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Basic Grammar Notes

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39 views3 pages

Basic Grammar Notes

Uploaded by

dahlia_88
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Grammar is the system of rules that helps us communicate effectively in writing and

speaking. Here are some basic grammar concepts for beginners:

1. Parts of Speech

Parts of speech are the building blocks of sentences. Each part has a different role in the
sentence:

 Nouns: A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.


o Example: dog, school, love.
 Pronouns: A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
o Example: he, she, it, they.
 Verbs: A verb expresses action or being.
o Example: run, eat, is, are.
 Adjectives: An adjective describes a noun.
o Example: beautiful, fast, big.
 Adverbs: An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
o Example: quickly, very, happily.
 Prepositions: A preposition shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and
another word in the sentence.
o Example: in, on, at, under.
 Conjunctions: A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses.
o Example: and, but, or, because.
 Interjections: An interjection is a word that expresses strong feeling or emotion.
o Example: Wow!, Oops!, Hey!.

2. Sentences

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Sentences must have:

 A subject: Who or what the sentence is about.


 A predicate: What the subject is doing or what is being said about it.

Types of sentences:

 Declarative Sentence: Makes a statement.


o Example: I like ice cream.
 Interrogative Sentence: Asks a question.
o Example: Do you like ice cream?
 Imperative Sentence: Gives a command or request.
o Example: Please pass the salt.
 Exclamatory Sentence: Expresses strong emotion.
o Example: Wow, that was amazing!

3. Subject and Verb Agreement

The subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number (singular or plural).

 Singular subject: Use a singular verb.


o Example: The dog barks.
 Plural subject: Use a plural verb.
o Example: The dogs bark.

4. Tenses

Tense shows when an action takes place. The three main tenses are:

 Present Tense: Describes an action happening now or regularly.


o Example: She eats lunch at noon.
 Past Tense: Describes an action that already happened.
o Example: She ate lunch at noon yesterday.
 Future Tense: Describes an action that will happen.
o Example: She will eat lunch at noon tomorrow.

5. Articles

Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific.

 Definite article: The refers to a specific noun.


o Example: The book is on the table.
 Indefinite articles: A and an refer to non-specific nouns.
o Example: I saw a dog. / She ate an apple.

6. Pronouns

Pronouns are used to replace nouns and make sentences less repetitive.

 Personal Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.


o Example: He is my friend.
 Possessive Pronouns: My, your, his, her, its, our, their.
o Example: This is my book.
 Reflexive Pronouns: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves.
o Example: She did it herself.

7. Questions

 Question Word: Use question words to ask for specific information:


o Example: What, Where, When, Why, How.
o Example: Where is the store?
 Yes/No Questions: These can be answered with "yes" or "no."
o Example: Is she coming?

8. Common Punctuation Marks

 Period (.): Used at the end of a declarative sentence.


o Example: She likes music.
 Comma (,): Used to separate items in a list or clauses in a sentence.
o Example: I bought apples, bananas, and oranges.
 Question Mark (?): Used at the end of a question.
o Example: What time is it?
 Exclamation Mark (!): Used to show strong emotion.
o Example: That was awesome!
 Apostrophe ('): Used to show possession or in contractions.
o Example: Tom's book (possession) or can't (contraction).

9. Common Mistakes to Avoid

 Confusing "its" and "it's":


o Its is a possessive pronoun. Example: The dog wagged its tail.
o It's is a contraction for it is or it has. Example: It's raining.
 Misusing "there," "their," and "they're":
o There refers to a place. Example: The book is over there.
o Their shows possession. Example: Their house is big.
o They're is a contraction for they are. Example: They're going to the park.

10. Simple Sentence Structure

A simple sentence contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought.

 Example: The dog barks.


 You can also combine simple sentences with conjunctions like and, but, and or.
o Example: I like tea, but she prefers coffee.

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