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Practical 10

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10 views2 pages

Practical 10

Uploaded by

Rajitha Natti
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Practical 10

Retrieve data spread from multiple tables using subqueries

2.1 Subqueries - Multiple, Correlated


 A Subquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query within another SQL query
and embedded within the WHERE clause.
 A Subquery is used to return data that will be used in the main query as a condition
to further restrict the data to be retrieved.
 Subquery can be used with the SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements along with the operators like =, <, >, >=, <=, IN, BETWEEN etc.
There are a few rules that Sub queries must follow:
Subquery must be enclosed within parentheses.
 A Subquery can have only one column in the SELECT clause, unless multiple
columns are in the main query for the Subquery to compare its selected columns.
 An ORDER BY cannot be used in a Subquery, although the main query can use
an ORDER BY.
 The GROUP BY can be used to perform the same function as the ORDER BY in
a Subquery.
 Subquery that return more than one row can only be used with multiple value
operators, such as the IN operator.
 The SELECT list cannot include any references to values that evaluate to a
BLOB, ARRAY, CLOB, or NCLOB.
 A Subquery cannot be immediately enclosed in a set function.
 The BETWEEN operator cannot be used with a Subquery; however,
the BETWEEN operator can be used within the Subquery.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name [, column_name] FROM table1 [, table2] WHERE column_name
OPERATOR (SELECT column_name [, column_name] FROM table1 [, table2] [WHERE])

Example: Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:

Id Name Dept Age Salary Location


100 Ramesh Electrical 24 2500 Bangalore
101 Hrithik Electronics 28 6500 Bangalore
102 Harsha Aeronautics 28 5500 Mysore
103 Soumya Electronics 22 2000 Bangalore
104 Priya InfoTech 25 3000 Mangalore

 Now, let us check following Subquery with SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS


WHERE SALARY > 4500);

 This would produce the following result:

Id Name Dept Age Salary Location


101 Hrithik Electronics 28 6500 Bangalore
102 Harsha Aeronautics 28 5500 Mysore
Correlated Subquery
 A query is called correlated Subquery when both the inner query and the outer
query are interdependent.
 For every row processed by the inner query, the outer query is processed as well.
 The inner query depends on the outer query before it can be processed.

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID, MAX (SALARY) FROM


CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE > 25);

 This would produce the following result:

Id Name Dept Age Salary Location


101 Hrithik Electronics 28 6500 Bangalore

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