1.

(i) Define the following terms:

(a) Azeotrope (b) Osmotic pressure (c) Colligative properties
(ii) Calculate the molarity of 9.8 % (w/w) solution of H2SO4 if the density of the solution
is 1.02 g/ml. (Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98 g/mol).
Ans: (i) (a) The binary mixtures of liquids having same composition in liquid and vapour phase
and boil at a constant temperature are called azeotrpoes.
b) The excess of pressure which must be applied to the solution side to prevent the passage
of
solvent into it through a semipermeable membrane is called osmotic pressure.
c) The properties of solutions which depend only on the number of solute particles in the
solution but independent of their nature are called colligative properties.
(ii) Density of the solution = 1.02 g/mL
Molar mass of =98 g/mol
Mass of = 9.8
Mass of solution = 100 grams
To calculate the volume of the solution, we use the equation:

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

Hence, the molarity of the solution is 1.02 M.

2. (i) Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. How does a change in
temperature influence their values?
(ii) Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 15.00 g of NaCl to 250.0 g
of water. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1, molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g mol-1)
(iii) Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 10.50 g of MgBr2 in 200
g of water (Molar mass of MgBr2 = 184 g mol-1, = for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1).
Ans: (i) Molality is the number of moles of solute per 1000 g of solvent, whereas molarity is the
number of moles of solute per 1000 ml of the solution. Molality is represented as m, whereas
molarity is represented as M. Molarity changes with change in temperature because of
change in volume. On the other hand, there is no effect of temperature on the molality of the
solution.
(ii) ΔTb = (i Kb×1000×W2 )/ W1×M2
NaCl dissociates as:
NaCl → Na+ + Cl–
16
 ∴i=2
W2 = 15.0 g, W1 = 250.0 g,
M2 = 58.44 g mol-1
Kb = 0.512 K kg mol-1 .
∴ ΔTb = (2 × 0.512 × 1000 × 15.0) / 250.0 × 58.44 = 1.05°C
∴ Boiling point of solution = 100 + 1.05 = 101.5°C
(iii) Moles of MgBr2 = (10.50 / 184) = 0.0571 mol
Mass of water = 200 g
Molality = (0.0571 × 1000)/ 200 = 0.2855 m
MgBr2 ionises as:
MgBr2 → Mg2+ + 2Br –
Assuming complete dissociation of MgBr2, i=3
Freezing point depression ΔTf = i × Kf × m
= 3 × 1.86 × 0.2855 = 1.59
Freezing point = 0 – 1.59°C = – 1.59 °C
3. (i) Define the following terms:
(a) Mole fraction
(b) Van’t Hoff factor
(ii) 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in enough water to make 10.0 mL of a solution. If this
solution has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is the molar mass of protein?
(R = 0.0821 L atm. mol-1 K-1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm)
Ans: (i) (a) Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number
of motes In a mixture. For example, in a binary mixture containing n1 and n2 moles of two
components,
Mole fraction of one component, x1 = n1 / (n1+n2)
Mole fraction of second component, x2 = n2 /( n1+n2)
(b) van’t Hoff factor is the ratio of the normal molar mass to the observed or abnormal molar
mass of a substance.
(ii). Mass of protein (w2​) =0.1g
R = 0.082 Latm/(kmol)
T = 298K
π =13.33 mm of Hg =76013.33​=0.0175 atm
volume of solution =0.01L
Using, M2​= W2​RT​ / πV
We get M2​= 0.1×0.082×298​ / 0.0175×0.01 =13963.42 g/mol

CASE-BASED QUESTIONS
1. Henna is investigating the melting point of different salt solutions. She makes a salt solution
using 10 ml of water with a known mass of NaCl salt. She puts the salt solution into a freezer
and leaves it to freeze. She takes the frozen salt solution out of the freezer and measures the
temperature when the frozen salt solution melts. She repeated each experiment.

17
 Assuming the melting point of pure water as 0oC, answer the following questions:
(a) One temperature in the second set of results does not fit in the pattern. Which
temperature is that? Justify your answer.
(b) Why did Henna collect two sets of results?
(c) In place of NaCl, if Henna had used glucose, what would have been the melting point of
the solution with 0.6 g glucose in it?
OR
(c) What is the predicted melting point if 1.2 g of salt is added to 10 mL of water? Justify your
answer.

ANSWERS:
(a) 3rd reading. For 0.5 g there has to be an increase in depression of freezing point and
therefore decrease in freezing point and so decrease in melting point when amount of salt is
increased but the trend is not followed in this case.
(b) Two sets of reading help to avoid error in data collection.
( c) ΔTf (glucose) = 1 x Kf x 0.6 x 1000 /180x 10 ………………………………….. (1)
ΔTf (NaCl) = i x Kf x 0.6 x 1000 / 58.5x10
3.8 = 2 x Kf x 0.6 x 1000 /58.5x 10 ……………………………………. (2)
Divide equation 1 by 2
ΔTf (glucose)/ 3.8 = 58.5/ 2 x 180
ΔTf (glucose) = 0.62
Freezing point / Melting point = - 0.62 oC
OR
depression in freezing point is directly proportional to molality (mass of solute when the
amount of solvent remains same)
with 0.3 g salt depression is …………… 1.9 oC
with 0.6 g salt depression is…………... 3.8 oC
so with 1.2 g salt depression is …………. 3.8 x2 = 7.6 o C

2. Aarav Sharma is very fond of a special drink made by his grandmother using different fruits
available in their hometown. It has an outstanding taste and also provide great health
benefits of natural fruits. He thought of utilizing his grandmother recipe to create a new
product in the beverage market that provide health benefits and also contain fizziness of

18
 various soft drinks available in the market. Based on your understanding of solutions chapter,
help Aarav Sharma to accomplish his idea by answering following:
(a) How he can add fizz to the special drink made by his grandmother?
(b) What is the law stated in the chapter that can help Aarav to make his drink fizzy?
(c) What precautions he should take while bottling so that his product does not lose fizz
during storage and handling across long distances?
OR
(c)The mole fraction of helium in a saturated solution at 20°C is 1.2 x 10-6. Find the pressure of
helium above the solution. Given Henry’s constant at 20°C is 144.97 kbar.
Ans:
(a) Carbon dioxide is a gas which provide fizz and tangy flavour. He can dissolve Carbon
dioxide gas in the drink.
(b) Henry’s law .The law states that solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to
partial pressure of the gas above its surface.
(c) Bottles should be sealed under high pressure of CO2and capping should be done perfectly
to avoid leakage of CO2 as any loss of partial pressure will result into decrease in solubility.
OR
(c) pHe = KH x XHe = (144.97 x 10 bar)( 1.2 x 10-6 ) = 0.174 bar
3

3. Observe the table in which azeotropic mixtures are given along with their boiling points of
pure components and azeotropes and answer the questions that follow.

(a) What type of deviation is shown by minimum boiling azeotropes?

OR
Why does H2O and HCl mixture form maximum boiling azeotropes?
(b) What are azeotropes?
(c) Give one example of ideal solution. What type of liquids form ideal solutions?

ANSWERS:
(a) Positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
OR
(a) It is because force of attraction between H2O and HCl is more than H2O-H2O and HCl-HCl.
(b) Azeotropes- Binary mixtures having same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil
at a constant temperature.

19
(c) Hexane and heptane form ideal solution. Those compounds of same family having similar
forces of attraction form ideal sol.

20
 UNIT-II
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
MULTIPLE CHOOSE QUESTIONS:
Q1) The difference between the electrode potentials of two electrodes when no current is drawn
through the cell is called ___________.
(a) Cell potential (b) Cell emf
(c) Potential difference (d) Cell voltag
Q2) An electrochemical cell can behave like an electrolytic cell when ____________.
(a) Ecell = 0 (b) Ecell > Eext
(c) Eext > Ecell (d) Ecell = Eext
Q3) Which of the following does not belongs to the category of electrochemical cells?
(a)Voltaic cell (b) Photovoltaic cell
(c) Electrolytic cell (d) Fuel cell
Q4) The electrochemical cell stops working after some time because
(a) electrode potential of both electrodes becomes zero.
(b) electrode potential of both electrodes become same.
(c) Cell reaction gets reversed.
(d) None of these
Q5) Which of the following statements about galvanic cell is incorrect
(a) Anode is positive
(b) Oxidation occurs at the electrode with lower reduction potential
(c) Cathode is positive
(c) Reduction occurs at cathode
Q6) A voltaic cell is made by connecting two half cells represented by half equations below:
Sn2+ (aq) + 2e- → Sn(s) ; E0 = - 0.14 V
Fe3+ (aq) + e- → Fe2+(aq) E0 = +0.77V
Which is correct about this voltaic cell?
(a) Fe2+ is oxidised and the voltage of the cell is -0.91V.
(b) Sn is oxidised and the voltage of the cell is 0.91V.
(c) Fe2+ is oxidised and the voltage of the cell is 0.91V.
(d) Sn is oxidised and the voltage of the cell is -0.91V.
Q7) What pressure (bar) of H2 would be required to make potential of hydrogen electrode zero in
pure water at 250C ?
(a) 10-14 (b) 10-7
(c) 1 (d) 0.5
Q8) Nernst equation relates electrode potential with:
(a) Temperature (b) Concentration
(c) Temperature and concentration (d) Temperature and pressure
Q9) What is the number of Coulombs required for conversion of one mole of MnO4- to one mole
of Mn2+?
(a) 5x96500 (b) 3 x 96500
(c) 96500 (d) 7 x 96500
21
Q10) Two Faraday of electricity is passed through a solution of CuSO4. The mass of Cu deposited
at cathode is:
(a) 127 g (b) 0g
(c) 63.5g (d) 2
Q11) Zinc can be coated on iron to produce galvanised iron but reverse is not true. It is because
(a) Zn is lighter than iron
(b) Zn has lower melting point than iron
(c) Zn has lower negative electrode potential
(d) Zn has higher negative electrode potential
Q12) Kohlrausch law is applicable to
(a)Weak electrolytes only (b) Strong electrolytes only
(c) Both strong and weak electrolytes (d) Non electrolytes
Q13) ˄ 0m(NH4OH) is equal to ______________.
(a) ˄0m(NH4OH) + ˄0m(NH4Cl) – ˄ 0 (HCl)
(b) ˄0m(NH4Cl) + ˄0m(NaOH) – ˄ 0 (NaCl)
(c) ˄0m(NH4Cl) + ˄0m(NaCl) – ˄ 0 (NaOH)
(d) ˄0m(NaOH) + ˄0m(NaCl) – ˄ 0 (NH4Cl)
Q14) Kohlrausch Law can be used to calculate:
(a) Dissociation constant of weak electrolyte
(b) degree of dissociation
(c) molar conductivity of weak electrolytes at infinite dilution
(d) All of the above
Q15) For a weak electrolyte CH3COOH, the molar conductivity at infinite dilution is 390 Scm2mol-1
and at concentration 0.01M, it is found to be 40Scm2mol-1. What is the degree of dissociation
of electrolyte at this concentration?
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.12
(c) 0.15 (d) .9
Q16) On diluting the solution of an electrolyte
(a) Both conductivity and molar conductivity increases
(b) conductivity decreases and molar conductivity increases
(c) conductivity increases and molar conductivity decreases
(d) Both conductivity and molar conductivity decreases.
Q17) Which of the following solutions have the highest conductivity at 298K?
(a) 0.01 M HCl (b) 0.1M HCl
(c) 0.01M CH3COOH (d) 0.1M CH3COOH
Q18) Which of the following is not obtained on electrolysis of Brine solution?
(a)NaOH (b) H2 gas
(c) Cl2(g) (d) N
Q19) The cell constant of a conductivity cell _____________.
(a) changes with the change of electrolyte.
(b) changes with change of concentration of electrolyte.
(c) changes with the temperature of the electrolyte.

22
 (d) remains constant for a cell.
Q20) Molar conductivity at infinite dilution can be determined by:
(a) Kohlrausch law (b) Faraday’s Law of electrolysis
(c) Nernst equation (d) Raoult’s Law
Q21) While charging the lead storage battery ______________.
(a) PbSO4 anode is reduced to Pb. (b) PbSO4 cathode is reduced to Pb.
(c) PbSO4 cathode is oxidised to Pb. (d) PbSO4 anode is oxidised to PbO2
Q22) Which of the following is a primary cell
(a) Lead- acid battery (b) Ni-Cd battery
(c) Dry Cell (d) Lithium-ion battery
Q23) The electrolyte used in mercury cell is:
(a) Concentrated sulphuric acid (b) Ammonium chloride paste
(c) KOH and ZnO paste (d)Sodium chloride solution
Q24) Using the data given below to find out the strongest reducing agent.
EᶱCr2O7 2- /Cr3+ = 1.33V
EᶱMnO4 – /Mn2+ = 1.51V
EᶱCl2/Cl– = 1.36V
EᶱCr3+/Cr = -0.74V
(a) Cl– (b) Cr
3+
(c) Cr (d) Mn
Q25) Use the data given in Q.24 and find out which of the following is the strongest oxidising
agent.
(a) Cl– (b) Mn2+
(c) MnO4– (d) Cr3+
Q26) For the cell reaction :2 Fe3+ (aq) + 2 I- (aq) → 2 Fe2+ (aq) + I2 (aq)
E0 cell = 0.24 V at 298K. The standard Gibbs energy is:
(a) -46.32 kj/mol (b) -23.16 kj/mol
(c) 46.32 kj/mol (d) 23.15kj/mol
Q27) A device that converts the energy of combustion of fuels like hydrogen and methane
directly into electrical energy is known as:
(a) Fuel cell (b) Electrolytic cell
(c) Voltaic cell (d) Ni-Cd cell
Q28) The positive value of the standard electrode potential for copper electrode indicates that
(a) Copper ions get reduced more easily than H+ ions.
(b) Hydrogen ions can oxidise copper ions
(c) Hydrogen gas cannot reduce copper ion
(d) Copper ions get oxidise more easily than H+ ions.
Q29) The standard reduction potentials of X, Y, Z metals are 0.52, -3.03, -1.18 respectively. The
order of reducing power of the corresponding metals is:
(a) Y > Z > X (b) X > Y > Z
(c) Z > Y > X (d) Z > X > Y
Q30)What is the direction of flow of electrons in an electrolytic cell?

23
 a) Anode to cathode externally b) Anode to cathode internally
c) Cathode to anode externally d) Cathode to anode in the solution

ANSWER KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C B B A B A C A C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D C B D A B B D D A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D C C B C A A A A A

ASSERTION REASONING QUESTIONS

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R)
is given .Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not explain the A.
(c) Assertion (A) is correct but Reason (R) is incorrect.
(d) Assertion (A) is incorrect but Reason (R) is correct.
1. Assertion: When aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed, oxygen gas is not
produced at anode.
Reason: It is due to the overpotential for oxidation of water to oxygen.
2. Assertion: In electrolysis, the quantity of electricity needed for depositing 1 mole of silver is
different from required for 1 mole of copper.
Reason: The molecular weight of silver and copper are different.
3. Assertion: Mercury cell gives a constant voltage throughout its life.
Reason: Overall reaction for the cell does not involve any ion in the solution whose
concentration can change during its life.
4. Assertion: Molar conductivity of weak electrolyte decrease as solution approaches infinite
dilution.
Reason: For weak electrolytes, ionization process increases with dilution.
5. Assertion: An external potential of 1.1 V is applied to Daniel cell, no current flow through it.
Reason: Standard emf of Galvanic cell is 1.1 V.

ANSWER KEY
1 2 3 4 5
A B A D B

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q.1 Iron does not rust even if the Zinc coating is broken is a galvanised Iron pipe but rusting
occurs much faster if the tin coating over iron is broken. Explain.
Ans. Zinc, being more electropositive than iron and act as anode and exposed portion of Iron
acts as cathode.
24
 Tin (Sn) being less electropositive then Iron acts as cathode and exposed portion of Iron act as
anode.
Q.2.The standard electrode potential of Danial cell is 1.1V.Calculate the standard Gibbs energy for
the cell reaction. Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq)🡪 Cu (s) + Zn 2+ (aq)
Ans. n=2
ΔG0 = - nFE0cell
= - 2x96500x1.1
= - 212300 Jmol-1 = - 212.3KJ mol-1
Q.3. Predict whether the following reaction would occur spontaneously at 298 K .
Co(s) + Fe2+ (aq) 🡪 Co 2+ + Fe(s)
Given [Co 2+] = 1.0M [Fe2+] = 1.0M
E0 Fe2+/Fe = -0.44V
Ans. Anode Co(s) 🡪Co2+ (aq) + 2e- Cathode Fe 2+(aq) + 2e- 🡪Fe(s)
E0cell =E0cathode – E0anode
=-0.44 – (-0.28) V = -0.16 V
0
Since E cell is negative, the reaction is not spontaneous.
Q.4.Given the standard electrode potentials
K+ /K= - 2.93V, Ag+/Ag = 0.80V, Hg2+/Hg =0.79V, Mg 2+ /Mg = - 2.37 V,
Cr 3+ /Cr = - 0.74V.
Arrange these metals in their increasing order of reducing power & also give reason
Ans. Ag < Hg < Cr < Mg < K
REASON
Lower the reduction potential, more easily it is oxidised and hence greater is the reducing
power.
Q.5.How much electricity is required in coulomb for the oxidation of
(i) 1 mol of H2O to O2
(ii) 1 mol of FeO to Fe2O3?
Ans. (i)The electrode reaction for 1 mol of H2O is given as
H2O 🡪2H+ + ½ O2 + 2e-
So Quantity of electricity required = 2F = 2x96500C =193000C
(ii)The electrode reaction is given as
2FeO + ½ O2 🡪Fe2O3
i.e. 2Fe2+ 🡪 2Fe3+ +2e-
For the oxidation of 2 moles of FeO required charge = 2F
Therefore for the oxidation of 1 mole of FeO required charge =1F = 96500C
Q.6. Define the electrical conductivity and molar conductivity of a solution and write the units of
molar conductivity.
Ans. Electrical conductivity: It is the conductance of the solution of an electrolyte enclosed in
a cell with two electrodes of unit area of cross section separated by one cm .
1 𝑙
k= 𝑙
= 𝑅𝐴

25
 Molar conductivity: It defined as the conductivity of that volume of the solution which
contains 1 mole of the electrolyte and placed between two electrodes unit distance apart and
𝑘
having sufficient cross-sectional area to hold the whole of the solution .It is given by λ = 𝑐
Unit of λ =S cm2mol-1
Q.7. What type of battery is mercury cell? Why is it more advantageous then dry cell?
Ans. Mercury cell is primary cell because it is not rechargeable.
Its efficiency is higher than dry cell .Its voltage remains constant over long period of time as
compared to dry cell.
Q.8.What are the fuel cells? Write the electrode reactions and overall reaction of H2-O2 fuel cell.
Ans. Fuel cell - Fuel cells are the galvanic cells in which the energy of combustion of the fuels
like hydrogen , methanol etc. is directly converted into electrical energy.
Reactions: Anode: 2H2(g) + 4 OH- (aq) 🡪 4H2O(l) + 4e-
Cathode: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- 🡪 4OH- (aq)
Overall : 2H2(g) + O2(g) 🡪 2H2O(l)
Q.9.Define electrochemical cell. What happens when external potential applied becomes greater
than E0cell?
Ans.The cell in which electricity is produced as a result of redox reaction is called
electrochemical cell.e.g. Dry cell.
If Eext > Ecell, the cell will behave like electrolytic cell.
Q.10. In a galvanic cell, the following cell reaction occurs:
Zn(s) + 2Ag +(aq) 🡪 Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s) E0cell = + 1.56 V
(i)Is the direction of flow of electrons from zinc to silver or silver to zinc?
(ii)How will concentration of Zn2+ ions and Ag+ ions be affected when the cell functions?
Ans. (i)Electrons will flow from zinc to silver.
(ii)When cell functions concentration of Zn2+ will increase and concentration of Ag + will
decrease.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q.1. Conductivity of 2.5x10-4 M Methanoic acid is 5.25x10-5 Scm-1.Calculate its molar conductivity
and degree of dissociation. λH+ =349.5 Scm2mol-1 and. λCH3COO- = 50.5 Scm2mol-1.
𝑘 5.25𝑥10−5𝑥1000
Ans.Molar Conductivity(λm) = 𝑐
= 2.5𝑥10−4
=210 cm2mol-1
λ0m (HCOOH) = λ(H+) + λ(CH3COO-)
=349.5 + 50.5
= 400 S cm2 mol-1
λ𝑚 50.5𝑆 𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
Degree of dissociation ( α ) = λ0𝑚
= 349.5𝑆𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
= 0.14
Q.2. Calculate E0cell and ΔrG for the reaction
0

A + B2+ (0.001M) 🡪 A2+ (0.0001M) + B [Given :E0cell = 2.6805V ,1F = 96500C,log 10=1]
Ans. A🡪A2+ + 2e-
B2+ +2e- 🡪B

26