UNIT-IV

INTERNET ACCESS

Internet access is a facility or service that provides connectivity for a computer, a computer
network, or other network device to the Internet, and for individuals or organizations to access or
use applications such as email and the World Wide Web. Internet access is offered for sale by an
international hierarchy of Internet service providers (ISPs) using various networking technologies.
At the retail level, many organizations, including municipal entities, also provide cost-free access
to the general public.

The availability of Internet access to the general public began with the commercialization of the
early Internet in the early 1990s, and has grown with the availability of useful applications, such
as the World Wide Web. In 1995, only 0.04 percent of the world's population had access, with
well over half of those living in the United States [1] and consumer use was through dial-up. By
the first decade of the 21st century, many consumers in developed nations used
faster broadband technology. By 2014, 41 percent of the world's population had access,
[2] broadband was almost ubiquitous worldwide, and global average connection speeds exceeded
one megabit per second.[3] Types of connections range from fixed cable home (such
as DSL and fiber optic) to mobile (via cellular) and satellite.[4]

List of content you will read in this article:

1. Types of internet connections

2. Ways to improve internet speed

3. Conclusion

Internet access refers to users or organizations connecting to the internet via laptops, mobile
devices, or personal computers. It is often provided in schools, public places, homes, workplaces,
libraries, internet cafes, etc. Data signalling rates determine internet access; hence users are
connected at varying internet speed rates. Because of internet access, web-based services and
internet services are available.

In the beginning, the internet's dial-up access garnered huge popularity. Technologies have
transformed quickly, enabling more reliable, faster internet access options. Broadband
technologies like ADSL and cable internet are the most utilized internet access methods.
Your internet's cost, availability, speed, and reliability heavily rely on the type of connection,
region, and internet service provider. It is also essential to remember that internet distribution
between countries and regions is uneven mainly because of development index, income, and
technological development.

Some of the ways to access the internet include:

Mobile connection

Dial-up

Satellite

Wireless connection

Broadband

Hotspots

DSL

Types of internet connections

Knowing the differences between the connections is essential when choosing the type and speed
that meets your needs. There are numerous ways to connect your e-reader, tablet, gaming console,
desktop, smartphone, or laptop to the internet in this day and age. Below is a deep dive into
common connections.

1. WiFi hotspots

These sites offer internet access over WLAN, a Wireless Local Area Network, through a router
that connects to an internet provider. Hotspots use WiFi technology that uses radio waves to
connect electronic devices to the internet or for wireless data exchanges. A hotspot can either be
free-standing or phone-based, free or commercial.

2. Broadband

This is a high-speed connection provided via telephone or cable companies. It is among the fastest
options currently, and it uses several multiple channels to transfer massive volumes of
information. Broadband is short for broad bandwidth. Connections like cable and DSL are
regarded as high-bandwidth connections. Although most DSL connections are viewed as
broadband, not all broad bandwidth connections are DSL.
3. Dial-up

In dial-up connections, users have to link their phone line to a computer to access the internet.
This type of connection, also known as analogue, restricts users from making or receiving phone
calls via their phone service when using the internet. Although dial-up connections were
commonly used before, they are currently outdated.

4. Satellite

A satellite internet connection could be available in areas where a broad bandwidth connection is
unavailable. Similar to wireless access, a satellite connection uses a modem.

5. Cable

Cable internet connections fall under broadband connections. Users can access the internet over
cable TV lines using a cable modem. These modems typically offer fast access to the internet,
making this type of connection desirable to many internet users.

6. DSL

DSL is the acronym for Digital Subscriber Line, and it utilizes existing 2-wire copper phone lines
connected to a user's home. Internet service is delivered simultaneously with landline phone
services. Unlike dial-up connections, users can make calls while still browsing the internet.

7. ISDN

Integrated Service Digital Network, commonly ISDN, enables users to send video, voice content,
and data over standard or digital telephone lines. The user and the internet access provider must
install an ISDN adapter at both ends of this transmission. Other than these seven, other options
include Optical Carrier, T-1 lines, and T-3 lines.

Ways to improve internet speed

Regardless of your internet connection, it is common to experience lagging in internet speed from
time to time. If this is becoming more prevalent, here are some tips that will help you improve
your internet speed.

1. Get a good location for your wireless router

Your wireless router functions by dispersing radio signals out in every direction. These signals
possess significantly high frequencies, which unfortunately make them quite short range.
Moreover, the signals work like radio signals, meaning they can be blocked or slowed down by
random objects along their paths. The objects along the path of the signals may degrade the
quality and speed of your internet.

To fix this problem, relocate the router. When the router is nearer where you are working from,
the speed will be faster than if it was behind these obstacles or in some distant corner of your
working space. Removing obstacles and distance will ultimately improve the speed.

2. Disconnect extra and unused gadgets

Often, you will connect devices to your internet and forget to disconnect once you finish using
them. These unused devices typically drain insignificant amounts of bandwidth. However, you
may drastically reduce the available bandwidth if you leave multiple gadgets connected after use,
like your smart TV, phone, and gaming console.

Worse still, perhaps the devices you consider idle are on and likely still using up data,
downloading data, or updating apps. To ensure that the speed is optimum, ensure that the unused
devices you are not using are disconnected from your internet.

Systematically switch off the WiFi connection on the devices. After that, you will notice a great
improvement in speed.

3. Reboot your router

Sometimes you are working on your device for countless hours non-stop, which could make it
sluggish. The best course of action is rebooting your device in such a case. Any background
process you don't need, and cached information will be cleared, and your computer will go back
to running faster.

The wireless router that provides you with the internet is a small computer that holds background
processes and memory. It also cashes information. Frequent resets will ensure that things are
working more efficiently.

Try these tips, and you will undoubtedly notice the improvement in internet speed. It will also be
easier and more efficient to work on your PC without disruptions. hat is Internet Protocol (IP)?

Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to
another on the internet. Each computer -- known as a host -- on the internet has at least one IP
address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the internet.
IP is the defining set of protocols that enable the modern internet. It was initially defined in May
1974 in a paper titled, "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication," published by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and authored by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn.

At the core of what is commonly referred to as IP are additional transport protocols that enable
the actual communication between different hosts. One of the core protocols that runs on top of IP
is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which is often why IP is also referred to as TCP/IP.
However, TCP isn't the only protocol that is part of IP.

How does IP routing work?

When data is received or sent -- such as an email or a webpage -- the message is divided into
chunks called packets. Each packet contains both the sender's internet address and the receiver's
address. Any packet is sent first to a gateway computer that understands a small part of the
internet. The gateway computer reads the destination address and forwards the packet to an
adjacent gateway that in turn reads the destination address and so forth until one gateway
recognizes the packet as belonging to a computer within its immediate neighborhood --
or domain. That gateway then forwards the packet directly to the computer whose address is
specified.

Because a message is divided into a number of packets, each packet can, if necessary, be sent by a
different route across the internet. Packets can arrive in a different order than the order they were
sent. The Internet Protocol just delivers them. It's up to another protocol -- the Transmission
Control Protocol -- to put them back in the right order.

IP packets

While IP defines the protocol by which data moves around the internet, the unit that does the
actual moving is the IP packet.

An IP packet is like a physical parcel or a letter with an envelope indicating address information
and the data contained within.

An IP packet's envelope is called the header. The packet header provides the information needed
to route the packet to its destination. An IP packet header is up to 24 bytes long and includes the
source IP address, the destination IP address and information about the size of the whole packet.

The other key part of an IP packet is the data component, which can vary in size. Data inside an
IP packet is the content that is being transmitted.
What is an IP address?

IP provides mechanisms that enable different systems to connect to each other to transfer data.
Identifying each machine in an IP network is enabled with an IP address.

Similar to the way a street address identifies the location of a home or business, an IP address
provides an address that identifies a specific system so data can be sent to it or received from it.

An IP address is typically assigned via the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). DHCP
can be run at an internet service provider, which will assign a public IP address to a particular
device. A public IP address is one that is accessible via the public internet.

A local IP address can be generated via DHCP running on a local network router, providing an
address that can only be accessed by users on the same local area network.

Differences between IPv4 and IPv6

The most widely used version of IP for most of the internet's existence has been Internet Protocol
Version 4 (IPv4).

IPv4 provides a 32-bit IP addressing system that has four sections. For example, a sample IPv4
address might look like 192.168.0.1, which coincidentally is also commonly the default IPv4
address for a consumer router. IPv4 supports a total of 4,294,967,296 addresses.

A key benefit of IPv4 is its ease of deployment and its ubiquity, so it is the default protocol. A
drawback of IPv4 is the limited address space and a problem commonly referred to as IPv4
address exhaustion. There aren't enough IPv4 addresses available for all IP use cases. Since 2011,
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) hasn't had any new IPv4 address blocks to allocate.
As such, Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) have had limited ability to provide new public IPv4
addresses.

In contrast, IPv6 defines a 128-bit address space, which provides substantially more space than
IPv4, with 340 trillion IP addresses. An IPv6 address has eight sections. The text form of the IPv6
address is xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx, where each x is a hexadecimal digit,
representing 4 bits.

The massive availability of address space is the primary benefit of IPv6 and its most obvious
impact. The challenges of IPv6, however, are that it is complex due to its large address space and
is often challenging for network administrators to monitor and manage.

IP network protocols
IP is a connectionless protocol, which means that there is no continuing connection between the
end points that are communicating. Each packet that travels through the internet is treated as an
independent unit of data without any relation to any other unit of data. The reason the packets are
reassembled in the right order is because of TCP, the connection-oriented protocol that keeps
track of the packet sequence in a message.

In the OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection), IP is in layer 3, the networking layer.

There are several commonly used network protocols that run on top of IP, including:

TCP. Transmission Control Protocol enables the flow of data across IP address connections.

UDP. User Datagram Protocol provides a way to transfer low-latency process communication that
is widely used on the internet for DNS lookup and voice over Internet Protocol.

FTP. File Transfer Protocol is a specification that is purpose-built for accessing, managing,
loading, copying and deleting files across connected IP hosts.

HTTP. Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the specification that enables the modern web. HTTP
enables websites and web browsers to view content. It typically runs over port 80.

HTTPS. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is HTTP that runs with encryption via Secure
Sockets Layer or Transport Layer Security. HTTPS typically is served over port 443.

Internet addresses
The Internet Protocol (IP) uses a 32-bit, two-part address field.

Subnet addresses
Subnet addressing allows an autonomous system made up of multiple networks to share the same
Internet address.

Broadcast addresses
The TCP/IP can send data to all hosts on a local network or to all hosts on all directly connected
networks. Such transmissions are called broadcast messages.

Local loopback addresses

The Internet Protocol defines the special network address, 127.0.0.1, as a local loopback address.

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an Internet application that was developed by Jakko Oikarinen in
Finland. Chat is the most convenient immediate way to communicate with others via Internet.
There are a number of topics called “channels” through which you can chat with many people all
over the world. After joining channel, you can see what other people on this channel type on their
keyboards. In that situation, everyone on this channel can see whatever you type on your
keyboard. You can also hold individual conversations with someone. Channels get live on
different servers around the world. Some servers have only a few channels, while others have
many of them.

Model used for IRC :

IRC follows client-server model. It means that both client and server software are required in
order to use it. Many IT (Information Technology) clients are available for different kinds of
computers, so whether you have a PC, Macintosh, or UNIX work-section, you will be able to use
IRC.

Chatting on IRC :

IRC client connects/communicates with IRC server on Internet. First, you have to log on to the
server using a client and then pick the channel on which you want to chat. They are sent to your
server when you type words on your keyboard. Now your server is part of global IRC server
network. Your server sends your messages to other servers, which in turn, sends your messages to
people who are part of your channel.

They can then read and respond to your messages. Many websites use proprietary chat software
that does not use IRC protocol but enables you to chat when you are on site. There is another kind
of chat, called Instant Messaging. In this kind of chatting, you communicate privately, one-to-one,
with another person. You can create special lists so that you are informed when your “buddies”
come online, ready to chat, and they are informed when you come online.

Working on IRC :

When you want to chat, first you have to make a connection to Internet and then start your client
software. After that, you need to log on to IRC server which is located on Internet. There are
many IRC servers are located all over the world. Those IRC servers are connected together in
network so that they can communicate with each other.

Servers are connected in spanning tree architecture. In this case, each server is connected to
several others, but these servers are not directly connected to one another. When you connect to
server, first you have to choose a specific channel to join and then choose a user name to identify
yourself when you at chat. Many channels are available that cover different topics. Your message
is sent from client software on your PC to IRC server to which you are connected. Then message
is sent from one server to other servers where all users on this channel are logged on.

In this network, messages are transferred from one server to another server. Under a spanning-tree
server architecture, a message always takes the shortest route through network to reach its final
destination. Each server sends messages to client software of their respected users who are
connected to channel/network. Then people/users can read and respond to your message on their
computers.

Client Software for Chat :

CHAT TYPE SOFTWARE REQUIRED

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Chat program such as mIRC or Ircle

Web-based chat Web browsers like Netscape or Internet Explorer

AOL (America Online)

Chat AOL access program for America online

Direct Chat Programs ICQ, AOL Instant Messenger, or other program

Conferencing program (CU-SeeMe, Netscape conference,

Online Conferencing Netmeeting)

Chat Servers :

Communication servers permit you to give your information to large number of users in
environment that is just like Internet newsgroups. The most advanced servers have recently
started augmenting the text-based medium of conversation with dynamic voice and video support.
There are three major types of communication servers :

1. EFnet servers

2. UnderNet Servers

3. DALnet servers
Each server has its own hostname, which mostly consists of the name of the server and Internet
that it accesses. As servers already might have maximum number of user connections, you may
not be allowed to connect to the server of your choice.

Smileys :

When we talk to people face-to-face, the tone of your voice and your facial expressions impart
great meaning to what you say. You can personalize your written messages by using smileys you
create with your keyboard. Maximum time the main use of smileys is to indicate joke. When text
might not be clear. There are different types of smileys which are as follows :

1. Basic Smileys
2. Widely Used Smileys
3. Midget Smileys
4. Mega Smileys
5. Usenet Smileys
6. Emotional Smileys

Advantages of IRC:

It is decentralized.

It allows chat and file sharing.

Flexible and robust which allows real time discussion.

It has the concept of access levels for better privacy.

Disadvantages of IRC:

It consumes bandwidth.

Concern is there with flooding.

Fear of security incidents are there.

Concern with Cyberbullying.

Introduction to email
Do you ever feel like the only person who doesn't use email? You don't have to feel left out. If
you're just getting started, you'll see that with a little bit of practice, email is easy to understand
and use.

In this lesson, you will learn what email is, how it compares to traditional mail, and how email
addresses are written. We'll also discuss various types of email providers and the features and
tools they include with an email account.

Getting to know email

Email (electronic mail) is a way to send and receive messages across the Internet. It's similar to
traditional mail, but it also has some key differences. To get a better idea of what email is all
about, take a look at the infographic below and consider how you might benefit from its use.
Email advantages

Productivity tools: Email is usually packaged with a calendar, address book, instant messaging,
and more for convenience and productivity.

Access to web services: If you want to sign up for an account like Facebook or order products
from services like Amazon, you will need an email address so you can be safely identified and
contacted.

Easy mail management: Email service providers have tools that allow you to file, label,
prioritize, find, group, and filter your emails for easy management. You can even easily control
spam, or junk email.

Privacy: Your email is delivered to your own personal and private account with a password
required to access and view emails.

Communication with multiple people: You can send an email to multiple people at once, giving
you the option to include as few as or as many people as you want in a conversation.

Accessible anywhere at any time: You don’t have to be at home to get your mail. You can access
it from any computer or mobile device that has an Internet connection.

Understanding email addresses

To receive emails, you will need an email account and an email address. Also, if you want to
send emails to other people, you will need to obtain their email addresses. It's important to learn
how to write email addresses correctly because if you do not enter them exactly right, your emails
will not be delivered or might be delivered to the wrong person.

Email addresses are always written in a standard format that includes a username, the @ (at)
symbol, and the email provider's domain.

The username is the name you choose to identify yourself.

The email provider is the website that hosts your email account.

Some businesses and organizations use email addresses with their own website domain.

About email providers

In the past, people usually received an email account from the same companies that provided their
Internet access. For example, if AOL provided your Internet connection, you'd have an AOL email
address. While this is still true for some people, today it's increasingly common to use a free web-
based email service, also known as webmail. Anyone can use these services, no matter who
provides their Internet access.

Webmail providers

Popular webmail providers are Yahoo!, Microsoft's Outlook.com (previously Hotmail), and
Google's Gmail. These providers are popular because they allow you to access your email
account from anywhere with an Internet connection. You can also access webmail on your mobile
device.
Visit the links below to compare the features of the three top webmail providers:

Yahoo! Features

Outlook.com Features

Gmail Features

Other email providers and applications

Many people also have an email address hosted by their company, school, or organization.
These email addresses are usually for professional purposes. For example, the people who work
for this website have email addresses that end with @gcflearnfree.org. If you are part of an
organization that hosts your email, they'll show you how to access it.

Many hosted web domains end with a suffix other than .com. Depending on the organization,
your provider's domain might end with a suffix like .gov (for government websites), .edu (for
schools), .mil (for military branches), or .org (for nonprofit organizations).

Many companies and organizations use an email application, like Microsoft Outlook, for
communicating and managing their email. This software can be used with any email provider but
is most commonly used by organizations that host their own email.

Email productivity features

In addition to email access, webmail providers offer various tools and features. These features
are part of a productivity suite—a set of applications that help you work, communicate, and stay
organized. The tools offered will vary by provider, but all major webmail services offer the
following features:

Instant messaging, or chat, which lets you have text-based conversations with other users...

An online address book, where you can store contact information for the people you contact
frequently...
An online calendar to help organize your schedule and share it with others...

A public profile that you can use for basic social networking purposes, like sharing photos,
previous work or school history, and status updates, among other things...
In addition, each provider offers some unique features. For instance, when you sign up for Gmail
you gain access to a full range of Google services, including Google Drive, Google Docs, and
more. You can visit our tutorials on Google Drive and Google Docs to learn more.

Getting started with email

You should now have a good understanding of what email is all about. Over the next few lessons,
we will continue to cover essential email basics, etiquette, and safety tips.

Setting up your own email account

If you want to sign up for your own email account, we suggest choosing from one of the three
major webmail providers:

Yahoo! Mail: Click Create Account

Outlook.com: Click Sign up

Gmail: Click Create an account

Good email etiquette includes the following:

Include a meaningful subject line. This will encourage recipients to open the message and can
help them find the email again later. If you leave the subject line blank, most email clients will
deliver it to the recipient saying “(no subject)” and some will display an email warning when you
try to send it asking if you are sure you want to send an email without a subject.

Include the appropriate email recipients. It is best to not send messages to recipients who do not
need to receive it to avoid confusion and wasting others’ time.

Keep your message clear and concise. Even though there is not a word limit or character limit on
emails, it’s best to keep your message concise. Sometimes it takes longer to write a clear, concise
message, but it’s worth it to improve communication.

Use proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation
improve readability and will help your recipients understand your message and respond
appropriately.

Use a tone that is friendly and professional. Although your emails should be professional, they
can also be friendly and sound like they were sent by a human, not a robot.
Change the subject line if changing topics when replying to an email. Again, a meaningful subject
line will encourage recipients to read the message and help them find it later.

Do not use “Reply All” unless it is crucial that everyone on the email receive the reply.

Here are some additional tips to help you avoid making mistakes when using email:

Add the email recipients last. This will help you avoid the mistake of sending the email before
you are finished drafting it.

Double check that you have the proper attachments if you say you are attaching something. Some
people like to add attachments first before composing the message to make sure they don’t forget.
Some email clients may also display a popup message asking if you’ve forgotten to attach an
item.

If you cannot describe the message in a few short paragraphs, consider asking for a phone call or
meeting with the person.

Put yourself in the recipient’s shoes. After you’ve finished drafting your email, do a final check
and read through the message as though you were the recipient. This can help you to make sure
that the subject line is properly descriptive, the message is clear and appropriate, you have
attached any necessary attachments, and you are sending the message to the appropriate person.

What is Multimedia?

The word multi and media are combined to form the word multimedia. The word “multi”
signifies “many.” Multimedia is a type of medium that allows information to be easily
transferred from one location to another. Multimedia is the presentation
of text, pictures, audio, and video with links and tools that allow the user to navigate, engage,
create, and communicate using a computer. Multimedia refers to the computer-assisted integration
of text, drawings, still and moving images(videos) graphics, audio, animation, and any other
media in which any type of information can be expressed, stored, communicated, and processed
digitally.

Categories of Multimedia
1. Linear Multimedia

It is also called Non-interactive multimedia. In the case of linear multimedia, the end-user
cannot control the content of the application. It has literally no interactivity of any kind. Some
multimedia projects like movies in which material is thrown in a linear fashion from beginning to
end. A linear multimedia application lacks all the features with the help of which, a user can
interact with the application such as the ability to choose different options, click on
icons, control the flow of the media, or change the pace at which the media is displayed.
Linear multimedia works very well for providing information to a large group of people such as at
training sessions, seminars, workplace meetings, etc.

2. Non-Linear Multimedia

In Non-Linear multimedia, the end-user is allowed the navigational control to rove through
multimedia content at his own desire. The user can control the access of the application. Non-
linear offers user interactivity to control the movement of data. For example computer games,
websites, self-paced computer-based training packages, etc.

Applications of Multimedia

Multimedia indicates that, in addition to text, graphics/drawings, and photographs, computer

information can be represented using audio, video, and animation. Multimedia is used in:

1. Education

In the subject of education, multimedia is becoming increasingly popular. It is often used to

produce study materials for pupils and to ensure that they have a thorough comprehension of
various disciplines. Edutainment, which combines education and entertainment, has become
highly popular in recent years. This system gives learning in the form of enjoyment to the user.

2. Entertainment

The usage of multimedia in films creates a unique auditory and video impression. Today,
multimedia has completely transformed the art of filmmaking around the world. Multimedia is the
only way to achieve difficult effects and actions.
The entertainment sector makes extensive use of multimedia. It’s particularly useful for creating
special effects in films and video games. The most visible illustration of the emergence of
multimedia in entertainment is music and video apps. Interactive games become possible thanks
to the use of multimedia in the gaming business. Video games are more interesting because of the
integrated audio and visual effects.

3. Business

Marketing, advertising, product demos, presentation, training, networked communication, etc. are
applications of multimedia that are helpful in many businesses. The audience can quickly
understand an idea when multimedia presentations are used. It gives a simple and effective
technique to attract visitors’ attention and effectively conveys information about numerous
products. It’s also utilized to encourage clients to buy things in business marketing.

4. Technology & Science

In the sphere of science and technology, multimedia has a wide range of applications. It can
communicate audio, films, and other multimedia documents in a variety of formats. Only
multimedia can make live broadcasting from one location to another possible.
It is beneficial to surgeons because they can rehearse intricate procedures such as brain removal
and reconstructive surgery using images made from imaging scans of the human body. Plans can
be produced more efficiently to cut expenses and problems.

5. Fine Arts

Multimedia artists work in the fine arts, combining approaches employing many media and
incorporating viewer involvement in some form. For example, a variety of digital mediums can be
used to combine movies and operas.
Digital artist is a new word for these types of artists. Digital painters make digital paintings, matte
paintings, and vector graphics of many varieties using computer applications.

6. Engineering

Multimedia is frequently used by software engineers in computer simulations for military or

industrial training. It’s also used for software interfaces created by creative experts and software
engineers in partnership. Only multimedia is used to perform all the minute calculations.

Multimedia Tools

Multimedia tools using a combination of multimedia technologies or content forms such as text,
audio, picture, video or animation. Multimedia tools are Applications. A Multimedia Application is
an application which uses a multiple media sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio,
animation and/or video. Multimedia conference covers the selected tools applied in multimedia
systems and key multimedia applications and some software. Introduction to Flash Tools Adobe
flash cs4 is used to create animation, web applications, games, videos and other programs or
applications which can support flash content Tools The Tools menu is probably the most used panel
in Flash. In it are the tools needed to manipulate items on the stage. It can also be used to do actions
on the timeline

Multimedia Tools

Multimedia tools using a combination of multimedia technologies or content forms such as

text, audio, picture, video or animation.
Multimedia tools are Applications. A Multimedia Application is an application which uses a
multiple media sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video.
Multimedia conference covers the selected tools applied in multimedia systems and key
multimedia applications and some software.

Introduction to Flash Tools

Adobe flash cs4 is used to create animation, web applications, games, videos and other programs or
applications which can support flash content

Tools
The Tools menu is probably the most used panel in Flash. In it are the tools needed to manipulate
items on the stage. It can also be used to do actions on the timeline.
Here are the main tools and their uses;

Selection Tool (v) - Selecting whole objects and moving them.

Sub selection Tool - Selecting partial objects.
Line Tool - Drawing straight lines.
Lasso Tool - Selecting irregular shaped pieces of an object
Pen Tool - Drawing non-straight and curved lines.
Text Tool (t) - Inputting a text box onto the stage.
Oval Tool - Drawing oval and circle shapes. (Drag + Holding Shift = Circles)
Shape Tool - By default draws rectangles. (Drag + Holding Shift = Squares)
Pencil Tool - Free drawing thin lines.
Brush Tool- Free drawing brush shapes.
Free Transform - Scale, rotate, and skew an object.
Fill Transform - Distort the gradient fill of an object.
Stroke Tool - Change the color and size of a stroke.
Fill Tool - Change the color of a fill.
Eyedropper - Sample a color from the stage. Eraser - Use a brush to erase parts of an object.

Hand Tool - Used to drag the stage around to see not visible parts of it.
Zoom - Zoom in or out.

Adobe Flash: is a deprecated[1] multimedia software platform used for production of

animations, rich Internet applications, desktop applications, mobile applications, mobile games and
embedded web browser video players. Flash displays text, vector graphics and raster
graphics to provide animations, video games and applications. It allows streaming of audio and
video, and can capture mouse, keyboard, microphone and camera input. Related development
platform Adobe AIR continues to be supported. Flash was previously a dominant platform for
online multimedia content, it is slowly being abandoned as Adobe favors a transition to HTML5,
Unity, or other platform. Flash Player has been deprecated and has an official end-of-life on
December 31, 2020. However, Adobe will continue to develop Adobe Animate.

Flash Tools is an unbelievably powerful and apparently endless program. Flash can be used to
create matches, to make lectures, animations, views, parts of the webpage and many other
educational apps. Some of the parts of the Flash engine are acquainted with you as they have the
same features as other apps. Flash, however, needs some thinking to work properly in it especially
for vector graphics animation, and action script 3.0 coding.

The standard place is in the upper right-hand part of the Flash Program cabinet for the flash drawing
toolbox. However, you may not be prepared to discover the Drawing Toolbox if you have not
enabled Flash, or if someone else altered the defaults in Flash.

Four primary parts are included in the Toolbox. The top section contains all 14 Flash Tools: arrow,
sub select, line, loco, pen, text, oval, rectangle, pencil, brush, ink bottle, paint bucket, dropper, and
eraser. The following are available in the following section: The second chapter
includes the Hand and Magnifier flash-view tools. The Color Tray is under the View Tools and
the Tray Options are underneath.
Selection, Transform Section Tools – To select an existing vector drawing and transform it.
Drawing Section Tools – Used for the production of rows, forms, and writing.

Modification Section Tools – Used to Modify existing Vector Graphics.

 Viewing Section Tools – To Cover or enlarge a region.

Color, Brush Section Tools – To pick the color, form, and dimensions of the pen.

Selection, Transform Section Tools:

Selection Tool: This instrument is the most used instrument in the toolbox and is called the
Arrow key. A tool for selecting one or more objects on the stage is used. When an item is
picked, naming, repositioning, resizing, and otherwise modifying it is possible. This tool
can be used to add a vector line curvature.
Sub Selection tool: To adjust a line-section drawn with the pen tool, either straight or

curved.

Free Transform tool: Used in turning, scaling, skewing and distorting items. On the bottom
left of the instrument, the tiny triangle shows a sub-menu.
3D Rotation: Used to spin icons and turn them along with a 3D matrix.

Lasso tool: Draw a choice freehand zone to select items.

Drawing Tools:

Pen Tool: Draws precise lines or curves.

Text Tool: Used to produce SMS files and tags for entry and export.

Line Tool: Makes a straight line of vectors.

Shapes Tool: The base forms like rectangles and rectangular vectors are created. The forms
may be filled or unfilled. This instrument has a submenu with other forms, like a polystar
and a rectangle.
Pencil Tool: Draws vector forms freeform.

Brush Tool: Makes pen movements freeform.

 Deco Tool: Used to produce advanced designs and fillings, especially a model of flower and
leaves.

Modification Tools:

Bone Tool: Used for 3D animation building.

Paint Bucket Tool: Used to complete a filling color in any confined region.

Eyedropper Tool: Used to collect and duplicate a hue from another item on a dye
detector.
Eraser Tool: Erases drawings of vectors.

Spray Brush Tool: Spray paints throughout the phase the library’s film clip icon.

Viewing Tools:

Hand Tool: In the magnifying method, used to cover the entire stage.

Zoom Tool: Used to enlarge the stage region.

Stages of Flash Tool

The phase is the primary working area of

flash, and all of your compositional features are organized (film videos, switches, animation and so
on). Content in the center of the cabinet can be seen when the flash film is produced. The gray
backdrop is’ off-stage’ outside the center panel. You can animate material on the primary phase
region from the outset or use a bigger backdrop picture than the primary point as if the camera is
swinging over a backdrop. The stage has a number of contexts that are shown at the top of the stage.
It may display contents that are in a scene or sub-content, such as library objects. By disabling/on
the pasteboard (View > pasteboard) you can demonstrate and hide the things exceeding your scale.
Properties of Flash Tool
In order to change the toolbar you choose or which item you have chosen on the panel, the Properties tab
shifts. In this tab, every object and tool has its own properties that can be adjusted. The Properties tab shows
the properties of the document when you select the selection
tool and click the stage background. You can specify the size, background color, frame rate and

settings of your Flash file here.

Timeline and Frames

In Flash, as in Photoshop, we put all content into layers. The same tools exist for creating a new layer,
removing a layer, and building layer folders. The main difference is that content has to be placed on a timeline
in a keyframe. Keyframes (contents or text) are timeline files that include data. Content fewer keyframes are
indicated by an empty circle, content keyframes have a
complete circle.
UNIT-5

E-COMMERCE

1.ElectronicCommerce:
E-commerce(EC),an abbreviation for electronic commerce,is the buying and selling of
good and services, or the transmitting off data,over an electronic network,primarily the
internet.These business transactions occur either as business-to-business(B2B),business
-to-consumer(B2C),consumer-to-consumerorconsumer-to-business.Thetermse-commerce and e-
business are often used interchangeably. The term e- tail is also sometimes used in reference
to the transactional processes for online shopping.

Historyofe-commerce

The beginnings of e- commerce can be traced to the 1960s, when businesses started
using Electronic Data Interchange(EDI)to share business documents with other companies. In
1979,theAmerican National Standards Institute developedASC X12 as a universal standard
for businesses to share documents through electronic networks.

After the number of individual users sharing electronic documents with each other
grew in the 1980s, the rise of eBay and Amazon in the1990srevolutionized the e- commerce
industry. Consumers can now purchase endless amounts of items online, from e-
tailers,typical brick-and-mortar storeswithe-commerce capabilities an done another.

Business to Business (B2B)

In B2B E-Commerce, commercial transactions take place between different business organizations, through
the Internet. For example, a cycle company may buy tyres from another company for their cycles. When
compared to other models, the value per transaction in B2B transaction is high, because of bulk purchase. The
company also might get the advantage of discounts on bulk purchases. See Figure 15.7

Out-sourcing and Off-shoring are generally associated with B2B E-Commerce.

● If a company’s work is hired to another company, it would be termed as out-sourcing.

● If the work is outsourced to a company, which is outside its own country, it is called as off-shoring.
Business to Consumer (B2C)

In B2C E-Commerce, commercial transactions take place between business firms and their consumers. It is
the direct trade between companies and end-consumers via the Internet. B2C companies sell goods,
information or services to customers through online in a more personalized dynamic environment and is
considered as real competitor for a traditional storekeeper. An example of B2C transaction is a book company
selling books to customers. This mode is intended to benefit the consumer and can say B2C E-Commerce
works as ’retail store’ over Internet. See Figure 15.8

Business to Government (B2G)

B2G is a business model that refers to business organizations sells products, services or information to
Governments or to its administrations. In other words, when a company get paid for its goods, services by the
Government through Internet it is called as B2G model. e.g. The Government or its administration buys
laptops for students. See Figure 15.9
Consumer to Business (C2B)

C2B can be described as a form of E-Commerce where, the transaction is originated by the consumers. The
consumers will fix a requirement or specific price for a service or a commodity. C2B model, is also called as
reverse auction model. Here, customer bid his price for a service or a product. Then E-Commerce business
entity will match the requirement of the consumer to the best possible extent.

For instance, in a travel website (eg.yatra.com) a consumer may specify his dates of travel, his source and
destination, number of tickets required and range of hotel etc. The website then finds out the various options
for him which best meets his requirements. These websites generate revenue through affiliate links, sponsored
advertisement or even a small commission in every booking. e.g. Name-your-price websites. See Figure 15.10

Consumer to Consumer (C2C)

C2C in E-Commerce provides opportunity for trading of products or services among consumers who are
connected through the Internet. In brief when something is bought and sold between two consumers using
Internet it is called C2C E-Commerce. Here the websites act as a platform to facilitate the transaction. The
electronic tools and Internet infrastructure are employed to support transactions between individuals.
Typically, this type of E- Commerce works as Consumer to Business to Consumer (C2B2C). It means that a
consumer

would contact a business in search of a suitable customer. Most of the auction websites and matrimonial
websites are working on this methodology.
For example, a consumer who wants to sell his property can post an advertisement on the website
(eg:timesclassifieds.com). Another person who is interested in buying a property can browse the property,
advertisement posted on this site. Thus, the two consumers can get in touch with each other for sale/purchase
of property through another business’ website. See Figure 15.11

Consumer to Government (C2G)

Citizens as Consumers and Government engage in C2G E -Commerce. Here an individual consumer interacts
with the Government. C2G models usually include income tax or house tax payments, fees for issue of
certificates or other documents. People paying for renewal of license online may also fall under this category.
See Figure 15.12

Government to Business (G2B)

G2B is closely related to B2G. G2B in E-Commerce refers to a business model where Government providing
services or information to business organization. It may be a formal offer such as a takeover bid for a road
project. See Figure 15.13

G2B is a part of e- governance. The Government provides information about business rules, requirement and
permission needed for starting a new business, and other specifications in its portal. The objective of G2B is
to reduce burdens on business, provide one-stop access to information thereby boost the economy. e.g.
ebiz.gov.in See Figure 15.14

Government to Consumer (G2C)

G2C in E-Commerce is very similar to C2G. Here the Government provides platform for its citizens to avail
its services and information through the Internet. The services may be issue of certificates through online.e.g.
https://csc.gov.in/governmenttocitizen. See Figure 15.15

Government to Government (G2G)

G2G is the online (usually non-commercial) interaction between Government organizations or departments.
G2G’s principle objective is to implement e-governance rather than commerce. G2G model in e-governance
involves distributing data or information between its agencies/departments. G2G systems can be classified
into two types

● Internal facing or local level - joining up a single Government’s bureaucracy. e.g. https://www.nic.in/

● External facing or international level - joining up multiple Governments’ bureaucracy.

Business Application of E-commerce:
 Conversational commerce: e-commerce via chat
 Digital Wallet
 Document automation in supply chain and logistics
 Electronic tickets
 Enterprise content management
 Group buying
 Instant messaging
 Newsgroups
 Online banking
 Online office suites
 Online shopping and order tracking
 Pretail
 Print on demand
 Shopping cart software
 Social networking
 Teleconferencing
 Virtual assistant (artificial intelligence)
 Domestic and international payment systems

Features:

Product catalog: An e-commerce platform should provide an easy way to create and manage a product
catalog, including adding new products, editing existing ones, and categorizing them.
Shopping cart: A shopping cart is a tool that allows customers to add products they want to purchase and
keep track of the items as they continue to browse the website.
Checkout and payment processing: A reliable checkout and payment processing system is essential for e-
commerce success. Customers should be able to complete transactions quickly and easily using a variety of
payment methods.
Shipping and order management: Once a customer places an order, the e-commerce platform should
provide tools to manage the order, including tracking information, shipping options, and delivery status.
Customer accounts and loyalty programs: Many e-commerce platforms allow customers to create
accounts, which can help businesses build relationships and loyalty. Additionally, loyalty programs can
incentivize repeat purchases and encourage customers to refer others.
Marketing and analytics: An e-commerce platform should offer tools to help businesses market their
products, such as email campaigns and social media integration. Additionally, analytics can help businesses
track customer behavior, identify trends, and improve their overall strategy.
Mobile optimization: With more people shopping on their mobile devices, it’s essential that e-commerce
platforms are mobile-optimized, with a responsive design that provides an optimal shopping experience on
smartphones and tablets.

Advantages of E-commerce:
 E-commerce enables fast and secure shopping.
 It is making digitalized world.
 E-commerce also enables to choose different goods and services according to your choice.
 It is a simple way of selling and buying products and services.
 E-commerce replaced the paper work as all transactions are through internet today.
 It provides better management system, as it has a centralized database.
 E-commerce via internet covers a large number of customers worldwide.
 E-commerce has several payment modes.
Disadvantages of E-commerce:
 E-commerce has no universal standard for quality and reliability.
 E-commerce works through internet, it is possible that navigation on internet itself may be slow.
 Strong security is required in e-commerce as all transactions are through internet.
 There is high risk of buying unsatisfactory products through e-commerce.
 It uses public key infrastructure which is not safe.
 Customers also trap in banking fraud which is quite frequent.
 Hackers also try to get access of data or to destroy data in e-commerce.
Uses of E-commerce :
1. Online retail: One of the most well-known uses of e-commerce is online retail, where businesses sell
products directly to consumers through their online store, website, or mobile app.
2. Digital products and services: E-commerce is also commonly used for the sale of digital products and
services, such as music, e-books, software, and online courses.
3. Business-to-business transactions: E-commerce can be used for B2B transactions, where businesses
sell products or services to other businesses.
4. Online marketplaces: E-commerce marketplaces, such as Amazon and eBay, provide a platform for
businesses and individuals to sell their products to a large audience.
5. Auction sites: Online auction sites, such as eBay, allow users to bid on and purchase items from other
users.
6. Online banking and financial services: E-commerce is used extensively for online banking and
financial services, including payment processing, bill payment, and money transfers.
7. Online booking and reservations: E-commerce is used for booking and reservations of flights, hotels,
rental cars, and other travel-related services.
8. Food delivery: E-commerce platforms are used for online ordering and delivery of food from
restaurants.
9. Online advertising: E-commerce is also used for online advertising, where businesses can advertise
their products and services to a large audience.
There are many benefits of e-commerce for both businesses and consumers. Some of the key benefits
of e-commerce are:
1. Convenience: E-commerce allows customers to shop from the comfort of their own homes or wherever
they have internet access, making it convenient for them to make purchases at any time.
2. Global Reach: E-commerce enables businesses to reach a wider audience beyond their physical
locations, allowing them to expand their customer base globally.
3. Cost-Effective: E-commerce eliminates the need for physical storefronts and reduces overhead costs
associated with operating a traditional brick-and-mortar store.
4. Personalization: E-commerce allows businesses to personalize their offerings based on customer
behavior and preferences, offering a more personalized shopping experience.
5. Easy and Secure Payment: E-commerce provides secure and convenient payment options, making it
easy for customers to make purchases.
6. Data Collection and Analysis: E-commerce provides businesses with the ability to collect and analyze
customer data, enabling them to improve their marketing and sales strategies.
7. 24/7 Availability: E-commerce websites are always available for customers to access, allowing them to
make purchases at any time, even outside of business hours.
8. Overall, e-commerce provides businesses with new opportunities to expand their customer base,
increase sales, and improve customer satisfaction, while also offering customers greater convenience,
access, and flexibility.
Meaning of business:-
A business (also known as an enterprise or firm ) is an organization engaged in the trade of goods , services , or
both to consumers .

Activities of E-Business are :

 Online store setup
 Customer education
 Buying and selling product
 Monetary business transaction
 Supply Chain Management
 E-mail marketing

Difference between E-Commerce and E-Business :

S.No
. E-COMMERCE E-BUSINESS
 E-Commerce refers to the performing
online commercial activities, E-Business refers to performing all type of business
01. transactions over internet. activities through internet.

E-Commerce is a narrow concept and

it is considered as a subset of E- E-Business is a broad concept and it is considered as a
02. Business. superset of E-Commerce.

Commercial transactions are carried

03. out in e-commerce. Business transactions are carried out in e-business.

In e-commerce transactions are

04. limited. In e-business transactions are not limited.

It includes activities like procurement of raw

It includes activities like buying and materials/goods, customer education, supply activities
selling product, making monetary buying and selling product, making monetary transactions
05. transactions etc over internet. etc over internet.

It usually requires the use of only a It requires the use of multiple websites, CRMs, ERPs that
06. website. connect different business processes.

07. It involves mandatory use of internet. It involves the use of internet, intranet or extranet.

E-commerce is more appropriate in E-business is more appropriate in Business to Business

08. Business to Customer (B2C) context. (B2B) context.

E-Commerce covers outward/external E-Business covers internal as well as external business

09. business process. process/activities.
Benefits to organization:-

Following are the benefits of Ecommerce to organizations

E-commerce expands the market place to national and international level.
E-commerce decreases the cost of creating, processing, distributing, storing, and
retrieving paper based information.
Ability for creation highly specialized business.
E-commerce reduces the time between the outlay of capital and the receipt of products and
services.
E-commerce initiates business processes reengineering projects.
Benefits to consumers

The following are the benefits of E-commerce to consumer

E-commerce enables customer to shop or do \other transactions 24hrs a day, all year
round from almost any location.
E-commerce provides customers with more choices they can select from many vendors
and from many products.
In some cases, especially with digitized products E-commerce allows quick delivery.
Customer can retrieve relevant and detailed information in seconds, rather than days or
weeks .
E-Commerce facilitates competition, which results in substantial discounts
E-Commerce allows consumers to interact with other customers and exchange ideas as
well as compare experiences.

BENEFITS TO SOCIETY:

The following are the benefits of E-Commerce to society:

E-Commerce enables more individuals to work at home and to do less travelling for
shopping resulting in less traffic on the roads and lower air pollution.
E-Commerce enables people in rural areas to enjoy products and services that are not
available to them. This includes opportunities to learn professions and earn college
degrees.
E-Commerce facilitates delivery of public services such as health care education and
distribution of Government social services at a reduced cost and or improved quality.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF E-COMMERCE:

EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF E-COMMERCE.

Ans: A common classification of E-Commerce is by the nature of transactions. There are six types
of E-Commerce:
BUSINESS - TO - BUSINESS (B2B): It includes the IOS transactions and electronic market
transactions between organizations.
IOS Transactions means Inter Organizational Information Systems refers to flow of
standard transactions information between business partners, such as placing orders,
building or paying.
 BUSINESS TO CUSTOMERS (B2C): These are retailing transactions with individual
shoppers.

CUSTOMER TO CUSTOMER : In this transaction customer sells directly to customers

example : selling residential properties, cars, etc.,

NON BUSINESS E-COMMERCE: An increased no. of non-business institutions such as

academic institutions, not for profit institutions religious, organizations, social
organizational activities.

CUSTOMER TO BUSINESS (C2B): This category includes individuals who sell products
are services to organizations.

.INTRA BUSINESS E-COMMERCE: In this category includes all internal organizational

activities, usually preformed on intranets, that involves exchange of goods, services are
information.
What are the limitations of E-Commerce

The limitations of E-Commerce can be grouped into 1) Technical 2) Non-Technical

Categories.
Technical limitations of E-Commerce are
There is a lack of system security, reliability, standards and some communication protocols.
There is insufficient telecommunication band width.
Soft ware development tools are changing rapidly.
It is difficulty to integrate the internet and soft ware with some existing application data
basis.
Some electronic commerce soft ware might not be fit without some network are may be
incompatible with some operating systems or other components.
NON-TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS:
COST AND JUSTIFICATION: - The cost of developing E-Commerce in house is very costly
and made mistakes due to lack of experience may result in delays.
SECURITY AND PRIVACY: - these issues are especially important in the B2C area,
especially security issues which are privacy measures are constantly improved.EC Industry
has a very long and difficult task of convincing customers that online transactions are
secure and they will keep.
Lack of trust and user resistance: - Customers do not trust on unknown faceless sellers,
paperless transactions and electronic money.
E-ADVERTISING: It is also known as online advertising it is a form of promotion that uses
internet and world wide web to deliver marketing messages to attracts customers. Example: Banner
ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising etc.,

The growth of these particular media attracts the attention of advertisers as a more productive
source to bring in consumers.
An online advertisement also offers various forms of animation.

The term online advertisement comprises all sorts of banner advertisement, email advertising, in
game advertising and key soon.

E-BANKING OR INTERNET BANKING:

Means any user with a personal computer and browser can get connected to his banks, website to
perform any of the banking functions. In internet banking system the bank has a centralized data
base i.e., web-enabled.

Best example for E-Banking is ATM.

An ATM is an electronic fund transfer terminal capable of handling cash deposits, transfer between
ALCS, Balance enquiries, cash withdrawals, and pay bills.

SERVICES THROUGH E-BANKING:

Bill payment service.

Fund Transfer
Investing through internet Banking
Shopping
Customers should never share personal information’s like pin nos., passwords, etc., with any one.
Through internet banking, you can check your transactions at any time of the day, and as many
times as you want.

MOBILE-COMMERCE: Mobile Commerce also known as M-Commerce, is the ability to

conduct, commerce as a mobile device, such as mobile phone.

SERVICES ARE:
Mobile ticketing
Mobile Vouchers, Coupons and
Mobile contract purchase and delivery mainly consumes of the sale of ring tones, wallpapers
and games of mobile phones.
Local base services Local discount offers Local weather
Information services
News
Sports, Scores
MOBILE BANKING: Banks and other financial institutions used mobile commerce to allow
their customers to assess account information and make transactions, such as purchasing,
withdrawals etc.,
MOBILE BROWSING: Using a mobile browser- A www browser on mobile device
customers can shop online without having to be at their personal computer.

E-LEARNING: E-Learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and

teaching.
E-Learning is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-
Learning applications and processes include web-based learning, computer-based learning. Content
is delivered via. The internet, intranet/extranet, audio, or video tape, satellite TV, and
ED-ROM.
Computer-Based Learning, sometimes abbreviated to CBL, refers to the use of computers as a key
component of the education environment.
E-Learning is naturally suited to distance and flexible learning, but can also be used conjunction
with face-to-face teaching.
E-Learning can also refer to the educational website such as those offering learning scenarios worst
and interactive exercises for children.
Communication technologies are used in E-Learning.
A learning management system (LMS) is software used for delivering, tracking, and managing
training /education.
ONLINE SHOPPING:-
Online shopping is the process where by consumer directly buy goods or services from a sell in real
time, without an intermediary services over the internet .it is a form of E- commerce
An online shop, e-shop, e-store, internet shop web shop, web store, online store, or virtual shop
evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services in a shopping center.
The process is called business-to-consumer (B2C) online shopping. When a business buys from
another business it is called business-to-business (B2B) online shopping.
In order to shop online, one must be able to have access to a computer, a bank account and debit
card.
Online shopping widened the target audience to men and women of the middle class.
Online shoppers commonly use credit card to make payments , however some systems enable
users to create accounts and pay by alternative means ,such as
Billing to mobile phones and landline.
Cheque.
Debit cards.
Gift cards
Postal money order.
Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers have internet access
both at work and at home.
Online stores must describe products for sale with text, phones, and multimedia files .
One advantage of shopping online is being able to quickly seek out deals for items or
services with many different vendors.
Another major advantage for retailers is the ability to rapidly switch suppliers and
vendors without disrupting users shopping experience.
SEARCH ENGINE:-
A web search engine is designed to search for information on the WWW and FTP servers. The
search results are generally presented in list of result and are often called hits.
The information may consist of web pages, images, information, and other types of files.
Some search engines also mine data available in database or open directories.
Search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from
the HTML it self.
When a user enters a query into a search engine (typically by using keywords), the engine
examines its index and provides a listing of best matching according to its criteria.
Most search engines support the use of Boolean operator AND, OR, and NOT.
Some search engines, such as GOOGLE, store all or part of the source page as well as
information about the web pages.
ONLINE TRADING:-

An online trading community provides participants with a structured method for trading bantering
(exchanging goods with goods) or selling goods and services.
These communities often have forums and chat rooms, designed to facilitate communication
between the members.
A formal trading community consists of a website or network of websites that facilitates and
track made transactions.
While trading any used items online, be sure to include the condition and quality of the
product so as the receiver can determine its overall value.
A trading circle is a form of online trading design to facilitate viewing of television series and
episode media.
ENTERTAINMENT:-

The conventional media that have been used for entertainment are
Books/magazines.
Radio.
Television/films.
Video games.
The internet as an entertainment media is not a elastic by itself, but rather a unique interactions of
all of the above media.
Computer based systems have been used as an entertainment medium in the form of video
games , CD , ROMs , etc..
Online books /newspapers, online radio, online television, online firms, and online games are
common place in internet where we can entertain.
Online social networking websites are one of the biggest sources of E-entertainment for today’s
tech-savvy (who have knowledge interest in) generation.