MIC MICROPROJECT

Survey on Current Microprocessor

Topics to be cover:
1. What is a Microprocessor?
2. Evolution of microprocessors.
3. Current microprocessors.

What is a Microprocessor?
A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic
and control is included on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a small number of
ICs. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry
required to perform the functions of a computer's central processing
unit (CPU). The IC is capable of interpreting and executing program
instructions and performing arithmetic operations.[1] The microprocessor is a
multipurpose, clock-driven, register-
based, digital integrated circuit that
accepts binary data as input, processes it
according to instructions stored in
its memory, and provides results (also in
binary form) as output. Microprocessors
contain both combinational
logic and sequential digital logic, and
operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system.
The integration of a whole CPU onto a single or a few integrated circuits
using Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) greatly reduced the cost of
processing power. Integrated circuit processors are produced in large numbers
by highly automated metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) fabrication processes,
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resulting in a relatively low unit price. Single-chip processors increase
reliability because there are fewer electrical connections that could fail. As
microprocessor designs improve, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with
smaller components built on a semiconductor chip the same size) generally
stays the same according to Rock's law.

Architecture of Microprocessor
The microprocessor is a single IC package in which several useful functions are
integrated and fabricated on a single silicon semiconductor chip. Its
architecture consists of a central processing unit, memory modules, a system
bus, and an input/output unit.
Architecture of Microprocessor
The system bus connects the various units
to facilitate the exchange of information. It
further consists of data, address, and control
buses to perform data exchange properly.
The Central processing unit consists of one or more arithmetic logic units
(ALU), registers, and a control unit. Based on the registers also the
generations of the microprocessor can be classified. A microprocessor consists
of general-purpose and a special type of registers to execute instructions and
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to store the address or data while running the program. The ALU computes all
arithmetic as well as logic operations on data and specifies the size of
microprocessors like 16 bit or 32 bit.
The Memory unit holds the program as well as data and is divided into a
processor, primary and secondary memory. The Input and output unit
interfaces the I/O peripheral devices to the microprocessor for accepting and
sending information.

Evolution of microprocessor
Transistor was invented in 1948 (23 December 1947 in Bell lab). IC was
invented in 1958 (Fair Child Semiconductors) By Texas Instruments J Kilby.
The first microprocessor was invented by INTEL (Integrated Electronics).
Size of the microprocessor – 4 bit

Clock Number of Inst. per

Name Year of Invention speed transistors sec

INTEL 1971 by Ted Hoff 740

2300 60,000
4004/4040 and Stanley Mazor kHz

Size of the microprocessor – 8 bit

Clock Number of
Name Year of Invention speed transistors Inst. per sec

8008 1972 500 kHz 3500 50,000

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 Clock Number of
Name Year of Invention speed transistors Inst. per sec

10 times faster
8080 1974 2 MHz 6000
than 8008

1976 (16-bit
8085 3 MHz 6500 769230
address bus)

Size of the microprocessor – 16 bit

Inst.
Clock Number of per
Name Year of Invention speed transistors sec

1978 (multiply and 4.77

divide instruction, 16-bit MHz, 8 2.5
8086 29000
data bus and 20-bit MHz, Million
address bus) 10 MHz

1979 (cheaper version of

2.5
8088 8086 and 8-bit external
Million
bus)

1982 (80188 cheaper

version of 80186, and
additional components
80186/80188 6 MHz
like interrupt controller,
clock generator, local bus
controller, counters)

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 Inst.
Clock Number of per
Name Year of Invention speed transistors sec

1982 (data bus 16bit 4

80286 8 MHz 134000
and address bus 24 bit) Million

Size of the microprocessor – 32 bit

Clock Number of
Name Year of Invention speed transistors Inst. per sec

1986 (other versions

16
80386DX, 80386SX,
INTEL MHz –
80386SL , and data 275000
80386 33
bus 32-bit address
MHz
bus 32 bit)

1986 (other versions 16

INTEL 80486DX, 80486SX, MHz – 1.2 Million 8 KB of cache
80486 80486DX2, 100 transistors memory
80486DX4) MHz

Cache memory
66 8 bit for
PENTIUM 1993
MHz instructions 8
bit for data

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Size of the microprocessor – 64 bit

Number of
Name Year of Invention Clock speed transistors Inst. per sec

INTEL 2006 (other 1.2 GHz to 3 291 Million 64 KB of L1

core 2 versions core2 GHz transistors cache per

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 Number of
Name Year of Invention Clock speed transistors Inst. per sec

duo, core2 quad, core 4 MB

core2 extreme) of L2 cache

2.2GHz –
3.3GHz, 2.4GHz
i3, i5, 2007, 2009,
– 3.6GHz,
i7 2010
2.93GHz –
3.33GHz

Generations of microprocessors:
1. First-generation –
From 1971 to 1972 the era of the first generation came which brought
microprocessors like INTEL 4004 Rockwell international PPS-4 INTEL
8008 etc.

2. Second generation –
The second generation marked the development of 8-bit microprocessors
from 1973 to 1978. Processors like INTEL 8085 Motorola 6800 and
6801 etc. came into existence.

3. Third generation –
The third generation brought forward the 16-bit processors like INTEL
8086/80186/80286 Motorola 68000 68010 etc. From 1979 to 1980
this generation used HMOS technology.

4. Fourth generation –
The fourth generation came into existence from 1981 to 1995. The 32-
bit processors using HMOS fabrication came into existence. INTEL 80386
and Motorola 68020 are some of the popular processors of this
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 generation.

5. Fifth generation –
From 1995 till now we are in the fifth generation. 64-bit processors like
PENTIUM, Celeron, dual, quad, and octa-core processors came into
existence.

Current Microprocessor.
AMD or Advanced Micro Devices is a company that has been producing
semiconductors, microchips, CPUs, motherboards, and other types of computer
equipment for the last 40 years. That makes them the second largest company
in this sector currently after Intel.

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Intel, or the Intel Corporation, was founded a year earlier in 1968. Both
companies were incorporated in Valley in the USA and are leaders in research
and development in the field. These multinational companies are also well
known for developing production facilities in Asia, such as in Taiwan, China,
Malaysia, and Singapore. Nevertheless, it is said their products are in use in
every country where PCs are used.

Both AMD and Intel produce mother boards which are the circuitry at the base
of all personal computers. AMD and Intel also create CPU or Central
Processing Unit chips for the personal computer. While both are in the same

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industry but are always vying against each other for market share and
technological changes.

INTEL
Intel Corporation (commonly known as Intel) is an American multinational
corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California.
It is one of the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer by
revenue,[3][4] and is one of the developers of the x86 series of instruction
sets found in most personal computers (PCs). Incorporated in
Delaware,[5] Intel ranked No. 45 in the 2020 Fortune 500 list of the largest
United States corporations by total revenue for nearly a decade, from 2007 to
2016 fiscal years.[6]
Intel supplies microprocessors for computer system manufacturers such
as Acer, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel also
manufactures motherboard chipsets, network interface
controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphics chips, embedded
processors and other devices related to communications and computing.

AMD
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., commonly abbreviated as AMD, is an American
multinational semiconductor company based in Santa Clara, California, that
develops computer processors and related technologies for business and
consumer markets.
The company was founded in 1969 by Jerry Sanders and a group of other
technology professionals. AMD's early products were primarily memory chips
and other components for computers. The company later expanded into the
microprocessor market, competing with Intel, its main rival in the industry. In
the early 2000s, AMD experienced significant growth and success, thanks in
part to its strong position in the PC market and the success of
its Athlon and Opteron processors. However, the company faced challenges in
the late 2000s and early 2010s, as it struggled to keep up with Intel in the
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race to produce faster and more powerful processors. In the late 2010s, AMD
regained some of its market share thanks to the success of
its Ryzen processors which were well-received by consumers and reviewers.

THE END

Enrollment no. Roll no. Name

2105680194 21203C0059 Soham Lohote
2105680193 21203C0058 Dev karia
2105680192 21203C0057 Rudra Chavan
2105680191 21203C0056 Sarvesh pawle
SOHAM LOHOTE RUDRA CHAVAN SARVESH PAWLE DEV KARIA