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Probability

Probability rd Sharma

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67 views21 pages

Probability

Probability rd Sharma

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szeba0364
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATH asa x NEGATION OF ANEVENT Corresponding toevery event A associated with a random experiment we define an event “not A” which occurs when and only when A does not occur. The event ‘ called the negation of event A and isdenoted by A Clearly, event A occurs if and only if A does not occur. 15.3 THEORETICAL PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT favourable to an event A, then the probability of happening or occurrence of event A is denoted by p (Aandisdefinedas theratio Thus, P(A) = Clearly, Osm P(A) + PCA) = The odds in favour of the occurrence of the event A are defined by m:n — m ic. P(A): P(A) and the odds against the occurrence of A are defined by (11 —m) im ie. PCA): P(A). Let us now discuss some problems to illustrate the above definition. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC) EXAMPLE 1 An unbiased die is thrown. What is the probability of getting: G@) aneven number Gi) a multiple of 3 ICBSE 2008) Gi) an even number ora multiple of 3 ICBSE 2013] Gv) an even number anda multiple of 3 (wv) anumber 3or 4 (i) an odd number INCERT] (vil) a mwnber less than 5 (viii) a number greater than 3 (9) a number between 3 and 6. SOLUTION Inasingle throw ofa die we can get any one of the six numbers 1,2, ..., 6marked onits six faces. Therefore, the total number of elementary events associated with the random experiment of throwing a die is 6. (@ Let A denote the event “Getting an even number” Clearly, event A occurs if we obtain any one of 2, 4, 6 as an outcome. Favourable number of elementary events ~ 3 Hence, P(A) Let A denote the event “Getting a multiple of 3” We observe that the event A occurs if we obtain either 3 or 6 as an outcome. o Favourable number of elementary events = 2 2.1 Hence, P(A) = 2 = 2 1c (A= Ema propaBiLtTY oa i) Aneven number ora multiple of 3 is obtained if we obtain one of the numbers 2, outcome Favourable number of elem ‘entary events = 4 plence, required probability = 4 — 2 63 (iv) Let A denote the event “Getting an even number and a multiple of Clearly, Event A happens if we get 6 as an outcome : Favourable number of elementary events = I Hence, required probability i (w) Let A denote the event “Getting 3 or 4” Clearly, A occurs when we get either 3 or 4.as an outcome Favourable number of elementary events = 2 2 ee P(AY= Sat Henet (A) =E=5 (vi) Let A denote the event “Getting an odd number” We observe that the event A occurs when we get 1 or 30r5asan outcome. . Favourable number of elementary events = 3 aver Hence, P(A) = B= 5 (vii) The event “Getting a number less than 5” will occur if we get one of the numbers 1, 3,4 as an outcome. Favourable number of outcomes = 4 2 4 Hence, required probability = 4 lence q) Pp y= 5-2 (viii) The event “Getting a number greater than 3” will occur if we obtain one of the numbers 4, 5, 6 as an outcome. Favourable number of outcomes = 3 3.1 6 2 (ix) The event “Getting a number between 3 and 6” occurs if we obtain either 4 or 5 as an outcome. Hence, required probability Favourable number of outcomes = 2 . 1 Hence, required probability 2 x EXAMPLE 2 Two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting (i) tv0 heads (ii) one head (iii) one tail [CBSE 2013] (iv) _at least one head [CBSE 2010, 13} (v) at most one head. (vi) no head SOLUTION If two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously, we obtain any one of the following as an outcome: HH, HT, TH, TT. ; Total number of elementary events = 4 () Two heads are obtained if the elementary event HH occurs. Favourable number of elementary events = 1 Hence, required probability iii ee MATHEMATICS — x Gi) One head is obtained if any one of the following elementary events occurs: HT, TH. Favourable number of elementary events = 2 1 Hence, required probability = 7 = 5 Gil) One tail is obtain Favourable number of elementary events 73 (vi) There are6 red face cards 3each from diamonds and hearts. Out of these 6 red face cards one card can be chosen in 6 ways. Favourable number of elementary events = 6 ii ae MATHEMATICS x Hence, required probability « There is only one ’2’ of spades. Favourable number of elementary 1 Hence, required probability = 1. 4 pr ty = 3 1 (vill) There are two suits of black cards viz. spades and clubs. Each suit contains one card bearing number 10. Favourable number of elementary events = 2 204 Hence, required probability — 2 1 a lg % ~ 32” 26 FXAMPLE © What ts the probability that a number selected from the numbers 1,2, 3, ...25 isa prime number, when each of the grven numbers 1s equally likely to be selected? SOLUTION Out of 25 numbers 1, 2, 3, ...,25 one number can be chosen in 25 ways. Total number of elementary events ~ 25 The number selected will be a prime number if it is chosen from the numbers 2, 3.5.7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 Favourable number of elementary events = 9 Hence, required probability = 2 EXAMPLE 7 It is know that a bux of 600 electric bulbs contains 12 defective bulbs. One bulb is taken out at random from this box. What 1s the probability that i ts a non-aefectioe bulb? SOLUTION Out of 600 electric bulbs one bulb can be chosen in 600 ways Total number of elementary events = 600 There are 588 ( = 600 ~ 12 ) non-defective bulbs out of which one bulb can be chosen in 588 ways. . Favourable number of elementary events = 588 * _ 098 50 . 17 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. One the card is: Hence, _P (Getting a non-defective bulb) = EXAMPLE 8 17 cards numbered 1, 2, 3, person draws a card from the box. Find the probability that the manber « Q) odd Gi) a prime Git) divisible by 3 Gy) dtoisible by 3 and 2 both SOLUTION Out of 17 cards, in the box, one card can be drawn in 17 ways. Total number of elementary events = 17 @) There 9 odd numbered cards, namely, 1, 3,5, 7,9, 11, 13, 15, 17. Out of these 9 cards one card can be drawn in 9 ways Favourable number oj clementary events = 9 Hence, required probability — © lence, required p ya Gi) There are 7 prime numbered cards, namely, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17. Out of these 7 cards ‘one card can be chosen in 7 ways. Favourable number of elementary events = 7 za lence. P (Gettii me number) = Hene (Getting a pri ber) = (ii) Let A denote the event of getting a card bearing a number divisible by 3 Clearly, event A occurs if we get a card bearing one of the numbers 3, 6,9, 12, 15. paBiLiTY pre 159 Favourable number of elementary events =5 ary events p (Getting a card bearing a number ible by 3) = © 17 Nitis.a multiple of 6. In cards bearing number ra number divisible by 3 and 2 both ic. by 6 cer a yer oni umber is divisible by both 3 and2, the "V7 there are only 2 cards which ben (Cards bear numbers 6 and 12. hese" vourable number of cleme: w) @ ence, P (Getting a card bearing a number divisible by 3 and 2) = @ 1000 tickets of a lott xamrLe? 1 lery were sold and there a s se Si PINON Out of 1000 lottery tickets one ticke sou Total number of elementary eu Seco ee ijis given that there are 5 prizes on these 1000 tickets. Therefore, az, ‘Number of ways of selecting imber ing a prize ticket = 5 Favourable number of elementary events = 5 | pewinninga prize) = 5 Hence. [ Tooo ~ 005 AMPLE 10 A child has a block in the shape of a cube with one letter written on each face as chown below: Alplclplela qhe cube is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (DA? (i) D? Te GHON. In throwing the cube any one of the six faces may come upwar Total number of elementary event: Hye — a . {p There are two faces bearing letter. Favourable number of elementary events = 2 A 2, ‘Getting A) = == = Hence, P (Getting A) = 2 = 5 (i) There is only one face bearing letter D. Favourable number of elementary events = 1 1 Hence, P (Getting D) = 5 EXAMPLE 11. A bag contains 5 red balls, 8 white balls, 4 green balls and 7 black balls. If one ball isdrawn at random, find the probability that it is: (i) black Gi) red SOLUTION Total number of balls in the bag = 5+8 +447 = 24 Total number of elementary events = 24 () There are 7 black balls in the bag. Favourable number of elementary events = 7 (iii) not green. Z Hence, P (Getting a black ball) = 35 (i) There are 5 red balls in the bag. vourable number of elementary events Hence, P (Getting a red ball) = 53 (ii) There are 5 +8 +7 = 20 balls which are not green. MATHEMATICS x 1s10 Favourable number of elementary events = 20 0 P(Not getting a green ball) = 55 = 6 What is the probability that both will have EXAMPLE 12 Savita and Harida are friends, () the same birthday? (i) different birthdays? (ignoring a SOLUTION Savita may have any one of the 365 da Similarly, Hamida may have any one of 365 days of the year as her birthday. Total number of ways in which Savita and Hamida may have their birthday = 365 = 365, wita and Hamida may: have same birthday on any one of 365 days of the year which Savita and Hamida will have same birthday = 365 365 1 365 = 365 ~ 365 cap year), INCERT] of the year as her birthday. @ Number of ways Probability that Savita and Hamida will have the same birthday Gi) Probability that Savita and Hamida will have different birthdays. 1 ~ Probability that Savita and Hamida will have the same birthday _ 1 364 365 ~ 365 EXAMPLE 13. A letter is chosen at random from the letters of the word ‘ASSASSINATION’, Find the probability that the letter chosen is a (i) vowel (ii) consonant. SOLUTION There are 13 letters in the word ‘ASSASSINATION’ out of which one letter can be chosen in 13 ways. 5 Total number of elementary events = 13 (i) There are 6 vowels in the word ‘ASSASSINATION’. So, there are 6 ways of selecting a vowel. 1 Probability of selecting a vowel = © (ii) We have, ie Probability of selecting a consonant = 1 ~ Probability of selecting a vowel 67 13 13 EXAMPLE 14 Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at random from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish. What is the probability that the fish taken out is a male fish? INCERT] SOLUTION There are 13 (=8 + 5) fish out of which one can be chosen in 13 ways. S Total number of elementary events = 13 There are 5 male fish out of which one male fish can be chosen in 5 ways. Favourable number of elementary events = 5 Hence, required probability = gy bank contains hundred 50 paisa coins, fifty 1 coins, twenty & 2 coins and ten ® 5 coms. If tt is equally likely that one of the coins will fallout when the bank is turned up side down, what is the probability that the coin (i) will be a 50 paisa coin? (ii) will not be a @ 5 coins? INCERT] SOLUTION Total number of coins = 100 +50 +204 10= 180 So, one coin can be chosen out of 180 coins in 180 ways. Total number of elementary events = 180 G) There are 100 fifty paisa coins out of which one coin can be chosen in 100 ways. EXAMPLE 15 A pi - ry prowasll isin 4.50 paisa coin wit fat = 120 180 an 5 coins there are Probability that 9 gy orner 170 coins. Probability that coin fallen out is not a & 5 coin = 170 _ 17 co) 7 S = 150.7 15! pie se A game of chance consists of spinning A ea esta terrace Ng an arrow which comes to rest porting a Wer ail es cae PS Bis 15.1.and these are equalty likely outcontes. What 1s the hat 4 oint at (8? Cin) an oud number? cia) ber greater than 2? 0) a than 9? ini) a number greater than 2 CERT. CUSE 20161 Since the arrow can cometo rest INCE RT. CUSE 201 © 10 Fest at any one of the numbers 56 Total number of clement eat atany oncof the numbers 1.2.3.4. 5.6 1 Arrow points at 8) = 1 gy PLAFFOW Pe 2 iy There are 4 odd numbers, namely 1, 3,5, 7. mnt 1S ALUTION P (Arrow points at an odd number) = —— 8 52, (ii) There are 6 numbers greater than 2, namely, 3,4, 5, 6,7. 8. P (Arrow points at a number greater than 2) = © = 3 Fig 151 (iv) P (Arrow points at a number less than 9) = P (Arrow points at any number) = 8 = 1 AMPLE IZ A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times ard noting its outcome each time Hamif wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e three heads or three tatls, and loses oherwtse. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game. {NCURT. CBSE 2016, 17. 19} SOLUTION When a com ts tossed three times, possible outcomes are HHH, WIT, APH, THE, MTT, THY, PTH, TP Total number of elementary events = 8 Hanif will lose the game if all the tosses do not give the same result Le. all heads or all nils. So, favourable outcomes are: HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT, Favourable number of elementary events = 6 63 e, P (Hanif will lose the game) = © = 2 Hence, P( game) = 2 = 5 EXAMPLE 18 A jar contains 24 marbles some are gr at random from the jar, the probability that it is green is 2/3, Find the number of blue marbles INCERT] are others are blue. If a marble is drawn inthe jar. SOLUTION Let there be b blue marbles and g green marble: Total number of marbles in the jar =b + § Itis given that there are 24 marbles in the jar. in the jar. Then, beg = 24 @) Pp : ple ejary =X 3 228 pean? P (Getting a green marble from the jar) = 35 $e Sogn und Putting ¢ = 16 in (i), we get b= 8. Hence, there are 8 blue marbles in the jar. BAMPLE 19 A jar contains 54 marbles each of which is blue, green or white. The probability of 1 slecting a blue marble at random from the jar is 4, and the probability of selecting a green marble at random is 4 How many white marbles does the jar contain? 5 z y 1saz MATHEMATICS. x SOLUTION Let there be b blue, g green and w white marbles in the jar. Then, Sa «i 7 b P (Selecting a blue marble) = 2 « gab ble) = beg+u H ls piven that the probability of selecting a blue marbles 2 12 sete We have, oS (oo Bing > 8 Substituting the values of band gin (i), we get: 18+ 244 w = 54> w= 12 Hence, the jar contains 12 white marbles TRAMPLE 20 There are 40 students ir class X ofa school of whom 25 are girls and 15.are boys The class teacher has to select one stuulent as a clase representative. He whites the name gfe student on a separate card, the cards beng identical. Then she puts cards 10 bag okt ee them thoroughly. She then draves one card from the bag. What ts the probability thal the nae written on the card ts the name of (ia gil? (ida boys INCERTY SOLUTION Since there are 40 students and there is one card for each student. 'so, card can be chosen out of 40 cards in 40 ways Total number of elementary events = 40 (@ There are 25 girls and corresponding to each girl there is card of her name. Therefore, 4 card with the name of a girl can be chosen in 25 ways, P (Selecting a green marble) = ole Favourable number of elementary events = 25 ‘ 25 lence, P (Getting a card with the name of a girl) = 25 — 5 Hi « B ei) 5-5 P (Getting a card with name of a boy) = 1 ~ P (Getting a card with name of a girl) 5 873 EXAMPLE 21 A carton consists of 100 shirts of which 88 are good, 8 have minor defects and 4 have major defects. Jimmy, a trader, will only accept the shirts which are good, bat Sujatha another trader, will only reject the shirts which have musjor defects, One shirt i deaien al recent from the carton. What is the probability that it is acceptable to () Jimmy? (i) Supathin? Ieee, SOLUTION One shirt is drawn at random from the carton of 100 shirts. This can be done in 100 ways Total number of elementary events = 100. @ Since Jimmy accepts only good shirts and the number of good shirts is 88 Number of elementary events favourable to Jimmy = 88 So, probability that a shirt is acceptable to Jimmy = = = 0.88 (ii) Sujatha accepts good as well as shirts having minor defects. The number of such shirts is 88 + 8 = 96. Therefore, number of elementary events favourable to an event of selecting good shirt or a shirt with minor defect is 96. 96 ence, probability thata shirt is acceptable to ha = 28 _ 9, Hence, probability that tis acceptable to Sujatl Top 7 0.96 ypABILITY ree 15.13 Fa eer * 4S chosen at random from the numbers -2. AMP eNiability that x TON Clearly, number x cant, 1,0,1,2. What is the ‘observe that x7 < 2when x takes favourable number of clementary w any one of the following three values -1,0 and 1 events = 3 222.3 pence, POF <2)= 3, BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS) [XAMPLE 23 Two diceare thrown simultan (i) an even number as the sum (ii) a total ofat least 10 reously. Find the probability of getting: (ii) the stun asa prime number S Gv) adoublet of even number (9) amultiple of 20n one dice and a multiple of 30n the other (si) same number on both dice i.e. a doublet IcBse 2 (vii) amultiple of 3.as the sun SOLUTION Elementary events associated to the random experiment of throwing two dice are: (1.1 2. (3) 4,4), 0,5), 6) G1 (2,2), (23) @ 4), @5), 26) GBD. GB, G63, G4). 5), G6 GD. (2), 4,3, G4) G5), G6) GD. 5,2, (5,3), 4) 5), (5.6) © D, (6,2), (6 3), (6.4), (5), (6. 6) Total number of elementary events — 6 « 6 — 36 (i) Let A be the event of getting an even number as the sum i.e. 2, 4, 6,8, 10, 12 Elementary events favourable to event A are: (1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (2. 2), (1, 5). (5, 1), (2,4). (4,2), 3, 3), (2, 6), (6, 2), (4, 4), (5, 3), (3, 5), (5, 5), (6, 4), (4, 6) and (6, 6). Clearly, favourable number of elementary events — 18 Hence, required probability = 1 = 3 (i) Let A be the event of getting the sum as a prime number He. 2,3, 5,7, 11 Elementary events favourable to event A are: (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1). (1, 4). 1), (2, 3), 3, 2), (1,6), (6, 1), (2, 5), (5. 2), (3, 4), (4, 3), (6,5) and (5.6). Favourable number of elementary events = 15 Hence, required probability = 12 = & 36 ~ 12 (ii) Let A be the event of getting a total of at least 10 fc. 10, 11, 12. Then, the elementary events favourable to A are: (6, 4), (4, 6). (5, 5), (6, 5), (5, 6) and (6, 6). Favourable number of elementary events = 6 1 Hence, required probability s =4 (v) Let A be the event of getting a doublet of even number. Then, the elementary events favourable to A are (2, 2), (4,4) and (6, 6). Favourable number of elementary events = 3 a MATHEMATICS 1 36 12 1A be the event of getting a multiple of 2 on one dic and a multiple of 3. on the other the elementary events favourable to Aare: 2, 3), 2, 6). G3). 6), (6. 5), (6, 6), GB, 2), G, 4), 8.6), (6, 2). (6, 4). avourable number of elementary events = 11 u 36, (vi) Let A be the event of getting the same number on both dice. Then events favourable to A are: (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5) and (6, 6). Favourable number of elementary events — 6 Hence, required probability Hence, required probability elementary Hence, required probabitity = = 2 (vii) Let A be the event of getting a multiple of 3 as the sum he. 3, 6, 9% 12. Then, elementary events favourable to A are: (1, 2), (2, 1), (1,5). (5, D, (2-4). 4, 2). G3), 3,6), (6, 3), (5, 4), (4, 5), (6, 6). Favourable number of elementary events = 12. age Hence, required probability = 7 a Pi De see a EXAMPLE 24 Peter throws tivo different dice together and finds the product of the two numbers obtained. Rina throws a die and squares the number obtained. Who las the better chance to get the nuniber 25? feust 2017) SOLUTION The person having higher probability of getting the number 25 has the better chance. When a pair of dice is thrown, there are 36 elementary events as given below: GD, G2, ,3), G4), G5) C6) @y @2. 23, 2a es, &H Gy 62, 23, GH, Bs, BH Gd, 42, Ad aa as. ao GY. 62. 63. Ga GS. 66 1. (6.2), 6.3 6.4) 5) 6.6) So, the product of numbers on two dice can take values 1, 2, 3, v.36 The product of two numbers on two dice will be 25 if both the dice show number 5. So, there is only one elementary event, viz., (5, 5), favourable to getting 25. P= Probability that Peter throws 25=- Rina throws a die on which she can get any one of the six numbers 1, 2, outcome, If she gets number 5.on the upper face of the die thrown, then the sq Rumber is 25. 4.5, 6 as an © of the ry = Probability that the square of number obtained is 25 = 2, Ciescly, p= py-S0, Rinn has beter chance to get the number 25 EXAMPLEDS Find theprobablity hata leap yearselocted at random will contain 53 Sundays Eee DMs Ince port tiare ne ocd ee raco nen ee Thus, a leap year has always 52 Sunday 5 2 days can be: (@ Sunday and Monday jay and Tuesday. - pRODARILITY 1545 (ai) Tuesday and’ ea (iv) Wednesday and Thursday Ny Thursday and Friday (vi) Friday and Saturda’ Ciearly. there are seven elementary events associated with this random experiment Ci be the event that a leap year has 53 Sundays. Hearly, the event A will happen if the last two days of the leap year are Cea ga nelay el Sua oe Favourable number of elementary events = 2 ther Sunday and 2 pence, required probability = 2 mpLeze The king, queen and jack of clubs are removed from a deck of bell slinffled. One card 15 selected from the remaining cards. Find the probability of gettins. () ahenrt (ii) aking (ii) achub (iy) the “10° of hearts SOLUTION After removing king, queen and jack of clubs from a deck of 52 playing cards are 49 cards left in the deck. Out of these 49 cards one card can be chosen in 49 ways: Total number of elementary events 19 (i) There are 13 heart cards in the deck containing 49 cards out of which one heart card can be chose in 13 way: Favourable number of elementary events = 13 3 ence, P (Getting a heart Henc c S d= 5 (i) There are 3 kings in the deck containing 49 cards. Out of these three kings one king can be chosen in 3 ways. : Favourable number of elementary events = 3 3 2 playing cards and the Bal there Hence, P (Getting a king) = (ii) After removing king, queen and jack of clubs only 10 club cards are left in the Out of these 10 club cards one club card is chosen in 10 ways. Favourable number of elementary events = 10 Hence, P (Getting a club) 2 (iv) There is only one ‘10’ of hearts. Favourable number of elementary events = 1 deck. Hence, _P (Getting the ‘10’ to hearts) 4 EXAMPLE27_A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball isdouble that ofa red ball, find the number of blue balls ix the bag. (NCERT. CUSE 2007} SOLUTION Let there be x blue balls in the bag. Total number of balls in the bag = (5 + x) Now, _p, = Probability of drawing a blue ball = =~ ~ 5 pz = Probability of drawing a red ball = 57> i = x 10 Mtiogiven that p, = 2p, > S257 2"Sex Pea Sea 77! Hence, there are 10 blue balls in the bag, 15.16 MATHEMATICS - x EXAMPLE 28 A bag contains 12 balls out of which x are white. G) Ifone ball is drawn at random, what is the probability that it will be a white ball? Gi) If 6 more white balls are put in the bag, the probability of drawing a white ball will be double than that in (1). Find x NCERT} SOLUTION (i) There are 12 balls in the bag. Out of these 12 balls one can be chosen in 12 w. Total number of elementary events = 12 There are x white balls out of which one can be chosen in x ways. Favourable number of elementary events (Getting a white ball) « B ee Gi) If 6 more white balls are putin the bag, then Total number of balls in the bag = 12 + 6 = 18 , Number of wi Hence, p= balls in the bags = x 4 6 Pa = (Getting a white ball) = =+& Itisgiven that p; = 2p). BO = eee 2 Te 72% Gg = AGS - 5 = 66+ 6) = 18x = or +36 - 18x > 12x = 36 S x= EXAMPLE 29 Cards marked with the numbers 2 to 101 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card ts drawn from this box. Find the probability that the number on the card @ an even number Gi) a number less than 14 Gli) @ munber which is a perfect square (iv) a prime number less than 20. SOLUTION There are 100 cards in the box out of which one card can be drawn in 100 ways. Total number of elementary events = 100 () From numbers 2 to 101, there are 50 even numbers, namely, 2, 4. 6, 8, «.., 100. Out of these 50 even numbered cards, one card can be chosen in 50 ways. . Favourable number of elementary events = 50 50 1 Hence, _P (Getting an even numbered card) = 30. = 2 Gi) There are 12 cards bearing numbers less than 14 i.e. numbers 2, 3, 4,5, Favourable number of elementary events = 12 . ability = 22 = 3 Hence, _ required probability = 755 = 35 (ii) Those numbers from 2 to 101 which are perfect squares are 4,9, 16,25, 36,49, 64, 81, 100 Le. squares of 2, 3, 4,5, ..., and 10 respectively. Therefore, there are 9 cards marked with the numbers which are perfect squares. Favourable number of elementary events = 9 Hence, P (Getting a card marked with a number which is a perfect square) = —2— (iy) Prime numbers less than 20 in the numbers from 2 to 101 are 2,3, 5.7, 11, ‘Thus, there are 8 cards marked with prime numbers less than 20. Out of these 8 cards one card can be chose in 8 ways. Favourable number of elementary events = 8 P(Getti fa card marked witha prime number less than 20) = —2- number x then @ Sorel pasiret se A number x is selected from the numbers 1. 2, 3 and then a second number ¥ 35 Peony selected from the numbers 1. 4,9. What is the probability that the product xy of the two amber tl umber Siiurion Number x can be selected in three ways and corresponding to each such way perc are three ways of electing number y Therefore, two numbers can be selected 1" 9 eas listed below: (11), (1, 4), (1. 9, (2,1), (2. 4), (2, 9), (3, 1), (3, 4). 9 Pec ittoer emery anh 2 4).(2, 9), (3,0), (3,4), 9) Sie product xy will be less than 9, if x, and y are chosen in one of the following ways: ree Gn). eae i — 7 Favourable number of elementary events = 5 2, required probability = > Hence, required P' ity = 2 BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) a pramPLe 31 On the disc shown below, a player spins the arrow twice. The fraction 7 is formed, gherea is the number of the sector where the arrow stops after the first spin and b is the number of Ertor where the arrow stops after the second spin. On every spin each of the numbered sector has an 1 probability of being the sector on which the arrow stops. What 1s the probability that the fraction aqua 4 greater than 1? (cBse 20161 OLUTION Since the arrow can stop in any one of the six sectors. So, 2 —~ ind bboth can assume values from 1 to 6. Thus, the ordered pair (a,b)can//S eX hum the following values: { 0, 4,2), 0,3), (4), 5). 0.6) (2, 0,2, 2) (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6) Fig. 15.2 isordered pairs | B-D. (3.2), (3, 3).(3,4), (3,5), (3-6) | 15 ordered pairs (a,b)wherea > b (a,b) where a b. Favourable number of elementary events = 15 a5" 5 Hence, required probability = 32 = 75 EXERCISE 15.1 BASIC 1 The probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.85. What is the probability that it will not rain tomorrow? a MATHEMATICS _ x 10. u 13. 14. Adie thrown. Find the probability of getting @) a prime number —[NCERT, CBSE 2019) Gn 20rd (a) a multiple of 2 or 3 (iv) an even prime number [Csi 2005) (9) a number greater than 5 [CSF 2008) (vi) a number lying between 2 and 6 (eit) a composite number [CBSE 2019} INCERT. CBSE 2015) Two unbiased dice are thrown. Find the probability that the total of the numbers on the dice is greater than 10 ICBSE 2016) A box contains 20 cards numbered from 1 to 20. A card is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is G) divisible by 2 or 3 ) 2 prime number ICBSE 2015) A bag contains 3 red balls, 5 black balls and 4 white balls, A ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the probability that the ball drawn is. (i) white? Gi) red? (iil) black? (iv) not red? Ice A bag contains cards numbered from 1 to 49. A card is drawn from the bag at random, after mixing the card thoroughly. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is () an odd number (i) a multiple of 5 (ii) a perfect square Gv) an even prime number. [cBse 2014) A piggy bank contains hundred 50 paise coins, fifty £1 coins, twenty % 2 coins and ten 75 coins. If itis equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down, find the probability that the coin which fell (i) will be a 50 paise wit Gi) will be of value more than @ 1 (iii) will be of value less than & 5. (iv) will be a Lor ©2 coin IcBse Cards numbered 1 to 30 are put in a bag. A card is drawn at random from this bag. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is ()_not divisible by 3 ICBSE 2005] (i) a prime number greater than 7 (iii) not a perfect square number. ICBSE 2014) A bag contains 4 red, 5 black and 6 white balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at random. Find the probability that the ball drawn 41 @) white Gi) red (iii) not black (iv) red or white ICBSE 2004) One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting: (i) aking of red suit (ii) a face card a red face card a spade INCERTI (iv) a queen of black suit (¥) ajack of hearts (wv! ve cards—ten, jack. queen, king, and an ace of diamonds are shuffled face downwards. One Card is picked at random G). What ts the probability that the card is a queen? Gd en ving is drawn first and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked Upisthe @) ace? Gi) king? Chst 2011, NCERTI [A group consists of 12 persons, of which 3 are extremely patient, other 6 are extremely honest Ine Te Gre eutremely kind. A person from the group is selected at random. Assuming, that ‘Shiperson is equally Likely to Be selected, find the probability of selecting a person who is () Slutehely patient (i) extremely kind or honest, Which of the above you prefer more cast 2013] A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which is equally likely to Come to rest pointing to one of the number, 1, 2, 3, .., 12 as shown in Fig. 15.3. What is the probability that it will point to: 107 Gi) an odd number? (ii) a number which is multiple of 3? (iv) an even number? ‘A box contains cards numbered 3, 5, 7,9, --. 35,37. A card is drawn at random Fig. 15.3 from the box. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is a prime number. {CBSE 20131 a 2. 25. 6 a b #0 Spanilily 153.19 Abag contains 5 red, 8 white and 7 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that the drawn ball is (i) red or white (11) not black (11H) neither white nor black {Cmst 2005) pind the probability that a number selected from the number 1 to 25 is not a prime number fc bot 20051 Finer cach of the given numbers is equally likely to be selected A bor contains 100 red cards, 200 yellow cards and 50 blue cards. If a card is drawn at random from the box, then find the probability that it will be (i) a blue card (ii) not a yellow card (i) pelther yellow nor a blue card tense 20121 Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1, 2. 3, () prime number (i) multiple of 7 (i) a multiple of Vor 5 Abag contains tickets numbered 11, 12,13... 30 A ticket is taken out from the bag at random, Find the probability that the number on the drawn ticket (i) is 9 multiple of 7 (11) ts greater than ts and a multiple of 5. TC Bsr 2008] Abag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without looking ihe bag. What is the probability that she takes out (@) anvorange flavoured candy ? (i) a lemon flavoured candy? It is given that na group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same birthday 5 0.992, Whats the probability that the 2 students have the same birthday ?/SCERTI Cards marked with numbers 13, 14,15, .., 60 are placed in a box and mixed thoroushly, One tard is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that number on the card drawn 35 isa TCS 20061 INCERT] () divisible by 5 (3) a number is a perfect square [crsk 20" Harpreet tosses two different coins simultancously (say, one is of € 1 and other of € 2) What is the probability that he gets at least one head? (NCERT] Alot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and others good. Nuri will buy a pen if itis good, but will not buy ifitis defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at random and gives itto her. What 1s the probability that (She will buy it? Gi) She will not buy it? INCERT] 12 defective pens are accidently mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at pen and tell whether or not it is defective. one pen is taken out at random from this lot, Determine the probability that the pen taken out 1s good one INCERT] Examine each of the following statements and comment (@ If two coins are tossed at the same time, there are 3 possible outcomes—two heads, two tails, or one of each. Therefore, for each outcome, the probability of occurrence is 1/3 (NCERTI (i) a die is thrown once, there are two possible outcomes—an odd number or an even number. Therefore, the probability of obtaining an odd number 1s 1/2 and the probability of obtaining an even number is 1/2 INCERT] BASED ON LOTS: In a simultancous throw of a pair of dice, find the probability of geting, ( Bas the sum (ii) 2 will not come either time [CBSE 2015. 19] (ii) a doublet of prime numbers Gy) a doublet of odd numbers ICRSE 2017] (v) a sum greater than 9 (vi) an even number on first (vii) an even number on one and a multiple of 3 on the other (iti) neither 9 nor 11 as the sum of the numbers on the faces (ox) a sum less than 6 (x) a sum less than 7 (a) a sum more than 7 (xi) 5 at least once ICBSE 2019] (ii) a number other than 5 on any dice. (xiv) even number on each die [CBSE 2014. 15] (xv) 5.as the sum ICBSE 2014. 15} (evi) 2 will come up at least once [CBSE 2015] What is the probability that a leap year has 53 Tuesdays and 53 Mondays? Icnse 2015} 1520 MATHEMATICS — x 30, 32. 33. a. 3. 36. a A black die and a white die ai fs the probability that G) the sum of the two numbers that turn up is 87 (4) of obtaining a total of 67 Gu) of obtaining a total of 107 Gy) of obtaining the same number on both dice? (©) of obtaining a total more than 9? (2) that the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top of the dice is 13? (ou) that the sum of the numbers appearing on the top of the dice 1s less than of equal to 127 (oi) that the product of numbers appearing on the top of the dice is less than 9. (CUSL sui} (x) that the difference of the numbers appearing on the top of the two dice is 2. [Csi 201s} () that the numbers obtained have a product less than 16 [Cust 2013] c thrown at the same time. Write all the possible outcomes, What All red face cards are removed from a pack of playing cards. The remaining cards are well Shuifled and then a card is drawn at random from them. Find the probability that the drawn card is @) a red card (ii) a face card and (isi) a card of clubs. [CBSE 2015] Ina bag there are 44 identical cards with figure of circle oF square on them. There are 24 circles, of which 9 are blue and rest are green and 20 squares of which 11 are blue and rest are One card is drawn from the bag at random, nd the probability that it has the figure of (@) square (11) green colour, (iH) blue circle and (Ww) green square, 1Cbst All kings and queens are removed from a pack of 52 cards. The remaining cards are well- shuffled and then a card 1s randomly drawn from it. Find the probability that this card is (@) a red face card Gi) a black card ICHSE 2014) (it) either a red card or a queen (iv) red and a queen The king, queen and jack of clubs are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and the remaining cards are shuffled. A card is drawn from the remaining cards. Find the probability of getting, () a card of heart Gi) a queen Git) a card of clubs fiv) a face card (w) a queen of diamond. [CBSE 2009, (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What is the probability that this bulb is defective? (i) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and not replaced. Now bulb is drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective? INCERT] A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one dises is drawn at random from. the box, find the probability that it bears (i) a two digit number (ii) a perfect square number (iii) a number divisible by 5. [HSE 2017, NCLRT} Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time. Complete the following table Events ‘Sum on two dice [2 [3] 4[5]6[7 [8 [9 [10] 11] 12 Probability From the above table a student argues that there are 11 possible outcomes 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7,8,9, 10, 11 and 12. Therefore, each of them has a probability1/11. Do you agree with this argument? INCERT] BASED ON HOTS ‘Two customers are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Monday to Saturday). Each is, equally likely to visit the shop on any one day as on another. What is the probability that both. will visit the shop on: (@) the same day? — (ii) different days? INCERT} — answers a 3 a¢108 ol 1 1 2 1 1 1 os 2M 5 GZ GDF GY |W | wD Z Wid ree 1s21 swt oo w 2 6q@2 9 er) 3 = 4608 wz we 7 . 1 5 2 i w Z aw 2 a 2 4 2 8 (oO Te 2 OF ay 5 ain 2 ow 5) qs Gi) Fav) 5 + ww i - = 26 7-0 2 wy DG ww a eo Gi) F t6. 7 WF 3 2 aw 7 Oi > 20. (i) 0 (ii) 1 21. 0.008 Oa Was 33. 5 2p ge. () Incorrect) We can classify the 7 Tikely, because the es (a) Corn wo 3 28. outcomes like this but in such a case they are not equally vent ‘one of each’ is twice as likely to occur as the remaining, two. t The two outcomes consider Bae : red in the question are equally likely. 9 ye re et 56 36) 75 12) GOD F (id FE (iid Z GO FR_OD BOW FE Os 3g 25 a 1 u 1 ow) 36%) G7 OY 5 Own Tas @ 6 4 2s wo ot wid 5 Wo Fw B 5 Go 9 nO 7 O Fw Faw Zaz 1B io ora 1 Bw 49 45 GO FS OW Boy Baa . 36. [Event Sum ontwode | 2] 39 Probability 23 36 | 36 | 36 1 5 5 No, the outcomes are not equally likely. 37. @ 2 Gi) 2 iy iP HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 31. Required probability = 1 ~ Probability that they have the same birthday = 1— 0.992 =0.008 23. All possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH, TT. Total number of elementary events = 4 Atleast one head is obtained if she gets any one of the following as an outcome: HH, HT, TH. 3 Required probability = t : 3) Probabity that Nur buys the pon = Probability of selecting a good pen = 124 = 3E 2 5 (3) P (Nuri will not buy pen) = P (electing a defective pen) = Fr = 2 132 35. Required probability = V2 15 MW Required probabili (i) Required probability = 15 X @ Required probability (i) Required ps WY = 45 () There are 81 two-digit numbers from 1 to 90. ‘1 81 P(Getting a disc bearing a two digit number) = St 4 5 2 2 a. 1s, 15, 16. MATHEMATICS x (0) There are 9 perfect squares from 1 to 90, namely, 1, 4,9, 16,25, 36, 0. 81 en P(Getting a disc bearing a perfect square) = 2 = 1 5 a Perfect square) = 55 = 7g isa (uP (Getting a disc bearing a number divisible by 5) = 18 = 1 s S ber divisible by 5) = TF = 2 Twoe stomers can visit the shop on two days in 6 = 6 = 36 ways. Total number of elementary events (Two customers can visit the shop on the same day in one of the following ways. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday Favourable number of ways = 6. So, required probability = & = 1 z is 36 6 Gi) Required probability < 1-2 6 (iu) Two customers can visit the shop on consecutive days in the following ways: (Monday, Tuesday), Tuesday, Wednesday), (Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday, Friday), (Priday, Saturday) 10 5. Required probability = 32 = 75 VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs) Basic Cards each marked with one of the numbers 4,5, 6, .., 20 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card is drawn at random from the box What is the probability of netting su even number? One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. What is the probability of getting a non-face card? AA bag contains 5 red, 8 green and 7 white balls. One ball is drawn at random from the bag. What iS the probability of getting a white ball or a green ball? AA die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting a prime number? \s the probability of getting a number lying between 2 and 6? the probability of getting an odd number? 1, E denote the complement or negation of an even E, what is the value of P(E) + P(E)? One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting an ace? Two coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting at least one head? Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random, What is the probability that the ticket drawn bears a number which isa multiple of 3? From a well shuffled pack of cards, a card is drawn at random. Find the probabi a Black queen A die is thrown once. Wha! A die is thrown once. What i ty of getting ICBSE 2005] A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting a number less than 3. [CSF 2005. 20) Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting exactly one head. ICBSE 2009] A die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting a number greater than 42 [CDSE 2010] What is the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 3, 4,5, ..,9 isa multiple of 47 [CBSE 2010] A letter of English alphabet is chosen at random. Determine the probability that the chosen. letter is a consonant ICHSE 2015. 201 — > ypABILITY 1523, PROB. A bag contains 3 red and 5 black balls A ball is drawn at random from the bag, Whats the 1 eobability that the ball drawn is not red? [cps 20171 J. A number 1 chosen at random from the numbers, ~ 3, — 2-1, 0, 1, 2, 3. What will be the probability that the square of this number 1s less than or equal to 17 [cost 1 ye. Ifthe probability of winning a game 150.07, what is the probability of losing H7 —[CUSE 2020) jo. Ma number 1s chosen at random from the numbers ~3.—2,- 1,0, 1,2, 3, Whatis the probability ICBSF 2020] that P< 4? Abag contains 4 red, 3 blue and 2 yellow balls One ball is drawn at random from the bag, Find the probability that drawn ball is (4) red (ii) yellow tense 202M 52. A fair coin is tossed twice, find the probability of getting ‘at most one head” TeHSt 2023) ANSWERS a a : i il a: A —. FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS (FBQs) Basic An experiment in which all the outcomes are known in advance and the exact outcome is not known in advance is called a __ experiment. ‘alled _ Outcomes of a random vents. periment a The set of alll possible outcomes of a random experiment is called the Subsets of a sample space are called An event obtained by comb nig tw 4 sae 5. or more elementary events is called a event, 6. The range of probability of any event of a random experiment 7. s. 9, 0. The probability of any event associated to a random experiment cannot exceed. . IFAS or A or A’ denote the complement of an event A, then P(A) = Ifan event A cannot occur, then P(A) The probability expressed as a percentage of a particular occurrence can never be less than _____ and greater than _ 1. Getting any one of the numbers from 1 to 6 on the upper face of a die when thrown is called event 12. Probability of a sure e 13. Probability of an impossible event is 14. The probability of an event (other than sure and impossible event) lies between Every elementary event associated toa random experiment has Probability. Probability of an event A + Probability of event ‘not A’ Sum of the probabilities of each outcome in an experiment is, 5 INCERT}

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