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Lab Report Focal 1

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11 views5 pages

Lab Report Focal 1

Uploaded by

germaabrsh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ExperimentTitle:Focal Length of Lenses

Objective:

 The purpose of this experiment is to determine the focal length of a


convex lens by analyzing the formation of real images at different
object and image distances.

Background Information:

A converging lens is a lens that converges a parallel beam of light from a source. A double-
convex lens is a type of convex lens in which both sides of the lens are curved outward, and it
will bend light from distant objects inward towards a single point called the focal point. It has a
positive focal length, whereas a diverging lens is a lens that diverges a parallel beam of light,
where both sides of the lens are curved inward, and light from distant objects will bend
outward. The diverging lens has a negative focal length.

Theory:

A beam of parallel rays to the principal axis of a convex lens converges to a point, called a focal
point, after passing through the lens. The distance from the focal point to the center of the lens
is known as the focal length.

The relation between the image distance S′, object distance S, and focal length is given by:

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Suppose the lens produces a sharp image of the candle at two positions, as shown in Fig. 9.1.
Let the distance between the object and the image be , and the distance between the two
positions of the lens leading to a sharp image be . We have:

S1=S2’ and S2=S1’

From Figure 9.1 and the above relations we have

Using the thin lense equation,

Apparatus Used:

1. Convex lens
2. Screen for image formation
3. Lamp with object on face
4. Lens holder and stand.
5. Meterstick for distance measurement.
Procedure:

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First, the screen was placed at a distance D from the illuminated object and adjusted to a point
where a clear image appeared on the screen. After that, keeping the object and the screen
fixed, a second position was found in which the lens produced a well-focused image on the
screen. Finally, the above steps were repeated for different values of D .

Data collection:

S.No D(cm) d(cm) D2-d2(cm2) 4D(cm)

1 65 30.4 3,300.84 260 12.696

2 70 37.2 3,516.16 280 12.558

3 75 42.7 3,801.71 300 12.672

4 80 48.1 4,086.39 320 12.77

5 85 54 4,309 340 12.674

Data Analysis:

The distance between "D" and 'd' in each trial


1. D-d = 65 - 30.4 = 34.6 cm
2. D-d = 70 - 37.2 = 32.8 cm
3. D-d = 75 - 42.7 = 32.3 cm
4. D-d = 80 - 48.1 = 31.9 cm
5. D-d = 85 - 54 = 31 cm

Results and Discussion:

The analysis of the acquired data reveals distinct focal points, characterized by sharp features.
Our observations indicate that the distances between and show consistent patterns across

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trials, with differences decreasing slightly but remaining within a range of approximately 31–35
cm.This suggests that the sharp focal points occur at specific intervals, depending on the lens's
curvature and position. Understanding the consistent nature of these focal points emphasizes
the precision of the lens's refractive properties. Further investigation into the material
composition and geometry of the lens could help refine these results and provide deeper
insights into factors influencing the formation of sharp images.

Solutions to Questions:

1. Two real images for a given object :-screen distance result from optical systems like
converging lenses or concave mirrors. The images share the characteristic of being real and
existing on opposite sides, yet differ in their specific locations, influenced by the lens or mirror
equation. The general principle of two images is explained by the lens or mirror equation,
linking object distance, image distance, and focal length. Placing an object within the focal
length of a converging lens or in front of a concave mirror results in the formation of two real
images on either side. This phenomenon is governed by optics, highlighting the interplay
between object placement and the optical element's focal characteristics.

2. The inversion of the image in our retina occurs due to the optical properties of the eye. When
the light passes through the lens, it converges to form an inverted image on the retina.
Remarkably, our brain adeptly processes this inverted visual input, interpreting it as upright
during perception. This showcases the remarkable adaptability of neural processing in ensuring
coherent visual experiences.

3.The focal lengths of lense is the Average of the five focal length

ftotal =12.696 + 12.558 + 12.672 + 12.77 + 12.674

= 63.37cm

favg = ftotal/5. .•. favg = 12.674 cm

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=63.37/5 =12.674 cm

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