore”

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Step 3. Move the variable or “Post test result” to the right or variable box, click “option”
and select “ descriptive “ for statistics, and “ continue”

Step 4: Click “Plots”, check the “Normality plots tests” , histogram and other desired values,
click “ continue” and “ both” and “OK”

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Step 5: Just click “no” and close the notices page, and look for the values of coefficient of
skewness and kurtosis which are similar to the computed values in illustrative example 5-1.

The table shows that the P-value(significance) is 0.535 which is greater then 0.05
(P-value > 0.05), the data is normally distributed

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5.4. Areas Under the Normal Curve

The table below is the corresponding area for each standard score(Z)

Areas under the Normal curve

Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359

0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753

0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141

+0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517

0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879

0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224

0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549

0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852

0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133

0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389

1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621

1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830

1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015

1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177

1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319

1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441

1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545

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 1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633

1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706

1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767

2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817

2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857

2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890

2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916

2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936

2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952

2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964

2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974

2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981

2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986

3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990

Source: Socratic Q&A(2017), Area under normal curve: table for normal curve - Search
Images (bing.com)

Normal Distribution 101

Finding The Regions under the normal curve

How to use the table?

Illustrative Example 5-2

Assuming the given value of Z = 0.178, what is the area in decimal and in %?

Solution:

Always round-off the z-score to 2 decimal digits (Z=0.18), The first number after
decimal or tenth value is located at the left side of the table, and the second or hundredth value
is on top, then get their intersection. The area is 0.0714or 7.14%

Illustrative Example 5-3

What is the area if z = −𝟏. 𝟒𝟔?

Solution: The negative sign indicates that the area is at the left side of the curve, since
normal curve is symmetrical, the area will be the same with that of the positive one.

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 Answer: The area for z = −1.46 is 0.4279 or 42.79%

Exercise 5-1

1. Find the area under the normal curve for Z = 3.116.

2. Find the area under the normal curve for z = −2.4154 .

Finding the area under the normal curve around the center of mean.

If two Z scores are both positive, or both negative in values subtract the areas.
If two Z scores have different signs, add the areas in the ;eft and right of the mean.

Illustrative Example 5-4

What is the area of the curve bounded by Z = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 up to Z = 1.65?

Solution: If z is negative, the area is at the left side of the curve; if z is positive, the
area is at the right of curve.

From the table of normal distribution, at Z = −2.15, 𝐴1 = 0.4842 ,

At Z= 1.65, 𝐴2 = 0.4505 , thus the total area is 0.9347 or 93.47%

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Finding the area to the right or left of a given positive Z-value.

• If the unknown is to the right of positive Z-value, Subtract its area from 50% or 0.5.

Illustrative Example 5-5

What is the area under the normal curve to the right of Z= 1.52 ( Z > 1.52)

Solution:
From the table of normal distribution, at Z=1.52, Area= 0.4357 or 43.57%,
Subtract the area from Z=0 to Z= 43.57% from 50%

Total area = 50% − 43.57 = 6.43 %

Illustrative Example 5-6

• If the unknown is the area to the left of positive Z- value. Add 0.5 or 50%

What is the area under the normal curve to the left of Z= 1.52 or Z > 1.1?

Solution:
From the The area for Z = 1.52 , A = 43.57%.
Then, total area = 50% + 43.57% = 93.57% answer.

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 Exercise 5-3

1. Find the area under the normal curve for Z > 1.91.
2. Find the area under the normal curve for Z < 1.91.

Finding the area to the left and right of negative Z value.

If the unknown area is to the left of negative Z-value, subtract its area from 0.5 or 50%

Illustrative Example 5-7

Find the area under the normal curve to the right of Z= −1.62 or Z > −1.62

Solution:

The area bounded by Z= −1.62 is A = 44.74% , subtract its area from 50%

The total area = 50% −44 .74 % = 5.269% answer.

Illustrative Example 5-8

Find the area under the normal curve to the right of Z= −1.62 or Z > −1.62

Solution:

Add 0.5 or 50% if the unknown is the area to the right of negative Z- value.

The area bounded by Z > −1.62 is A = 44.74% , Add its area from 50%

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 The total area = 50% +44 .74 % = 94.74% answer.

Exercise 5-4

Find the area of the following in percent (%).

1. z = 1.33
2. z = -2.81
3. From z = 2.0 to z = 1.02
4. From z = -1.02 to z = 3.0
5. From z = 1.09 to z = 2.1.0
6. z > 2.15
7. z < 2.15
8. z > - 3.3 9. z < - 1.11
10. To the right of Z = - 1.85

The theorem for the transformation of Z value in normal distribution is

̅
𝐱− 𝒙 𝐱− µ
Z= , z=
𝐬 𝛔

Where ; Z- standard score, x – raw score

𝑥̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
µ = Population mean
σ = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation

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Illustrative Example 5-9

The average score of 50 Psychology students in a 100-item tests is 85, with

a standard deviation of 4.5 . Determine how many got a score of: a. 75 - 90 , b. below
80,
c. above 80

Solution:
Given: N = 50 , Mean µ= 85 , σ = 3.25,

a. To find the total area in percent of scores 75 - 95, we work with 75-85, and 85-
90

x−µ̅ 75 – 85
𝑍1 = = = −2.22
σ 4.5

From Table, Area of 𝑍1 = −2.22 is 𝐴1 = 0.4868 or 48.68%

x−µ̅ 90 – 85
𝑍2 = = = 1.11
σ 4.5

From Table, Area of 𝑍2 = 1.11 is 𝐴2 = 0.3665 or 36.65%

If two Z values have different signs, add the areas to get the total area.

𝐴𝑇 = 48.68% + 36.65% = 85.33%

To find the number (n) of branches with profit of 73- 80 M:

n = Area in decimal (total number of students) = 𝐴𝑇 (𝑁)

n = 0.8533 (50) = 42.65 or 43

Thus, there were 85.33 % of 50 students or 43 students got a score of 75-90.

b. Scores below 80.

x−µ̅ 80 – 85
Z= = = −1.11 , From Table, Area = 0.3665 or 36.65%
σ 4.5

If the unknown area is to the left of negative Z-value, subtract its area from 0.5 or
50%:
𝐴𝑇 = 50% - 36.65% = 13.35%

n = 0.1335(50) = 6.68 0r 7

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 We conclude that 7 students got a scores of below 80.

c. Above 80

Solution: for scores 80-85, Z = −1.11 , and area = 36.65%

Above 80, Z > −1.11

Add 0.5 or 50% if the unknown is the area to the right of negative Z- value.

𝐴𝑇 = 50% + 36.65% = 86.65%

n = 0.8665(50) =43.3

We conclude that 43 students got a scores above 80.

Exercise 5-5

1. Suppose that 30 employees have taken an IQ examination where 30 points is the

maximum score, the mean is 18.5, and the standard deviation is 2.5. How many employees
have scores of 15- 25?

2. From Problem No. 1, how many students have a score of 20 and below?

Solving for the value or raw score (X) with a given area or percentage under the
curve.

To find the raw sore (x), we need to manipulate the formula from the Z-score:

X−𝑋̅
Z = , multiply each side by σ
σ
Z (σ) = X − 𝑋̅ , add 𝑋̅ t o each side
Z (σ)+(x̄ ) = X
Therefore: X = Z (𝛔)+(𝐱̄ )

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Illustrative Example 5-10

Find X if x̄ = 80 σ = 12 A= 49 % to the right of mean

Solution: Look first for the value of Z – score. From the table of normal curve, the
nearest value of Z-core for a given is 2.33

Solving for X, X = Z (𝛔)+(𝐱̄ )

X = 1.25 (12) + 80

X = 95 answer.

Illustrative Example 5-11

A gardener wishes to trim the plants in the garden and decided to select the middle
75% of the height . Assuming the heights are normally distributed, what are the height limits
if the mean height is 1.22m and standard deviation of 0.18 m?

Solution: 75% in the middle means 37.5% (0.375) each from left and right of curve.
𝑥̅ = 1.22 , σ = 0.18

From the table the nearest value corresponding the area of 37.5% or 0.375 is 0.3749

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Which has a Z value of Z= 1.15, the corresponding Z values for minimum and maximum
values of X or height of plants are Z= −1.15, and Z= 1.15

Solving for the lowest height of plants, where Z= −1.15

X = Z (σ) + (x̄ )
Z= (−1.15)(0.18) +1.22
Z = 1.013 m
Solving for the highest height of plants, where Z= 1.15
X = Z (σ) + (x̄ )
Z= (1.15)(0.18) +1.22
Z = 1.43 m

Determining the Z-scores and Areas Under the Normal Curve Using SPSS

Illustrative Example 5-12

Assuming the ages of respondents follow a normal distribution, find the individual
Z-values and the area under the normal using the SPSS software.

20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 25, 50, 60, 18, 48, 52, 43, 35, 55, 49

Solution;

Step 1: Open the SPSS software in variable view and enter any name description of the
variable in single word such as “age”, for type “numeric” and for the label :
“Ages of respondents” and complete other needed information.

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 Step 2: Go to data view and enter the raw scores in the first column, click ”Analyze” and
select “Descriptive Statics” and another ” Descriptive Statistics”

Step 3; In the Descriptive dialog box, move the variable output to the right
Check ” Save standardized values….” and then, click “OK”
Close the blank page and click ”no” for notices.

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Step 4: Close the output page by clicking the “x” in the upper right corner and click “NO” for
save contents output, then go back to variable view of SPSS, and modify decimal by
“2” places, to get the same values in normal distribution table.

Step 5 . Go to “data view”and look up the corresponding Z- values of each score.

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Step 6. To find the corresponding area of each Z-value, click “Transform” and “compute
variables

Step 7: Enter the target variable in space provided in the upper left corner , such as,
“Area.from.left.tail” put separator in each word such as dot or underscore because it
does not allow any space for each word, enter “cdf.normal(Zoutputs,0,1), to the right
of the box, then click “OK”

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 *You may also move the variable from left then inside the parenthesis, and all terms
inside are separated by comma.

*cdf means cumulative distribution function, and the “0 and 1” are the mean where
Z= 0, and a standard deviation of 1.

Step 8: Just close the output box by clicking “x’ and select” No” for save contents, then, Go
to variable view, and modify the decimal into “4” places, to get exact values similar to
the values in table of normal distribution. Look up the area from left tail of curve in the
“Data view”-

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Step 9: To get the corresponding area of each Z-value from the center or mean(Z = 0),
Click again “Transform” and “Compute Variables” then modify the target variable to
“Area,from,z=0”, and enter the desired formula to the right side, or move the variable
to the right and subtract 0.5, then click “OK”

Step 10. Close the output page, click “no” for save contents and then, go to variable view and
modify the decimal “4”, then look up the area of each Z- value in the “Data view”

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*Disregard the negative sign in the area for only indicate the position of area bounded by the
z-score is at the left side of Z=0 or mean

Illustrative Example 5-13

Find the individual Z-values and the area under the normal curve of each of the
following outputs in experimental study using SPSS.

5, 7, 14, 15, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 25.

Solution: Follow the same steps in illustrative example 5-12

Step 1: Open the SPSS software in variable view and enter any name description of the
variable in single word such as “outputs”, and complete other needed information.

Step 2: Go to data view and enter the raw scores in the first column, click ”Analyze” and
select “Descriptive Statics” and another ” Descriptive Statistics”

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Step 3; In the Descriptive dialog box, move the variable output to the right
Check ” Save standardized values….” and then, click “OK”
Close the blank page and click ”no” for notices.

Step 4: Go back to variable view of SPSS, and modify decimal by “2” places, to get the same
values in normal distribution table.

Step 5 . Go to “data view”and look up the corresponding Z- values of each score.

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 Step 6. To find the corresponding area of each Z-value, click “Transform” and “compute
variables

Step 7: Enter the target variable in space in the upper left corner , such as, “Area.fr.left.tail”
each word must be separated by underscore or dot, because it does not allow spaces,
then enter “cdf.normal(Zoutputs,0,1), then click “OK”

*You may also move the variable from left then inside the parenthesis, and the next
Numbers, separated by comma.
*cdf means cumulative distribution function, and the “0 and 1” are the mean where
Z= 0, and a standard deviation of 1.

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Step 8: Got to variable view, and modify the decimal into “4” places, to get exact values
similar to the values in table of normal distribution.

Step 9: To get the corresponding area of each Z-value from the center or mean(Z = 0),
Click again “Transform” and “Compute Variables” then modify the target variable to
“Area,fr,z=0”, and enter the desired formula to the right side, or move the variable to
the right and subtract 0.5, then click “OK”

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Step 10. Go to variable view and modify the decimal “4”, then look up the area of each Z-
value in the “Data view”

Disregard the negative sign in the area because it only indicates the position of area bounded
by the z-score is at the left side of Z=0 or mean

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Chapter Exercise

I. Solve for Z and find its area

1. Mean = 80, score: x = 73, standard deviation: σ = 7.
2. Mean = 60, score: x = 52.8 , standard deviation: σ = 3.
3. Mean = 100, score: x = 85.2 , standard deviation: σ = 4.4.
4. Mean = 1.125 , score: x = 0.75, standard deviation: σ = 0.35.
5. Mean = 3.98, score: x = 2.8, standard deviation: σ = 0.35.

6. The mean salary of employees in a certain city is is10,800 PHP every 15 days and the
standard deviation is 900 PHP., If the expenses are normally distributed, what is the
probability of getting a salary of more than 8,000 in 15 days?

7. The mean production of factory workers is 15 finished products per hour, with a
standard deviation of 1.5 products/hour. What is the probability of finishing: a. less
than 12.8 products/hour? b. more than 12 products/hour?

8. The mean weight of insects for laboratory experiments is 15 g, with the standard
deviation of 1.3 g. What is the probability of randomly selecting insects with weight
of : a. 12 g? b. 13 to 17.5 g?

9 For final line-up of a basketball team, the coach decided to select players based from
middle 70% of their height limits to be fair with other teams. Assuming the heights
are normally distributed, what are the height limits if the mean height is 1.75 meters
and standard deviation of 0.11 m?

10 The height of 100 plants in the garden follows a normal distribution with a mean of 90
cm. and a standard deviation of 8.5 cm. How many plants have a height of

a. between 75- 110 cm

b. higher than 75 cm

c. If 25 % of tallest plants are to be trimmed , at what height of the plants

must the gardener start trimming?

II. Find the Z-value and area bounded by the following series of scores in aptitude test
using Jamovi apps. or SPSS.

20, 90, 85, 50, 60, 70, 85, 50, 45, 30, 65, 88

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