{NISHA ARSHAD}

{20608}

[INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER]

ASSIGNMENT No: 1
{SIR MUHAMMAD UMER NASIR}
Introduction to computer
Q.No.1 What is computer and briefly explain describe all
parts of the computer?
 The word computer comes from the word computes, which
means to calculate. But now a day, computer is also being used
for much other purpose else calculating.
 Thus the computer can be defined as:
 It is an electronic device which accepts instruction in the form
of input and after processing it gives us information in the form
of output.

 Essential parts is given below:

 Case
 Power supply
 motherboard
 C.P.U
 Graphics card
 RAM
 Hard Drive
 Web cam
 Finger printer scanner
 Screen mouse pad
 USB cabel
 Transistor
 DVD drive
 Floppy disk drive
 Functios keys
 Ethernet cable
 Mother board
 Monitor
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Keyb
oard:
 The keyboard may look like a typewriter keyboard to which
some special keys have been added. The keys normally available
on the keyboards are Numeric, Alphabetic function and
additional Special purpose.
 Alphabetical Keys (A to Z)
 Numerical Keys (0 to 9)
 Functions Keys ( F1 to F12)
 Special Keys (all sign Keys)

Mouse:
 A mouse is a look input device that looks a little bit like a mouse. It
has a boll on its underside that is rolled on a flat surface or
mouse-pad.
 Trackball is a movable ball, on top of a stationary device, that is
rotated with fingers or palm of the hand.

Monitor:
 The monitor is the most commonly used output device on
personal computer. it is also called a display or a screen. You
look at your monitor whether you are typing, issuing
commands, surfing the Internet, or even listening to music.

Types of monitors

There are two types of basic monitors.

 CRT(cathode rays tube) monitor

 Flat panel monitor

Printer:

 A device that produces hardcopy on the paper. Printer is

commonly used in business to get the documents printed on
paper. Depending upon the printing mechanism used, printers
fall into two categories.

19 inch Widescreen LCD

 its produce images on paper

No_impa without striking the page in any

way.
these are several types of non
ck Printer impact printer called thermal and
electrostatic printers.

Laser Laser stands for Amplifications By

Stimulated Emission of Radiations.
basically laser printer apply an

Printer electro static charge to a drum

inside the printer catridge.

Impact
Dot_Matrix
Dasiy_Wheel
Line Printer
Printer
Printer
Printer

Ce
ntral processing unit (C.P.U)

 The central processing unit (C.P.U) is generally referred to as the

brain of the computer. The primary work of CPU is to convert
 data form input, process the data and output in useful
information that can be used by either user or other computer
programs. Central processing unit (CPU) is a highly complex set of
electronic circuitry that executes programs instructions.
 It is like a really fast calculator that has the ability to recall
numbers from version locations in memory.

Main memory

Central
RAM Processing ROM
Unit

Arithmetic Control Input

Logic Unit Unit
subsystem

Output
External
Unit

Speakers:

 It is also an output device. It gives us the result or output in the

form of sound. Specially used with audio software.
Q.No.2 What is computer hardware and describe

about 5 hardware?

Answer: Components of computer System

 Computer Hardware
 Computer Software
 Computer Hardware:

The physical parts of the computer system that you can touch and feel
are known as Computer Hardware. In a broader sense a computer can
be divided into followings hardware’s unit:

 Input unit
 Output unit
 System unit

INPUT UNIT:

 Input unit of a computer system consists of input devices. Due to

the diverse nature of the data, variety of input devices exits to
input data in different forms.
 keyboard is used to enter textual data as a pointing device and to
trigger different commands in different Applications
  Microphone is used to enter voice data and scanner is used to
enter image data etc.
 Input unit of a computer may contain all or some of the above
describes, and even can have many others.

OUTPUT UNIT:
 Output unit of a computer system consists of output device. As
data presented to the user can take variety of forms, therefore
different output device are needed.
 Monitor is used to display text and images on a screen.
 Printer is used to get output on paper.
 Speakers are used to receive voice output etc.
 SYSTEM UNIT:

System unit contain a Number of other components which

are enclosed in a rectangular case. The casing is available
in two different shapes.
Vertical shapes (called tower casing).
Horizontal shapes (called desktop casing).
The most important components of system unit are a rigid
rectangular circuit board called motherboard.
All other components are etched onto it.
It is made up from silicon.
An electronic pathway on the motherboard connects
different components of system unit with each other.
Other components of system unit RAM hard disk drive,
floppy disk drive, microprocessor etc.

Processor:

 An integrated circuit (IC) supplied on a single silicon chip.

Its function is to control all the computers functions. The
main processor manufacturers are:
  AMD - Athlon and Turion (mobile)
 Intel - Pentium and Centrino (mobile)

AMD
Processor

System devices ratios:

The aspect ratio of a computer monitor is the ratio between the
width and height of the screen. The aspect ratios are:

Standard monitor - 4:3

Widescreen monitor - 16:9

 DVI VGA

Most LCD monitors offer a VGA and a DVI connection. The VGA
connector is used for analogue signals and the DVI connector is
used for digital.
As the computer is a digital machine, it is best if no conversion is
required and so the best option is the DVI connection.

Wireles
s
keyboa
Keyboard: rd

 Keyboards are available wired or wireless:

 Wired - These are either PS/2 or USB.
 Wireless - The keyboard uses batteries.

PLATTERS:

A metal disk (platter) is coated with tiny iron particles

which can be magnetised to north and south to
represent the binary digits 0 and 1.
 A read-write head is used to magnetise the particles on
the disk surface to represent the data held in RAM.
 The computer can now be switched off and a copy of
the data is safe for later

Metal
disk
(platter)
covered
with iron
particles.
Read-
write
head

Q.No.3 Write about computer generations?

 First generation vacuum tubes:
 Computer of this generation used in vacuum tubes to
perform calculation.
 Vacuum tubes were expensive because of the amount of
material and skill needed to manufacture them.
 The most important computer was (ENIAC) and (UNIVAC).

ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and calculator)
 It is the first general-purpose electronic digital
computer designed by John William Machly and
Eckert in 1942.
It is very heavy and large in size.
It is consumed (140) kilowatts of power and capable
of doing (5000) additions per seconds.

UNIYAC:

In 1947 Eckert and Machly from Eckert _ machly

computer corporation to manufacture computer
commercially.
Their first successful machine was UNIVAC, which was
delivered to US Bureau of census in 1951.

Second generation transistor:

Transistor was invented in 1947 by William Shockley,

john Bardeen and William Brattain.

 Advantages:
200 transistors are about the same size as one
vacuum tube in a computer.
Much less then expensive then a vacuum tubes.
A transistor cans worker 40 times faster than a
vacuum tube.
Do not get hot and burn out like a transistor tube.

 Comparison :
 As compare to first generation
computer, second generation computers
was smaller and high processing speed.
 Third generation (integrated circuits)
The concept of the IC was developed by Jack ST. Clair
Kirby in1958.
First IC was invented and used in 1961.
An IC is about 1∕4 square inch and contains thousand
of transistors.

 Major invention:
 Third generation of computer was the development.
A single IC chip contains thousand of transistors.
The computer was become smaller in size, faster,
more reliable and lower in prize.
Also become very common medium to large scale
business.
The most successful computer of this generations
were IBM system∕360 and DEC PDP_8, the other were
UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC 9000 and IBM 370 etc.

 Fourth generation:
 Microprocessor ;
The microprocessor is a complete processing circuitry
on a chip ted huff produced the first microprocessor
in 1971 Intel, which was named as (Intel 4004).
Modern microprocessor is usually less than one
square inch and can contain million of electronic
circuits.

 Fourth generation start:

 It is started with the invention of microprocessor
revolutionized the computer world. Advancement
was made in the integrated circuit technology.
Microprocessor has two types LSI and VLSI. This
computer contains small size semiconductor memory,
with large internal storage and high speed.
For example, apple Macintosh and IBM PC etc.

Q.No.4 What is computer program and describe

all parts of computer program?
 A computer program is a collection of instructions [1] that
can be executed by a computer to perform a specific task.
Most computer devices require programs to function
properly .
 A computer program is usually written by a computer
programmer in a programming language. From the
program in its human-readable form of source code, a
compiler or assembler can derive machine code—a form
consisting of instructions that the computer can directly
execute. Alternatively, a computer program may be
executed with the aid of an interpreter.
 Collection of computer programs
 A collection of computer programs, libraries, and related
data are referred to as software. Computer programs may
be categorized along functional lines, such as application
software and system software. The underlying method
used for some calculation or manipulation is known as an
algorithm

 Example of computer programs:

 A computer program is the list of instruction that tell a
computer what to do. some example of computer program
is
 Operating program a web like bowers like Mozilla Firefox
and Apple safari can be used to view web pages on the
internet.
 Office suite can be used to write documents on
spreadsheet.
 Types of programs:
 Word processing
 Game programs
 Data base system
 Spreadsheet
 Graphics programs
 Web browers
 Five programs we used in our daily life:
 Microsoft internet explorer
 Microsoft office and outlook
 McAfee antivirus
 Adobe PDF
 Basic programming Aliments :
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include
<ctype.h> #include <unistd.h>
 nit nstops; nit tabstops[100];
 static void getstops(char *); nit
main(nit, char *); static void usage (void);
 #include <sys/cdefs.h> #include <st
#include <sys/cdefs.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <ctype.h> #include
<unistd.h>
 nit nstops; nit tabstops[100];
 static void getstops (char *); nit
main(nit , char *); static void usage (void);
 #include <sys/cdefs.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <ctype.h> #include
<unistd.h>
 Header files
 nit nstops; nit tabstops[100];
 1 Global variables
 static void getstops(char *); nit
main(nit, char *); static void usage (void);
 2 Forward function declarationsdio.h> #include
<stdlib.h> #include <ctype.h> #include
<unistd.h>
 Header files
 nit nstops; nit tab stops[100];
 1 Global variables
 static void getstops(char *); nit
main(nit, char *); static void usage (void);
 2 Forward function declarations.
 Computer programming is the process of
writing and editing source code.
 Editing source code involved testing, analyzing,
refining and something coordinating another
programmers on a jointly developed programs.
 …..