'

oflC ~\ . .
\ft\lt... f,l\lll h\l rn, \\, : .\ l • u\~, ;\ud
} • 1,•cl• t'-
1 their 0111~;,t HH l
\
11 •
t •
,ll
aC £QUIL1BR1Ul\1 IN SOLUTION
.,,~
JJ . th,ll jn\'OI\'l~ IOllS
• ( hl,cr o..unp1c:\ of ,01.h dc1.crolytl"' .,,c
. . . , On. ' 3fC illlJi cJ unJ~ r J· fr
,
[ ;.,nic. cqu1l1b11u_n1. ··&· follu~m& «iuilIihriu ll'rq\ l
..J·l,t·D 1 ,ll,BO,.NH lHI (NIJ 1/J>,.HG
m 1 -..!'~
• ,,.1.dt ~·•• n ,ron (ll) rhu> ~n:uc: and ns con~ti,
1
l LIii-te
. . - • ~ -
:"°· J:.~n\vtJ In WJ(C:r • • , ucnt ton 1),·µ,n·t·c~rdl.,~(H:iation
• -"~
,,~nl • (t1q) Fe}• (aq) + SCN - (anL- •· •
1/ ,
• • '"' u y ci. in c,1uilibrium ;,
.
,,.1J,num rcacu.ons arc known as .ionic .. •t·b .
t\tahli~hcd bc(wccn th<.' ion\ ;inJ unioni\Cd
dccttolyto.
.yr_.u-,,., .\. II Suc:h equilibrium i~ uUi:d ionic cquLJjbriwn.
. -U kn~wn \Ji~l :i su bstances do not d'"qui I num
1''" "'" . . •
"",,,rucnt .,ons when d',sso1vcd .tn water suc\1 associate: anto e.g. an clccuolrte AB ioni\Cs 11
,... _ The substances wh'1ch dissoc·
. . \1""1"

• :as surr:ir AB r==! A• + B-

_,_ \,... d 1
~dirt ions con uct c cctnc. 1ty . .
0
iatc into their .

~n..this . "''11 h d F d an aqueous or mo1 The equilibrium ~tJbfahcd bc=na.·cen AB ind A·

and B-
ti-"" basis, ~ c 3. . ara ay classified thc sub ten is called ionic equilibrium. The: frJction of roul number
_.(111.,wing two carcgoncs. sunces of mole
cules th:it \.mJcrgo ioni~cion or dissociatio

.
n is

_.
calt~d the degree of ionisation or dissociation
"-ffl-Electrolvtcs (a}.

J
Thus,
of subsQ~CCS like urea, glucose •·tc. th d
. • . . -... at ocs not a _ number of molecules of electrolyte ionised as ions
~ h c n d1ssolv~d in'----! water hence arc a b:i--' / - total nwnber of •
...
•
1
•.. ..i.......t
_ of dr'c icy. Such substances molcculcsof elccuol\,c CUSlOh'td
arc termcd as o/ / .•. cd
'aGM I" ytcs.
. 1/ or a=
amount of dcccrolytc 1onu
:ctro\ytes Degree of ionisation (a.) incrases with dilUU
·1 Jmncc reaches t~maximum limit (unity) at iD6nitc
OG and
that dissoci:uc into ions when dissolved in dilution Cot
'm called electrolytes. Such substan~c cond weak clcci~olytcs.
uct "'
:.~inaqu~us so1urion.•Dcpcnding upon the exten The extent ofionisatioa abodepends upon metm
t of llgU\ of
the electrolytes arc funhcr cl~illcd into two the bond and the cxtff ll of so1mian 4iDns ohra
•bf faracby. iacd.
• • The process of separanan al tan s. llt .....
. tr-=ll ta 'dlit
.Strong ElectJ:olytes solid compound is call lfl.. _.te ,i... _,..
, splitting of a neutril ._. ..._ CN1lld 11111 •
_of
--
dwociaccd largely or annost complctdy 100 O,v ionisal\cn. Howeva 1Mi1-.lllllllfl --- W
in -II \
-_ind the solu •on conscqucndy becomes very good d,fferen~e.
•I•
,\
of •• . . . us so unon o common
Jcontiins m ly sodium ions and chloride ions.
--0 ~le of strong clccuolytcs arc HCI, H
ACIDS. .., ,
2S04, The earlier crit
>~ H,~H,KCI, ~0 , NH 0 etc.
3 4 were the cxpcri
titak EJ.,.._ I solutions The ,
yt ~
'-1.U O
.
-~ Dc\tcr completely dissociated. In ordin worJ acitl,lS m
ary sour taste, tur
• (.~wal. electrolytes diSi,OClatc m solution to
a small
and. ~c solution. conse u_cntl , is some mc~s a
o?r
~~ r•~ ry. e.g. aqueous soluuon o accuc acu.l On the other
'w . Y \lnaoniscd acetic acid molecules, and
only red li,mus b\u
aoau and hydroniwn ions. bue. When a
oilier 3nd res
 .
'fhe HronstL'd-l in,..r~
s ",f ,;icids and b:i~cs
AJchough rhc: :ibove ffi("Ofl OOfd ,o';',r.'~C!. u
HcrtC<.', m:tny
1 ;\t1id~ an< { l'}(l.', l':-i
ar~ n?r ::ippli('able for :1JI n r ,l,.s::J'\1c'tini, ion:. 0 ( acids
~ettnt Mh:ivt' been prono> 11
M: . pr was proposed by rhc n~ni•h
1 • ''" r le'''\ •11
•
and bases from rnne This con,c: • g1·
Johannes BronSlt'd ;ind che En ash chemi~t. 'h
ro riuw. cl•itr,
Ftw such ddini,ion:< Ji~cu.(.~cd bdow.
•no~ "
.ire-
Lowry,
Arrht•niu~ l""o11e..·t·pt of...-\,:1'ds antI B·tse
"·
s c· . .
J' [O this conccpc. an acid JS ,a subntnc:t (
Accor mg. H• . b
Aaord ing ro ,his concc:pr.~ aJJ subsran,es, char ive 't1r ion) wluch can donate to a ue and a ~·· •
b·..,...,. • f b nee which can accept a procon from a.n acid 1t,
~n ,on,.
H•
( ) • h • a ueous soluoons are su sea
, w ... IY/ '" ~- e,r q . . Thus, an acid is a procon donor (prorogenic) and •a~
• cille_d .tc,J~, wh(fc that, which furnuh hydroxyf
ions, roron acceptor (protophiJic).
OH (,111} an w:icer are c.Jlcd bases. e.g. a
- - - - - - - - - - .___ _ . P . h'ch d.iffi b
The acid·b:LS~ pair, w. 1 _e.r • y a pr9ton. a:, said
HA (~) ~~ (a4) +A. (aq) (Ac.ad) form a conjugate acid-base pa.tr.
tt
Or HA(4JJ) + H 10(/)- --+ H 0 + (41J) + A-(aq
3 ) (Acid) I Add proton t +
Similarly, BO ~(~ )~ a•
(aq) +OH-(aq) (B ase )~~ ·3 (iUJ) + H2,0 (J);= = ~H4 ("'?) + Off{4')
Number of H• ioru dd;vcrcd by an acid in jrs aqueoV"' :B e
L ConJugate ~d C.Onjupte bask.
Acid
us , as
solution is all~d b21iciry or prorocity of the acid. The acids
uc referred as monobasic, <libasic, tribasic ere., according Lose1 proton f
to
che number of protons given in aqueous solution as
one; Thus, chc 2cid.base pair in rhe above example art
rwo or rhrec. Similarly. the number of OH- furnished
by
mt base in ia aqueous $0lurion is called its acidity.
The
subs una that furnish both H + (aq) and OH- (aq)
arc
aUcd amphoteric sub,tance . e.g. waccr
The general form of such reactions is
H20(1) r== H• (4ff) +OH~ (11q) Addprocon
1
Hydrogt'n Hydro.(yl
1
ion ion •
Acid + Base ;-::::= Conjugate base + Conjugateacid
• Abare proton, tr beuuse of its h,gh reaclrvrty, small
size and
intense electric field, combines with oxygen of water molec.u
le
I t
through lon.e pa1r and forms hyd,onium ion. Hp•. l.Qsesproton
Or
• tr + H/J- -t HJJ1" (uigonat pyramidal geometry)
I t
The obt.lined hydronium ion further hydrate to'give species such
c?S H~. H,q and Hl'4 .
Aclid1 + Basci Basel + Acid2
',!,·• t • t
• The terms H'(oq) and Hp· !aq) have lhe same f!leanmg and
rJf bronsted acid, is urro nJc; id then iu conjusite
can
be used ,n place of one another. Similarly, the dl·( 1qn is hydrate
d base and vke- vma.
*''
to g,ve several 1on1C species such dS ¾ I!~,, and H.Pi
0
,
It is also inccresting to n tc 'that'some substan~
• OH + Hp- -.¾- , dl.111 behaviour. i.e..they have the tendency of acap~»
·-i i weU as donating the H • ion or in other words thcyl,du\:
.wJtat ons of Arrhenius Theory as acid and base both. ,
1; ee · H· d•and OH-
re~ uy o nor ens, m w2rcr.
t.
ions
.
because
. ATh is concept is Hmfred co aqueous solutions o.nly.
of their he · Such substances are call d
)Substances. e amphotenc
•
• or .....
"'"'P '"~
uar-
e.g. NH,_ ,H20, CH3COOH etc.
Tbc aci~c ch.araacr of cerrain saJu Hke.
/~a nd baste charaacc of NH ,PH canno3r be3
,bF ~a Conjupt~acid Coni\lfltblJ
2
3 3 H30+ +Olf
/ cx~laincd wi~ die help of chis concept.
NHi +NHi .== NH{ • tJlli
h u nor applrabJc to the compounds which do not CHJC
OOH +CH,tCOOH ~a' l'
conr..fo fret H• or OH- ions. +
~CO OH1
 ·ottl

r os of sro.ns tcd -L ow ry Co
,tl0 . . ne,,. Pt
is un.thlc: to t=,n l.Hn
323
I.
•)n

r1.0 Jc •
p1U lll th.
,he i· \ fl .I 1t
1r .:~ I
, ,..
"""" ·-: ,o
\(il vl
n ,
m
- p
r 0

,, " . \ , :.i .. :11,.t n:1 .,·"

1 s0 ,. .
0 M

..
n 1

N
l 11

' 'th h
, 11
'-

l"IC
"

.
"
11

J, "'-' • 1Hl1111~ 1,, 1lu

l1J. !' ~,J ,jn dK' , '-"" ' c:pt , ,l h;a\C 1, .s
l\:·.Htiun~ l~-i,,,,.11 ,ull \l:t llu· tla.ll h.1v
.. ;J/11"'-...c.r
ll·,, ,h II\\ ' •u ,l1111.1h
-.
JS co !..!o\() : ••s )
"" ' . : .rn d\, 111111 f'IJU
,., for m .l t 11<11\lm
c il
l,,., ·1 1 .11, .1liJ i, ,1 ,11h
1 1111
l. \.h ') ,11\t 1h,l\ lt "'' I
~· \SUU' I(; ·''-" '•~ .uc-
,r: J\ n1M•O,
'. :Ir- )) ( I ,1.t11H· 1l1.t f .tlC \"f'
" 11,c dtc tro n
t~.( w He uk..· pl.1w '-'\.'I\'\ .\U\ I 111
lf.,:,.1:l',I liy 1l1t· I ,-w
I,.,•,
·,
l-" _.· h, soh"'1n. q~. (' ) •l,'l. 111 ,•,l1 11·
i, (·. ·1 lu,,.,. 1.,_w,, ;It i<l 1~ .in
I ( 1• l ;1l + !\t l' -- + <.II '-l
Ill II I J ,.
"•J H. \ .ll"'
1 I.: HI I \1.1 lflll
Ll, (1(,. Jl', '"'' h.n l' Jn,· l1yd1u~ -\' ) I .\ I( ] I •
• I'' IJ
• l,
,I\ ~'
••
t l' ll_ll 111
IJ.'WI\ 1 C ·l:t•
.c...i\l.-.'(
•P' . ' i 1,n,ion hut :irt' kno wl\ to 1.:n and hl·11'-'-' 11ud,··' 11)1 ii
'-·~ l
,:11
,,
·l
111 , u .. u,111 ru_ 1
"- ll'l\ ;J\
·
J IJ\C I\ ti
f , ~ ·-
hl'h :l\·t · .I ' 'IK1 ..1t·,
;\.\ ,ll ll
• '> '-·~· 11.,Cl,Nll,.Ofl .N n.C
111 Conjugate acid of a ~eak bas •
:o' -',c .
,\lrLL tiil\ be the dec e is alwa
, ... reasmg ordex of b s ,\u orl lin ~ \o hw h, J
&l"llt.:ul ;at.iJ-l,.a,i:
,4_· 11}lat follow.ing conJug
• t b
a e ases? as1c <.·'<plt\'>t'd ia <ht' folluwi11i;
m,111ncr.
n:.u111,n un he
,,JIJifou· Jl( f CH COO •
, n • 3 •• ct· lt\C E"T A+ :B -> At-- II
. " Exem1>1arl
1 ieid (\f tht g1vtn b,~cs are
AdJ + U.1sc --- -> Comp
J , ~ ;CH ,COOH ,uut HC lcl
~!l hIS HCI > ru ,l'OOII > lHOr un uf llwir acithc
iO > ROI-I
H + :011- --- .. H ,_
OH
i-.rl- ordtr of basic slrrn~th
of BF3 + :NH 3 -- + M N
~- cocr < oH- < Ro- their conju~ate bas,•s is 3 BF
.1 ,cH, h is al~ imcrcsting IO not
ify chat :al ronsted-1..ow
also act as L.·wis bases bec ry basc5
,,trLE )21 The ionisation of on all the b;lSts. But all Bro
ause of the presence of lun
e p.un
hydrochloric acid in nsttd Lowry acids do not
• gitfl\below. as Lewis acids because of behave
:;~ } +R10 Q} ~H 30 • the absence of proton, as
~aq~.., C~ - _(aq_) whic.h because of ics electro in BFJ
: r,o~njugate aod-base pau n deficiency acts a.\ Lc:v.-is add
s U\ this 1orusation. nor :i.s Brorutc<l aciJ (Ju
e co the ab~cncc of proton but
, ).
[NCERT Exemplar) Limitations of Lewis
1 Ad dlr -ot on,
(i) The sm~ngth of L:w
Concept
l]\IQ)+H:CXI) a H~o·( is acids and· bases is fou
i'tl
aq) + Cr (aq ) depend on the rypc of rea nd L'O
la• C.aJUt:.llC aid CwtJut, etion, it is nm pi>iu"bLI tO
,lr ba,r arrange chem inany order of their rcl:ativc stre
t
I
1. -L --- Losrs pmloa (ii) It docs not explain the: ngth.
behaviour of protonic: ad
, such as HNO),H ds
Cl,H 1 S04 etc.
·"'?l d! IS a slrong aod then Its COOJUgate bas (iii) Cat:alytic activity of
e is Lewis acid can't be cxp
-: 0 ~ . GcnelallV,
the COftJugatc acid ha:. onea weak bec:ausc the acalytic activity 1l,W
1.; lli1 CttljUgale base
has one less
extra of ~any acids is • •
proton. their tendency to furnish
Jl(II H+. Lewis acid docs
'IPlE Ill species H2 O. HCOj. HS EXAT\U>LE 14I Areaction
O 4 and between ammonia
th as Bronsted adds and bas trifluoride is given below :NH
es. For each Identify the acid and base in 3 BF3 -- + H1N:
conesponding conjugate aci +
d and conjugate this reaction. •
(NCERTTextbook) explains it? What is the hy
bridisation of B
laqups, acid is obtaim:d by add
ing a proton to the species
1eactants?
••<mijupte bast is obtained Sol Alt
(NCERT
by rtmoving a proton from hough BF, does not have a
"P'll sp«jt,. Thus, the cor proton but ac

~1
responding conjugatr acid add as lt is an electron def
• -.r Cot lht givtn sptdts art as foUows with NH, by accepting lht
icient tompouncl.
.
lon
C.,;-juga!!._acld !_~_1u2a1e NJ 13 and compltte ils octet. e pair of tl
~' !- represented by
The reaction
lip I Hj Y I 01-f
tCoj I H~o3 co~-
. BF, + :NH1 _ . . BF> 4-
Lewis clcclronk lheory or
acids and bases
~. f H~o. so:· Boron ln BF, is sp 1 hybrid
istd where Nin
hybridised.
~ 1 ' NH: NH2
 324
~. 1r -.r .~ ; •. i • --
~1 ,tf liJ e.c-.0 )iO eof sm, nga dck e--! t~
JSI Classify the rauowtnl
tbeJe ad as such conJ .,.- bcfeaSt NOJ,F- ,CH1000·dae
/a:l·m and Lewis baseJ and shaW w2td' •...!.a.. arc stronger than wa,«. Sinua.~.a..:-.
baW INC£HTT_..,..,kl weak . ____ .....,, • ....;:
. obtained &om a ~ag RH • -.It
CJ> so- (liJ r (ill) a·
oblalJI ,,v • weak base " strong. L._
(IY) JG1 add. eel t-m e.g. >41-t- lllt \
. ..., btt-1 • JIii • 2 • O'
SoL (0 H)-dro1')"1 iM adl 8 1 of' ~ron • (otl- H- being good acceptor arc stronger uac- as "-
,::e
ICMt'tU')' lo JunalC' • 1oaw pair C
ii hat • W2tet.
fd) ion 8(1J al •
lo dollolle anyone
pall1 or te soluble organic compQunds such as
eJ«m,ns.
• : ~ n ! , l h y m o l blue a ,
~Ids
(iii) A proton bthavrs as a U\\is acid btcaus ucan accept
e ~ilk •n~ h M d.fftqq~
thett acid (Hin) and con,ugate base (In ) form-._ SG ~
:

e xyl ion .
a lone pau of t"leclrons from bases likt hydro widely used as indicators in acid· ba~ tntat,oos
and Ouorilk fon.
(iv) BO bcha~s as a uwis acid bccaUSt ll. can accept a
• Hln(oqJ + H.P(Q • Hp• {oq) + aq) lrff
lctl, 111P COf'f141'
1cm: pair of electrons from species like ammonia ot ... C COll,ot,_
amine molecules.

Strengths of Acids and Bases The Ionisation Constant of \Vater a?Ji!

(a) According to Arrh eniu s Conc ept
Its Ionic Product / •
. . It is well known now _that che
According co this concept chc acids that d1ssoaa~ :ilmo5r_ _both. In pure water, one water water acts as acid aod
molecule ac;ts u acid~
completely into their consricu_cnc ions in an aqueo
us donating its proton while the ~thcr acts
medium and thus, rQdily provide a proton arc called_stro~ as a bast
adds. e.g. pcrduoric acid (H0 0 ), hydrochlonc aacf~/ accepting the proton at the same tJme. Thus, the f~
£ 4
(HO) . hydroiodic:acid CHO, nitricacid(HN03), sulph
uric
equilibrium exists in the waccr.
H 0(l) ~H 0(/) H30
,
acid Cff2S04) etc. 2 2 + (ll9) +OH -"-
Acid Base ~nju ~tc <:on;ug.
Similarly. rhe base that dissociate almost complcccly into
/ their constituent ions in an aqueous mcdhub,.and thus, . . ac:d . . base
Applying law of mass acuon, the d1ssoc1at1on conmm _
l'CldiJy provide a hydroxyl ion, are callcdt-s.trong bases
0

e.g. a1bli metal hydroxides (NaOH, LiQH, KOH [H3 0+ )(OH -]

CsOH). barium hydroxide etc. , K= 2
/ {H20l
Note
Since, water is a pure li9uid. so its conccnmtion
fi9a Iha vallJe ol ionisation constant. K•. mcwei'is 1he rcsmi
acidic constant. Hcn<:e, [H2O]2 is incorporated widiK
Slrength. Smitarfy. higfa lhe value°' Kb more is andaat1
More ab01A K• nj K0 )'0U will read in nexl topic. tbe:basic: strenglh. r. K is used in l K [H O]2 . 1·.c.
, . _. •
.uie. I 2
(b) Acco rdin g to Bron sted - Lowryt<!:~ncept
Kw =(H30+ ]lOH -) or K., =lH* )(Olfl
According to rhis concept, between the cwJ~~~tas, the
having higher tcndenq to give a proton islchined
add •..• O + ] and tH+ ] 2tt
stronger acid and in such a condition, die·>tquilibasrium
d1e 3
K" is called che ionic product of water.
reaction goes in the direction of weaker acid. c:.g. in
the From the experiments, it is found that at 298 K.
rcaccion.
HA(49) + H20(1) H30+ (aq) + A-(a q) [H+ l=[H
3
o+ ]= 1.0x 10-7 M
P, - Acid C.Onjuga,c Conlugarc
S
incc, water produces fH u+] and [OH-) in "
//.. aad
3
asc numbers.so [H3Q+] =[O H-J= l.Ox 10-7 M
I{ HA is a stronger acid than H 0+ it readily
proton to H2O and the reaction3 shift, in the gives its
forward
On substit
~reccion ;.e. the solution wilJ mainly contain A- F~~ ~SS ..:11 14~ .c--- === =+t- -
and K.., =(Ix 10-7) 2 =lx 10-1-4 M2 :11291
ions. The HJO+ and A- boch are weaker as strong
add gives irs pror.on co a strong base. • K., • +) (OH-] (at 298 K)
11 [H• J• [OH·
r means mar the conjugate base obtained from a atron • J. solution Is neutral
g • If [H• •
....,... l > (OH-) , solution is acidic. and
dd ii weak and that obrained from a weak acid ia stron if [H• J< (Otf J.
g. 8V1Uhon Is basic.
 t.E \6\ At 363 K, pure wate1 has
\\~"\~~10_.M. Calculate tlle value of IC,. at this e.g. pH of ar:aciuic solution of HC:l of
p .. ., con~ otrJ1
,o-- M is 2. :inJ :.i buic ,olution of NaOH h2,;n
g\OH
-
n.1 o•}=\OH-~=to:-~ M
10- M ;md\H,t)+ 1=- =lo- ' 0 M
41
f."'J -~ l' •J . is 10.
r; " : lHP.l lOH.;\:: Ut ll M Abt~~ ;n 25uC ,he hydrogen ion concen{r:uion
fro&'I\" of w2te
\0 M. \ lcncc, pH of pun.: W3H:r is given 3S
. \Pl£ \l\ ta,lcu\ate of H3o~ and.OH~ ion
~iuons a.t 2s cin.
vii - \og Ol} 7
1\.\J · 0
- · ) - 7
Acidic M>\mion h;i, pH ,, 7
o.02 11 atro3 ~o\ution {ii) o.oos N 101\ solution
\i) illJO comp\ct~ly ionises u &sic solution has pH > 7
.,,. \U ™'
..J
..ru--:I, +H10 H10.. + No-
Neun~ solution has pH= 7
• l
Since, pH sa\c is a logarithmic sale, w a
:. \H~o·, = ~ l l = 0.02 N (Gi\'cn) da.rc:uc
sing\~ pH unit corresponds to ten fold~ incrC
=0.02M ™: in
t _. HNol is monobasic) nature. That's why change in pH with u:mp
=2X 10-! M c:r2turc is ,
ignored.
·ilttr. as {H,o• l \OH-l =Kw = 10- ~"
EXAMPLE \8\ The concentration of hydrogen
\OH -\: K"' = ion
~o-H
sample of soft drink is 3.8x 10-3 M. What is
(H)o •1 2-x10- 2 its pH?
=Sxl O-ll t.-\ {NC'ERT"Ealn
... Sot pH= -log tH~l=-log [3-.8x 10-1}
(ti) 101-l completely ionises as KOl{ ----+ K+
+ot-t.- ::;.- (log l3.a1 + log ll0-~1
:. lOH-) • lKOH} -o.oos·N (Given)
=Sx l0- 3 M (-:KOH is monoacidic) <-
=- ({o.ss) + 3.o)1=- l- 2..421:: 2..42
Therefore. lhe pH of the soft drink is 2.41.
Now,.as {H1O+llOH-1 K.., =10-14 2

. ru
•• \H}
0,.1• Kw
[OH-l
Measureme11t of pH
pH of a solution is generally measured by usin
-1' g pH 1
- lO
-
which givtt· different CQlours with the so\utlons
= 2x10 -12 M of dil
SxlO-s pH. The pH in the rangcofl-14 can be dctm
nincd~
accuracy of ...0.5 by using pH papers. The pH
paper o
rnEpHSCALE o( strips which show different colours with
value. The pH value can he as ccmin by matc
diffcrci
lD ordtt m represent the hydronium ion conc hing th
entration w1th a refcrcnce co\our chan provided ·with it.
Mt con~cnicntly in terms of
molarity, Sorensen The more accurate value of pH is determined
amduccd alogarithmic scale, called the pH 'Scale. The by usi
pH meter, a 4~...s:e 'that mcasuTCS the pH dcptndcn
i asolution!is defined t cl•
potential of.th~ test so\ution within 0.001 ptt:ci
s,01
'ic ncguivc logarithm to basi 10 of the activity
of small siud pH metcts are also av:u\ab\c in the
ion (a •). If the solution is very dilute (i.e.) ow\
pH of some common suhsW\a:s arc tabulated bclo
<0.0\Mt the acJivity of hydrogen ion becomes equa
l to its
lduity.i.c. 'The pH of Some Common Substances
Name ot the 1\u\d -pH Name ot \he fluid
lH+l •
• =- -- Satura\ed so\u\\on o1 - is Slack cottee
H molL-1 NaOH
( 11 H' is a dimensionless quantity) o., M NaOH so\U\\on 13 \Toma\o iu1te
lhe definition of pH, Umewa\er 10 6 \sott dHn\t.s and vmegat
Milk ot magnes'8. , 0 \lemon \U\Ce
pH=-logaH+ =(-\ ogH + /mo\L- 1) I
Egg wh\\e, sea wa\e, 7.8 \Gas\nc l\,nce
• -
' pH = - log (H+ 1= log l
Humanb\ood
tt+ M\lk
7.4 \1 MHCl solu\oo
6.8 •Conconu aled HC\
Human saliva 6,4 \I
-- -- -- -- -
f
5
- ••

rlf c:..'f J
a. ti Ji G [ ,~- I Al li11(}1Je I 011:MISTRy a._
326 ),ab f C pl-- l ;,- :t
J c ~-
. .
V\eu_1ia.Q [ 0Y 1
,J .... t] (ii) I(we~I Jc.icl ur we.,~ IIJ\C" ,, lt-h lwlunJ
,
- ,' :t huff,·r (Jd1fit ,,, 1,.,,,
I , 1 ,.'' ''"8.,.,
Ju:,,1 .l,\ l'u i,1111\Jll~ 11' ,,,n uu.......,.,r'~·\L'III'
"""\
. I C'1,,r
' ,hr 1
uut lrul fJIU IU u ,., • r,,,,, • ,,.,.
I I .,.., ,,,,.,,..1 ••
( ..1 , 11 •
(ltl l' 1111 •1111 ' 1 '
1hr l ll-f ""' ,umr111r.ui11n. ,.. pl lf·I 1 ~h formccllvulumc: ~·f ..., I..,,,, .
,., ,,,,, .,
:! • ••~ f( )I I
,om:cn,r.uiun uf wc:;1~ auJ or WC'J~ l,.,°I.
Lfic chc huffi~r t><JUJlf"" to cJI• uf.11, 1J,r ftf, 1,,, "•
nd. 1(h 1 Jl t,,·h,\·t•it 1,l I ~ind ,,t )f I 1,r, ,J
\X"r L,ww tl1.11 ,II l')S K in ~ulu,iun. ·-
Jqu,·ou, ~ulurion. (iii} If .1dJ" ,,r t,a.,c:s ,trc c:mnpk
IM It l lli 1= A.. ::. I )\ 10
I
H 1dy 11c:111r.fli\tJ, i.
Is formed. Cakularc ,hr '"?ccnrr:u.11m
formtJ .and use rhtt hydruly~n r<Ju:uum "' ,,~ ·...
,,, c.,fo} ,
the pH of the ,olotion.
v. •

,·~c o pure: W.Jtcr .1r .25" C

I.irnitations of pl I .Se:rle
(i) pH value$ of the· solurions do
IH' I :(O l·r I= I." 10 •7 , thus pli: : nor giv~ u~ irnrncJ,
pOH =7 ;Jr3 of the relative srrcngth, of the: s,>furiom
rq>fc.\(n~ ncurr.l.liry. , ,..
(ii) pH value of I N solution of
\til In wr_ (lf a~iJic ~olqtiof!. p-1• )JO sr~on~ add i$ <1b<~
l·r J, chus / zero. But in Cl.SC che conccnrratIon 1~
pl-I< 7 and pOfi >_7. 2 N, JN. JQ •,
ere., chc respective pH values arc: ncg;
uh-t.
(iii) Also. in ci~ of 3llulint wlution (iii) A solution of .an .::1ciJ having
, {H • )< (OH- J, B very low conct:rn11,;._
thus. pH>-: anJ pOH< 7. siy Io- N showt, pH value. less than .,.,.,
The sofutfons lu,·ing pH bc:rwcc:n O 7 and n« !
311d 2 31c strongly shown by pH formufa.
.1ddic, mosc "i,h pH between 2 10
:ire moJcr.ircl)' :icidk,
whil" othc:n hning pH be",·ccn 4 to EXAl\tPLE JlOf Calculate the ·PH
7 .arc wr:tkly .1cidic.
Simiwly. the solutions h:i,•ing pH valu Solution.
of 10·• H 1£'
e bcrwren 7 to 10
,tt "uk ly basic. ,hose h.1,·i
ng pH bc:cwc:en JO t\l t2 are Sol ·: pH= - Jog [H .. ]z--Jog 10-•.=s
fUOTS
modcratdy basic whcras om~rs whic
h have pH ber:wcen But this is not lrue because an Qcidi~
12 to J4 att strongly bliic. solution CJllllLC
have pH greater than 7. ln.this conw
\o _.. .I tlon, f1rJoC,11er
I\ \.\t PLl f9f Calculate the pH of cannot be nrglected.
N/1900 sodium
hydroxide solution asswruning complete Therefore, [H •JiotaJ • (H 4]HCI + [H'• Jtt,
ionisation 0 a J0.., • If·
(l., • 10• 10- 1').
: 10·• (l+ 10)• JJ·)( .JO'"'
SoL NaOH completdy ionius ·Now from,
u NaOH --+ Na• + OJr pH=- log [H.. )• -Jog (U x
:. fOI -rJ• (Na OH ]•~ •Jo·> N=J 1
1000
0- M :.- Jog 11 - log JO-a •6,9SS
,«Jd n
Now, u(Hi<rJfOH" J• 10-H
(·: Eq. mass •nw s U14'1lSC of NaOHJ
IONISATION CONSTANTS OF
/ .. (H o·J 10· •·• ao· ,. ,o-••
• ., • - • - • - • J O _,,
101-rJ rott-J 10·,
WEAK ACIDS AND BASES
Ionisation Constants or,Y·enk ..\dJ.,
pH • -Jog f HJo· J• -log 10- 11 •
1J Consider a. we-.ik acid HX 1har ioni

I
ses
., f ,.f 1h1 t1 f'l'-; of. \c:iu~ and U:L"PS afrcr somctune rite following equilibr only p,U'li.all.,· ,r.!
_
ium is csubJiJ.nl
.
he ruJe1 for dccc,mining thr pH of mi1 H.1O(/) +HX (11 q)-- -. HJO ..
tura of ;acids and (11q) + X~ (.tf1
IIO UC .u foJlows. lnhi.al cone. C O
I
(il I( 11rong acid or 111ong O
bue remain, unwc:J, A, t111.1ilil1rl1&m mnc. C (I • a) I
Ca ,ls
calcubct rhc conunuarion or mulJriry
~- oF H• ions :~dre, C (mol/L) be chr inicial conc~ncr
d~· ~r • 0 and a be lhe Jcgrtt atiun o( 1ht
and OH ion, lcfr in dar wlution and or dissoci.au-
,hrn c~cuJicc
mt pH or pOH acwrdingly. !UOC
g,vcn qliarion constanr or ionis:uion consbl11, A., aw, k
f,Qllilibrium 327

... (iJ 1,,.,i \:i,,,.11 <:ru1,tanl1; r,f°\\'cak lla.-._cs

Con~•lc:r .a Wl"Jk luv-, Afl >II. ionisn only panwly in chc
1.11 g;«n l~~rcr.,.aaurc T,. ,...., is ,I ntl'J\IIIC of '"l' \lfChf!lh .., l11lluwin~ 1UJ1mrr.
acid HX I.('. Jrscr ( IC v.alur uf J,; tl1r ( , I
~ 11• is J Jimcn~innlG11 ,,u.1n1irv' wi~h il,c:• lllh !I. '"1"1~rr "/ '" Mc >I U,111J _. M ' '"•/J • 011 • (1111)
JPY"• \'N,1numg
aht ir;anJJrJ ~I.It( ,·oni:c.·m r.u i11n of •111 ~llt:l ic.·, i~ I f\ t l11,1ul 111111 ,·. ft 0
di" rht 51.and.irJ l>l,Ur (onu·111r.11iun uf ,II ,I •. C111N At

. Ic.~~ ,111;11uity. If•,h It'.'J

.I) .a d'11ucn~1on s1'1C(;1n I\ t.u
•~•
, .- • ( ,, '·"
.~ 1; . rq11a,t..111n,
I~1• ,.. • _1 (I - ) 1 '" au 1s Very ut
=•
11
'· (I •
.&k o<"'
,e •
a
ff The iu11i).11ion um~1.an1 of d1r b:a\t',
K sea· ,u ll =vc K
6
=(M • IIOH I:: <.a ·<.u_ = .£.•!:_
(MOIi) CO-«tJ U-uJ

or a vC
l
ri:--;;;(X.J v (··c
• 1)
oc-
V
K• rd:uc:s Jin.-ccly wirh hydroxyl ion conccnu11ion, "' ic i, a
measure of basiciry of a base. Higher the K• value, more
(where, V = volume ofsolution) basic b the base.
Tiaus. 'th~ deg~ o_r dissociation is proponional to the: Like K•, K• is also a dimcnsfonlcs.s qua.n1iry~
,quarc rooc of d1luuon for weak clcarolytcs., This lS clu:
tpltfflffll of Ostwald law. Dcgrtt of dissociation incrc:iscs EXAMPLE ltzf 0.16 g N2H4 is dissolved in water and
• dilution incrc~. the total volume is made upto 500 ml. Calculate the
• me approximation (1 - ci) • 1cdn be applied only ,r a< SO% ,r percentage of N2H, that has reacted with water in this
6
OIi solvsrit a problem by applying the approximate formula a solution. x. for N2H4 is 4.0>< 10· M.
<omtS out to bt >SO" the problems may be ~ved by applying
the tua formula and a lllcly be calculated applying lhe solution Sol N2H4 ionises in the following manner
N2H• +HP.== N2ffs + OH"'
of thf q...dratic equauon
Initially 1 o' 0
- b t Jt,l - 4oc a.
• a• (for,aa,+b a+C•O) Afmllisll- ll Q
20 . .
c«2 [if(l-4) •1)
Kt =-•Ca2
~1- o.)
lX..l\lPLE f111 The ionisation constant of phenol is 0.l6x 1000
1.0,clO-to. What is the concentration of phenolate ion in c =lN 2H41=---- o.ot
32>< 5-00
0.05 Msolution of phenol? What will be its degree of 4
Kb •4 xlO M
ionisation if the solution is also 0.01 M in sodium
phenolate? INCERTTextbookl
a=~=0 .02 0,2,:
SoL Tht equation of the dissociation of phenol is as
C,HiOH- -t C,HsO- + H+(H30t) '.
Relation between K• and Kt>
By o~lv.-ald dilution Jaw, [C6fis0-1 = (H30•1 K • and K • arc related as
=JK, ·C = x 0.05 c 2.24 x 10-• M.
or
_K11.,
K• - - or
\.\-'hen mixture contains 0.05 M phenol and 0.01 M K"
phtnolat.t ion (from sodium phcnolatc) then rK, xK•=!- 1
K a (C6 J,4O-] (H10•1 pKValu.. -.:.J
• fC,ffsOH] p stands for negative loprithm. Thus. pK is du: ncguivc
1.0xio•10 = [o.01]x {H.,o•J logarichm of dissociation constant.
[0.05] :. pK, =-log K. and pK, =-log K•
-10 Weak acids have higher pK11 ,raluc:s. Similarly weak hues
(HlO') = 0.05>< t.Ox 10 =S x 10-10 M
O.OJ have higher pK6 villucs.
IHJo•J=C•a =5x 10-10
For any conjug:ne 2dd-basc pair in aqueous solution. we
know thar. 14
5)(
lO•IO X JO•IO 5 •I {at298K)
Q 1:---;:--- c:1 X 10 K. xK• =K.. =1>< 10-
C O.OS

-
 1 }Jllnone I c111.M1s1lly 1., \

328 ''\'
I
or u, , I ,. , Ill "

l'.1L.1nJ: k,1!.awhm ••fl 1-.,ah rnf«"', \\'C" h.1,'t H)

. It t
u,tnjl .. -:
J,,,
I,,~ tA .• 1' 1, l 1,'j: (I'( 10
wr ,<rt (J • -4 0.J 2 s\UJ (J I l!
.. r l,,i,: ·'· '1,,J,!>;,. - I~
,t nr,taliv r root i• not ,ir, ..,,1_. 1, ,.
'•lf! .I.._ I .. , l,T~ A">)· 14 11 1
u -0.12 ~.
(.U 298 K} ~_,,v, .,..,J o• J.,, If.)
~.,- •• I
e; Cu -0.02 .. i> 12· 21
. - , lt1 I If
.\l .... ii,thn , 1:H t'.d, ttl.din~,,I I a1f.l (Hf) 111 C{I - <.A): 0.02 (l -o. 12):: J7 ,, ,,, l \f
I
,-•tt1 llt1l srq,VfJ pH-.-l og(H' l=--lo 8(2.4J t 10·>).s2.e;2
l" , -'¼" ••t "c.1L dr&.1 Ml\f<"'• , h:- (.ik ubuon oJ p1-1• anvo
•
4

• Ives
ft,IJ, '" '"Jo! \h•p, l·X,\i \iVlt: J14I The pH_o_f 0.1 M ~no~
Ill Spt"1h · the .>wJ, .md 1'~'-("), {BronMtd Lowry) t-1.king ,.so. Calculate the concentr~tion of spec1ei H •ISit~ ~
A· ln4PJ
p.1n ,n ,h, dL~,,~i.u,on rroc-01. at equilibrium. Also, determ1ne the value of K• and Pl ;J
\1il \X'nrt h.il.1n\~rJ ~u.UiC'ln, for ~u rowblc rr.tctio
ns. the monobasic acid. lNCE RTT~
ui,l Thr re-action "'Hh highc.,t ,·.alue of KA i, the prim:u SoL ·: pH a - log fH•]
y
n-.a'-1,on and the <1thcn ;arc- the subsidi,uy racrions. :. [H•J: 1.x 10-rH : 1 ,c 10-t'° c 3.I6x 10..i
(f\') Enlo, the followins ,·.llucs for c.1ch
species of the Since, [H• Jc (A-J • 3.J6 x ·10-s and K. =[H'"llA'l'(HA
prtmu y rc:-.1ctmn.
(.i) lniti.aJ conc-mrr.uion. C [HA]Ofi11,btiwn • o.i - (3.16JI<
(h) Chuii:c in ,un,cn ,ntion in re.mu ofa -s,2
K. a {3•16 " JO /0.1 s: I.Ox 10_.
(d f.quilibrium conccnt~tion 0.1
h~) \l'rirc llk ~u,librium ,orura nt express pK. • - log {10_.) = a
ion and
1ubsciru,~ the equilibrium conccncracion inco ic..
lvi) Ci.lcuhu: rbc conc<"nmrion of e2ch species caking EXAMPLE ItSJ Calculate the pH of 0.08 Msolution~
pan in lhc rocrio n. hypochlorous acid, HOCl. The ionisation constant of i.
h,i, Calcubtc pH by using the expression. acid as 2.sx 10-s. Detennine the per cent dissociatioac
pH -= - log lH • J. HOCl. (NCERtTadleak
SoL The ionisation equation of HOCl is as follows.
\ \ \IPI l p 31 Tht ionisation constant of HF is HOO(aq) + H1O(1) ·~ HJO.(aq) + Orv.
2" JO_,. Calculate the degrtt of dissociation of HF in its lmUal cone. (M) 0.01 o • •
02 H s<>lution. Calculate the concentration of all specie Change in cone. (A-0 - x
s + x .1
esent (H Jo·. F • and HF) in the solution and its pH. Lo rQCb tquili.
cone. (M)
INCERTTextboolcJ I
L SI~ f Hf aJ I Broniltd ac,d ~nd v.·1trr is aba~t here. ...
SI~ II Tht {oUa-,mg proloo transfer rracU0111 an
puSJibJe ...
...
X <<0.0&
(0 Hf• H,O; ::::!H ,o• + P-;K• =3.2)CJO-t 0.01 - x o.oa
Cu) H,O• H1O.=" ' H,o•,. OH-. Kw ,:J.0., 10·st %J • 2.0>t
ltq,lU Al J:. >> K.,. 1lj u 1hc principle rraction or Xa 1.41 >c 10-J
SltplV HP • li.1O H 1O" • p· [H•] • 1.4lx 10-> M
UOl 0 0
tl..n,r tM, • 0.01 u , 001 • 0OJ a Per cent di.uodation • { fHOCllw-,.,,..} • 100
l'fwh , ..,. 4MJ 0.111 • u,uJ u 0.01 u oOJ D [HOClJw1..i
ilrp V Eq1ulJb11um, onJW'II.
1.41,c 10·1
10.02 aJ 1 o.oz-u-1 • •--- -•l. 761
K • --·--; -
" (0.o.•- o.02u, fJ - u)
12• o.oa
pH • - lo& (H • Ia - Jog( l.4 l x 10·1) • 2.as
 ·~Ol
f
• The pH of 0.004 Mhydrazine s . 32~
,if \1~1 ionisation constant Kb and ll/lut1on
,\I te its INC b.
#\ . (II • II I L.,_ •) ,
'. r}~\a . .. . . Eln·Te~UinokJ I• • - ··- r 4 JC 10
dcrgoes 1omsahon 11\ lht' following ..
Ill ,SI
u1e un •
II I'' J n,. III\ J n,. (II ,.s J: c 11 - a,
il'~r. 0 ;p::! NI-I 1NH; + 01)' ,
,I 1f tf2 4, J,, 1 ' f/ ( ,, ( ,,.

,l· 1.u~(-rH)=nuti)og(- ij,7);;:: 1,t,7~ lO' Ill

•t•-" 10·U . 1
I,'.#_! _, 0 =5.'18•Io ~INII.Nll'J .,, HJ ' O. J / ti (J 11 1h1,11ltl 1101 l,r n,.gfrcttd
ti I' ;.; I,b1x 10 .. 1 (I f/J

.' [ti NH'JIOH") (S,98x 10·112 or ,, CJ.Hl,

: o.o<M -= 8,96)( 10·' .. (11..,J.(u..Q.J,fJUl '''H~M
it• , 1rn.n.r
.. •J
NH,] 1
.-Joi,-:,--=- log (8.96>< 10~ )= 6.04 [HS'J.I ca Qi ~o ,, IJ.JIJ tJ(JJl',M
(HaSf •C(I -w • (U (I .. ,,,,.,; ,, IJ82 M
~• , ,lrh,1~ll'
· Actt
. . ls antl I>i- ancl Now. Hr., furlhtr dinodaln to ,., • ~nd ' l
11,l
l l I t I'• . , .. C1 =(HSt') •0.01, M
II

- •I hl' );\~l
.,, ·' rt than one ionisable procon per lllOlecule HS" ;=:= H" + ~-
• I ,"
1il'~:wn as polyl,asic or add,. e.g. ~.-•,J o1 a•
. (H'Hs'-1
'#,ttooC-COOH), sulphuric acid (a2so ~ :.. K1 •1 '1110-d l!IS • [HS.'J
, acid (H3pQ ~) etc. 4
rcactioru for a dibasic: acid, ffiX '-t.
lsaus,~Jalreaciyln solulion •O.Olland thus.
stft)S AS show11 below. . 4aocialfonofH~ further supprcues dur to common
all•"' ·r e 'buA 1on.._,-,1-u·•1..
H2X(aq) H (aq)+n.a '""(..,, !~ s-,r.'°~c,~, •0.01&~ c,
~1 D-aa> .
HXe(aq) HEB (aq) +X~k;)
J. ffi&i ~ . : : a5.55x tO..t
,.ainwnconswits for the abCMtllllli(t
• [H' ][HX e ] and ._...,
1)t .,.-0.0i •AD18x 5.55• io-4 •O.ot9x io-~
l'I = [H2X] -. Mkl&ttogth
•a! I IJ are the first and scco
4•-"-"""""",_ lnA

-,. of the acid H2 X).

1ilt m1ution of a diprotic a •
:f. The H• ions mainly l•Eff#a A=-•1 etemc
.. aq,. Similarly, in case of
on at * acidicmoving
mph
do,
ii. rJ polyprocic acid is gri ...,_,.... M-vibo
,l_, >K'J ). because it is ...._,_h\cnm
charged proton from r
"-forces. Similarly, ic is
doubly charged •
~-IL
1

'1,u 117J r1 and K2 for

..
!1
• 'Gdtx Calculates
In 0,1 MH2SSolutiotllfl 1
"• llcp of the dJ11ociation orWI
H:,S ;::::::! I... + HS9
 1AJIIIJlllll!fal

BO $ •• •, , 10
1
• IOH I
"l b•
11srrcf'c,rt, fll ' I• K"" IUH·J =- JfJ "1 fl
,he.-~ ll,,
• _J ..,..-e ~ - -
a.t Ir,
.. .. . ;,. ~. ... • a & e.g.
•. 1s1,r11t
.. hJ ,-. idl RP .--

----
pl fr .to ,c( 1.5 ,lf l 11) ·, fl
cadilr-'~of ll
A~ eddJUon of z, mL nf O.I MJlf"_
-- ;. .. ,Hat>cHf I 111lttt1t,n '••
'3ft ' • \ of HCJ) •~50 ml of O. I M amn11,n,a ""'"'""' 1
- - _, of amownia 1n1,lrct1""' ..,,. '•
-- ~ ~ "' m d '· of ~1 un g
75 inL soJ11tion. c~ntain, Jh,- ....
, .. d_
1,in 1•.m~1 J
• n tht' Jonis.,tion • :eu tra lis ed 2.S m ,nol of
NH, m~Jlftt'\llt1 it"'1

/ 1 .\,"kl' :tntl Ra."'l°:i . cak acid or

orNH:-
NH, + HCI ......,.. NH;+cr l
lrcdcgm d~ __ :.
al ta . • su r,- -~ - r
~-:t'"'J:i:~
. This henwofomuio tb~
2.5 Z.5 0 0
cmol,u conraining • c.om mo cnon as At equilibrium
n ,on. . pweak acid and
nncd as QNIUDOII ion dfcct. e.g 0
. HAC as • 0 z..5
111isa ia me following manne The resulting 75 mL of soluijon ~- . .
r. conwni 2.5 rnma, t
[H • ][A C- ) NH: ions. (Le. 0.033 M) and 2.5
L'1 C( .tf )~ H+ (4} +.A C-
(~ ); K. • (HAC] unneutralised NH, molecules. ~o J (it . o:3lMJrJ
This NH, 1n th1
•,a ucxhct- dcarolyte ma
following equilibriwn.
r furnish
LW co the ahove equilibrium. either H+ or AC- is NH40H NH ;+ OH-
ma:auatioa oflf+ or .it c· iom ir will increase the 0.033 M -y
.and in order t0 keep K Y Y
tllSQftf. d.c cancamado
n of HAC must increase, i.e. the• Where_, y = (OH1 =[NH;J
thifa mwards undissorined tcid. ibe final 75 mL solution afier
ntutr.aluation altQfr
~U lP ll lll l fMn,Jate the pH contains 2.5 m mo) NHt ions
(~., 0.033 Ai), thus t~
•lution. Cakulate the pH after so. of a 0.10M ammonia concentration of NH: ion
eated with 25.0 mL of 0.l0H o mL of this solution is s is given as=
nstant ol am!DOJda.,
HCL The·'dissociation [NH;) =0.033M
.r1 • 17 7x io-
5
•
aL NH, ... H,O --- . Mr. + h y is small. (NH OH] .::0.033
oa· 4 Mand NH ;• 0.tQJll
x. • (NH;J (OJr)l(NH,J • Ln • 10-s We know, Kb • {NHf UOH1
= y'(0.033) =Itn~I01M
Bclare aeulrlliutioa. [NH40H] (0.033)
(NH;JcfmrJ•z Jnus.: Y= Ln x 10-s =[OH.)
(NHJJ •0. J0 -.r •0. 10 10-1'
[fr ]= --- =O .S 6) (1 0·
r 1/0.JO c 1.n •J0- 5 lJ7xto-s •
'I
Hence. pH= 9.,24