Plumbing Dorac

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CHAPTER 5. PLUMBING
LESSON 1. PREPARE PLUMBING MATERIALS AND TOOLS
Definition of Terms
Pipe is a long hollow cylinder used chiefly to convey fluid.

Material is the stuff from which a thing is made of or consisting of matter.
Requisition form is a form requesting materials and supplies needed for making a
project
Specification is the description involving measurements like volume, board
feet, quality, trademark manufacturer etc.
Tools is anything which is held by hands and assists a person to do
manual work.
LEARNING OUTCOME 1. IDENTIFY SELECT MATERIALS AND TOOLS

1. Plumbing Materials
 Steel Pipe Characteristics
Steel piping is designed for a long list of applications. Steel piping has gained popularity in
the petroleum, oil, automobile, shipping and food industries because of its durability and
versatility. Schools, hospitals and refineries also widely employ steel piping.
1. Facts
o Steel piping can be engineered to any height
and strength and is easily modified on-site.
There remains a variety of types of steel piping
on the market. Common types of steel pipe
include
standard steel pipe, line steel pipe, structural steel pipe and
plumbing tubes. Steel is ductile, bending rather than breaking in
the presence of excessive stress. Steel will not morph or lose its
strength as time passes. Also, steel is naturally resistant to rot.
Applications o Line steel pipes are used to transport
liquids and gases that are combustible. Standard steel pipes are
used for transporting water, natural gas or steam. Structural steel pipes are often
used for drainage piping. Plumbing tubes made of steel are used to move potable
water or waterborne waste removal.
Properties o Line steel pipes are galvanized, giving the piping corrosion-resistant properties.
Standard steel pipes are fabricated to a diameter no greater than 16 inches, according to Steel
Pipes & Tubing. Structural steel tubes are constructed into either square or circular shapes.
Plumbing tubes are often fabricated thinner than other types of steel pipes to allow for easier
soldering.
Different Types of Pipes

PVC PIPE -refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride Plastic material. This is the most common pipe for
plumbing system.
PE PIPE -refers to Polyethylene Plastic material intended for long span water system installation.
CI PIPE -is a heavy metal made of casting on molds to make fixtures. such as sink, tubs and
lavatories, covered with a porcelain enamel coating.
GI PIPE -is a galvanized iron pipe which is better fitted for plumbing installation than steel pipe.
It is constructed of rough iron, dipped in molten zinc and maybe identified by its dull
grayishcolor
SOLVENT -is an adhesive material usually used externally.
INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS Jerrelyn S. Magtagad
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TEFLON TAPE -is specifically used for attachment threaded pipe on fittings.
ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT -is an adhesive material used by a plumbean when working
with ABS pipes.
FITTINGS -are made in different forms that are intended for plumbing joints and connections.
FAUCET -is a point of installation system where flow of water or gas could be manipulated.
MSS-refers to Manufacturer’s Standardization Society.
NIPPLE -is a short length of pipe installed between couplings or other fittings.
ADAPTOR/ADAPTER-is fittings that joints two different types of pipes together, such as ABS
to cast iron or threaded to non- threaded.
2. FITTINGS – are any pipe part used to join two sections of pipes.
Characteristics of Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings
Stainless steel pipe fittings is an alloy based on iron, which combines together the mechanical
properties of steels and some specific features of corrosion resistance. These alloys are also liable
to tarnish.
This means that they have the possibility to passivate, that means to get covered with an
invisible layer of oxides that protects the underlying metal from
corrosive attacks. stainless steel pipe fittings is the name given to
a type of steel with high chromium contents that thanks to this
feature does not rust when exposed to water and air. They are a
very important class of steels, used in countless applications. In
fact, nowadays both stainless steel pipe fittings furniture and
construction machinery are very popular.
The discovery of this type of steel is due to Harry Brearly, who while was experimenting
with various types of alloys for the reeds of guns, noticed that a type of steel with a certain
percentage of chromium did not get rusted when exposed to the atmosphere. Later this property
was explained by the passivation of chromium, which forms a very thin oxide film on the surface,
continuous and stable. The following progresses in metallurgy between the forty and the sixty
have extended their development and their applications. They are still refined and adapted to the
demands of various industries such as oil/petrochemical, mining, energy, nuclear and food
industries. Stainless steel pipe fittings is still refined and adapted to the demands of various
industries like petroleum, petrochemical, mining, energy, nuclear, food and obviously building. A
lot of machines are built with parts made of steel, from pipes to sheet to steel trolleys.
TYPES of FITTINGS
COPPER SUPPLY
GALVANIZED SUPPLY
PLASTIC SUPPLY
POLYETHYLENE (PE) AND SPIGOT FITT

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 FIXTURES
Plumbing Fixture
A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can be connected to an existing plumbing
system to deliver and drain away water but which is also configured to enable a particular use.
The most common plumbing fixtures are:
 Bathtubs
 Bidets
 Channel drains (also called trench drains)
 Drinking fountains
 Hose bibbs (connections for water hoses)
 Kitchen sinks
 Lavatories (also called bathroom sinks)
 Showers
 Tapware - an industry term for that sub-category of plumbing fixtures consisting of tap
valves, also called water taps or faucets and their accessories, such as water spouts and
shower heads.
 Terminal valves for dishwashers, ice makers, humidifiers, etc.
 Urinals
 Utility sinks
 Water closets- (known as toilets in the USA, loos, flush toilets or lavatories in Britain)
Outlets and drains
Each of these plumbing fixtures has one or more water outlets and a drain.
In some cases, the drain has a device that can be manipulated to block the
drain to fill the basin of the fixture. Each fixture also has a flood rim, or level
at which water will begin to overflow. Most fixtures also have an overflow,
which is a conduit for water to drain away, when the regular drain is plugged,
before the water actually overflows at the flood rim level. However, water
closets and showers (that are not in bathtubs) usually lack this feature because their drains
normally cannot be stopped. supply line before the fixture, and this is most commonly termed a
stop or "service valve". The water supply to some fixtures is cold water only (such as water
closets and urinals). Most fixtures also have a hot water supply. In some occasional cases, a sink
may have both a potable (drinkable) and a nonpotable water supply.
Traps and vents

This drain cover has a container underneath (which can be taken out for cleaning and
revealing anothecontainer below) acting as a trap. Water inside the container forms a seal when the
cover is in place.
Positive air pressure will push the cover up, acting as an early warning device. The underside of
the cover (centre image) is kept moist by condensation occurring and insects that go back up the
drain pipe get stuck to the walls of the cover. All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains;
these traps are either internal or external to the fixtures. Traps are pipes which curve down then
back up; they 'trap' a small amount of water to create a water seal between the ambient air space
and the inside of the drain system. This prevents sewer gas from entering buildings. Most water
closets, bidets, and many urinals have the trap integral with the fixture itself. The visible water
surface in a toilet is the top of the trap's water seal. Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must be
vented so that negative air pressure in the drain cannot siphon the trap dry, to prevent positive air
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pressure in the sewer from forcing gases past the water seal, and to prevent explosive sewer gas
buildup. Drains The actual initial drain part in a lavatory or sink is termed a strainer. If there is a
removable strainer device that fits into the fixed strainer, it is termeda strainer basket. The initial
pipe that leads from the strainer to the trap is termed the tailpiece.

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Floor-mounted water closets seal to the toilet flange of the drain pipe by means of a wax
ring. These are traditionally made out of beeswax. However, their proper sealing depends
on proper seating of the water closet, on a firm and secure base (floor), and on proper
installation of the closet bolts which secure the closet to the flange, which is in turn supposed to
be securely fastened to the floor.
Each fixture usually has a characteristic means of connection. Normal plumbing practice is to
install a valve on each water
P
L A
S T
I C
DRAIN PEX
II. PLUMBING TOOLS
MEASURING TOOLS- is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical

quantities of real-world objects and events. Established standard objects and
events are used as units, and the process of measurement gives a number
relating the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement.
L-SQUARE/STEEL
TRY SQUARE PUSH-PULL RULE
SQUARE
CUTTING TOOLS- is any tool that is used to remove material from the
workpiece by means of shear deformation. Cutting may be accomplished by single-
point or multipoint tools. Single-point tools are used in turning, shaping, plaining
and similar operations, and remove material by means of one cutting edge. Milling
and drilling tools are often multipoint tools. Grinding tools are also multipoint
tools.
HACK SAW CROSS CUT

PIPE REAMER
SAW
PIPE CUTTER

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PIPE THREADER
BORING TOOLS-boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or
cast), by means of a single-point cutting tool, for example as in boring a cannon barrel. Boring
is used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a
tapered hole.
ELECTRICAL
HAMMER DRILL DRILL AUGER BRACE WITH BITS
TESTING TOOLS-used in finding out how well the finished work.
SPIRIT LEVEL HORSE LEVEL
PLUMB BOB DRIVING TOOLS-driving tools

help hand tools and power tools
work together, especially
important for the variety of drilling
tasks that get done in woodworking.
SLEDGER HAMMER | CLAW HAMMER | CROW BAR
DRILL PRESS SCREW DRIVER
HOLDING TOOLS-Tool for holding firmly any material that has to be cut.
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH CLAMP BENCH VISE
PIPE VISE ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
LEARNING OUTCOME 2. REQUEST APPROPRIATE MATERIALS AND TOOLS

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When making a request of materials and tools, the following forms should be accomplished:
A. Requisition Slip
Name of School:
Address:_______________________________________________________
Plumbing Shop Requisition Slip
NAME OF PROJECT________________________ DATE:__________

Purpose___________________ Group: ___________________
Balance on Quantity Materials and Unit Price Total
Hand Description
Requested by:
_____________________ Approved:
Student’s Name
_____________________ ______________________
Foreman Shop Teacher
B. The following are the terminologies found in a requisition form:
1.Name of Project indicates the task in which the materials will be used.
Example: Repair of School Lavatory
2. Balance On Hand indicates the quantity and unit of materials still available in the stockroom
3. Requisition Quantity and Unit is a number and units of materials requested
4. Unit write the unit of measuring quantity
5. Material/ Description write the name of material and description or Specification (e.g. PVC
Pipe 12mm X 3m)
6. Unit Price is a price of material per piece or per unit
7. Total is a unit price X Quantity (ex. 3 pc x P30 = P90.00)
8. Barrower is a name and signature of the person requesting tools and materials.
9. Tool Keeper is the one who is responsible to take care the of the tool room
10. Job Order is workings sheet that server as a complete guide of the student to a certain task to
be done.
11. Safety Officer is the person in-charge to monitor the safety conditioning of the workplace.
12. Material Officer is a person responsible in the release and retrieve of excess materials.
13. Lead man is a person that leads the group in the specific task.
14. Foreman is a person responsible in the overall operation of the worker in the workplace.
B. Borrower’s Slip
Plumbing Shop
Barrower’s Slip
Date:_____________
Name and
Item No. of
Description of Remarks
No. Pc.
Tools
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Approved by:
________________________
_______________________________
Tool Keeper Borrower
________________________
Foreman ______________________ Shop Teacher
REQUISITION PROCEDURE
In making a request for materials and tools needed, the following Standard Operating Procedure
(SOP) should be followed:
1. List down the materials and tools needed as per job requirement.
2. Check for the availability of the needed materials and tools in the stockroom.
3. Accomplish a requisition form
4. Let the shop teacher check the requisition form.
5. Submit the requisition form to the material officer
6. Unavailable requested materials and tools should be substituted without sacrificing
the cost and quality of work
7. The material officer will prepare the requested material for issuance to the student.
LEARNING OUTCOME 3. RECEIVE AND INSPECT MATERIALS AND TOOLS
After you have made a request, you are now ready to receive the needed materials and
tools. A standard operating procedure (SOP) must be followed. In connection to this, the
following are safety measures and proper handling of materials and tools:
1. Check if the materials and tools are complete in terms of quantity or unit.
2. Check if the materials and tools are of correct specifications.
3. See to it that the materials and tools are of good working conditions.
4. Check the tools with accessories. See to it that nothing is missing.
5. Check the materials for damages or defects.
6. If any of the following is found, report/ return immediately to the material officer.
 Incomplete number of materials and tools
 Materials and tools which are not in accordance with specification
 Tools with missing accessories (e.g faucet without handle or gasket)
 Materials and tools with damages or defects
7.Get replacements for those returned materials or tools.
8. Sign an issue receipt or borrower’s slip. It signifies that you have received the materials
and tools issued in good conditions.
9. Take the issued materials and tools to the workplace.
Material Management

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Effective material management is very essential in so many ways for the company or
office: First, it provides the best service to the clientele; second, it maximizes efficiency; and,
third, it helps in monitoring and managing inventories.
Receiving Procedure
Procedure for receiving requisitions varies in every office or school shop for certain
purposes. Offices make it a point that everything is in proper order and perspective to ensure
effectiveness and efficiency. However, it is a must that everybody in the company especially the
concerned employees are well-acquainted of the process to avoid or at least minimize waste of
resources which is very significant to the company’s success.
Quality Inspection and Procedure

Delivered or issued items out of requisition should be properly inspected for accuracy in
terms of quality, specifications, quantity, and functionality or workability. The act which involves
monitoring, observing or testing, usually involving product sampling, to insure compliance with
the requirements is known as quality inspection. It includes activities such as collecting data from
the item or items to ensure quality and preciseness.
Once quality inspection has been done, the receiver signs a paper or form to attest to the
completeness and compliance with the requisition; otherwise, he is obliged to make a report of his
inspection findings to persons or authorities concerned for appropriate action.
Materials Handling
Materials handling operations are carried out in most offices or plants. Each handling task
poses unique demands on the worker. However, work places can help workers to perform these
tasks safely and easily by implementing and upholding proper policies and procedures. For
Industrial plants, regulations under Industrial
Establishments (O. Reg. 851/90) made under the Occupational Health and Safety Act should
be properly observed.
 Hazards
To assess the hazards of manual material handling operations, consider the load, the task, the
environment in which the task is performed, and the operator. When these factors interact with
each other, they can create hazards that result in injuries. A load may be hazardous because of: o
Weight
o Size
o shape (making it awkward to handle) o coupling (type of grip on the load) o slippery
or damaged surfaces o absent or inappropriate handles, and o imbalance (i.e., changing
centre of gravity)
The task or method of handling may be hazardous when it involves: o lifting or lowering
–– repetitively
–– quickly
–– for extended periods of time
–– while seated or kneeling
–– immediately after prolonged flexion
–– shortly after a period of rest o an inability to get close to the load o moving the load over
large distances o accuracy and precision required because of
–– fragile loads, or
–– specific unloading locations o materials positioned too low or too high
o hazardous movements or postures (e.g.,twisting, extended bending and reaching)
o multiple handling requirements (e.g., lifting, carrying, unloading)
• Control Measures

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The best control measure is to eliminate the need for workers to perform manual handling
tasks. Since this is not always possible, design manual handling tasks so that they are within the
workers’ capabilities. Considerations include the load itself, the design of the workstation and
work practices. Providing mechanical handling devices or aids can often eliminate the task itself
or ease the demands on the worker.
• Training
Traditional training has focused on proper lifting methods and safe work procedures. More
recently, workplaces have introduced fitness and back education approaches. In combination with
job and workplace design changes, these approaches are effective in preventing accidents and
injuries. On the job demonstrations and practice sessions are the best methods of training. Cover
basic manual materials handling procedures, and the proper use of mechanical aids and
techniques. Regularly reinforce the proper techniques to ensure their continued use. The objectives
of material handling training are to teach the worker:
1. How to identify hazardous loads or handling tasks

2. The proper selection and use of mechanical handling aids
3. Safe postures and manual lifting techniques to minimize strain
4. Safe lifting techniques
Self check 5.1 Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools

I. Directions. Fill in the blanks with the corresponding information.
Plumbing Tools and materials Description
1.Pipe
2.fittings
3.L square
4.Pull push rule
5.hacksaw
II. Directions. Enumerate the following:
1. Boring tools (3)
2. Cutting tools(5)
3. Measuring tools (2)
4. Measuring/Testing tools (5)
III. Fill in the table
Plumbing Shop Requisition Slip
NAME OF PROJECT_______________________________ DATE: _

Purpose______________________________ Group: ____
____________________________________________
Balance on Quantity Materials and Unit Price Total
Hand Description
Requested by:
_____________________ Approved:
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Student’s Name
_____________________ ______________________
Foreman Shop Teacher
LESSON 2. PERFROM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Definition of Terms
Accuracy -means correctness, exactness, precision.
Area -is any of space especially of ground or surface that is distinguishable from
its surroundings in appearance or in certain distinctive feature.
Clearance - is the space, allowance or gap between working part of an object.
SystemHeight -may be used with reference whether high or low by a standard of
companion.
Instrument - is a device that measures or controls something.
Length - refers to how long an object is

Measurement - refers to the size, length, quantity or rate of something that has been
measured.
Mensurations-the calculation of geometric quantities such as length, area and volume from
dimensions and angles that are already known.
Metric -is the System of measurement which uses 10 as its multiple in all conversion
System is it in distance, volume, weight etc.
PPE - is an acronym that stands for Personal Protective Equipment
Pressure - is the force acting on a surface divided by the area over which it acts
Volume -refers to the magnitude size intent, dimension, areas, and bulk, the total
amount of something.
Weight -refers to the total quality of heaviness and things determined by their mass or
control acts efforts to lift or move them.
LO 1. SELECT MEASURING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS
Measuring Tools
Inside Caliper is used to measure the internal size of an object.
Outside Caliper is used to measure the

external size of an object
Steel Square is a tool that carpenters and other tradesman use consisting of a large arm and
a smaller arm which meet at an angle 90˚.Today the steel square is more commonly referred
to as the framing square.
TRY SQUARE is a wood working or a metal work
tool used for marking/measuring a piece of wood. It is primarily used
to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees) tried on any
surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an
adjoining surface.
PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) is a flexible tape measure which is available
in lengths up to 50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are usually
considered adequate. Most tapes have an automatic power return that is
useful but not necessary.
Proper Handling of Measuring Instruments

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How to Handle Measuring Tool
Each measuring tool has its specific way of handling. This must be followed by every student
user to maintain its usefulness. Listed below are some of the measuring tools, there are also safety
measures to be observed in handling each tool.
Measuring Tools
Inside Caliper is adjusted by rotating the screw to measure holes and diameters
Avoid using tip of the inside caliper to open the cover of
any can. Avoid dropping it to maintain its accuracy in taking
measurements.
Outside Caliper is a tool used to measure the external
size of an object
Steel Square is a tool that a carpenter and other tradesman use. It consists of a large arm and a
smaller arm which meet at an angle of 90˚.Today the steel square is more commonly referred to
as the framing square.
Hold the tool firmly and cautiously. See to it that it won‟t drop. It has a sharp pointed end and
dangerous.
TRY SQUARE is a wood working or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring a
piece of wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees) tried on
any surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an adjoining surface.
Hold the try-square properly to maintain its straight edges which are used to get the
desired angle. Don‟t use it for other purposes. Put it in its proper place.
PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) is a flexible tape measure available in lengths up to
50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are usually considered adequate. Most tapes have an
automatic power return that is useful but not necessary.
Hold the tip of the pull push rule when removing it from its housing. Put it slowly to avoid cut
from the steel tape.
Self Check:5.2.1 Select Measuring Tools and equipment

Directions: On a blank sheet. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
A.
______ 1. The steel tape in the housing of pull push rule should be avoided.
______ 2. It is safe to bend a try square.
______ 3. Any user can keep the tools at any place.
______ 4. Holding the outside caliper tightly make difficult adjustments.
______ 5. To get the desired data measuring tools should be handled properly.
LO2. CARRY OUT MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATIONS

LINEAR MEASUREMENT (International System)
Metric System Basic Measurement CAPACITY MEASURE (LIQUID)
1 Centiliter = 10 Milliliters
LINEAR MEASURE 1 Deciliter = 10 Centiliters
1 Liter = 10 Deciliters
1 Centimeter = 10 Millimeters 1 Deciliter = 10 Liters
1 Decimeter = 10 Centimeters 1 Hectoliter = 10 Decaliters
INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS
1 Meter = 10 Decimeters Jerrelyn S. Magtagad
1 Kiloliter = 10 Hectoliters
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BASIC TYPES OF OBJECTS ON ITS REGULAR GEOMETRIC SHAPE

Types of Geometric Figures
a. Square - Figure having four sides of equal length
and four right angles
b. Rectangle - Figure with two parallel ends of
equal length,two parallel sides of equal length, and
four right angles.
c.Triangle - Figure having three sides and three angles
f. Parallelogram - Figure such as a square, rectangle or rhombus
with two parallel ends of equal length and two
parallel sides of equal length.
d. Circle - Flat, round figure formed by one curved line, all points of which are equidistant
from center point
e. Rhombus - Figure having no right

angles and four sides of equal length
g. Trapezoid- Figure with only one pair of parallel opposite sides.
Units of Measure and their Equivalents:
a. Inch (“) - Equal to one-twelfth of a foot (1/12) or one thirty-sixth of a yard

(1/36 yard)
b. Foot („) - Equal to twelve inches (12”) or one-third of a yard (1/3 yard)
c. Yard - Equal to three feet (3‟) or thirty-six inches (36”)
d. Rod - Equal to sixteen and one-half feet (161/2)
e. Mile - Equal to five thousand, two hundred and eighty feet (5280‟)

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Self Check 5.2.1 Carry Out measurement and calculation
Directions. Convert the following.
1. 54 inches = _____cm
2. 115 cm = _______Foot
3. 10 mile = _______km
LESSON 3. INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS
Definition of Terms
Analyze – to examine something in great detail in order to understand it better or
Block Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of plumbing diagram in block form labeled
Blueprint – a photographic print of technical drawing with white lines and blue backgrounds.
Construct – to build or assemble something by putting together separate parts in an
Data – factual information obtain from experiments or survey. Basis for making calculation
Dimension – measurement of one or more direction such as length, width, and height.
Electrical – involving electric cables or circuits powered by electricity.
Interpret – to ascribe particular meaning of significance to something.
Mechanical – a system involving the pipe lines, and mechanical component of or drawing
conclusions.
Pictorial Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of pictures of actual component.
Plan – method of doing something that is work out in advance.
Schematic Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of plumbing symbols.
Sign – something that indicates the rule to follow. Symbol – something that represents abstraction
with the names of plumbing components.
LO1. ANALYZE SIGNS, SYMBOLS AND DATA

PLUMBING SYMBOLS
Alphabets of Lines
In sketching orthographic drawing, certain conventional lines are used for a definite
purpose. These lines are commonly called Alphabet of Lines.
USES OF ALPHABET OF LINES
Construction Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are made so
line light that little or no erasing is needed. They serve as base for
darkening in the permanent line
Borderline Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing
Visible line A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the eye.
Invisible line A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the eye.
Centerline A light line used as axis of symmetry. Used for center of circle and
arcs. Sometimes the symbol is shown
Dimension line Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object. Extension lights
start about 1/16” from visible or object line. The dimension line is
broken near the center for the dimension.
Long break line Wavy line draws freehand for same purpose as long break.
LO2. INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWING

Plumbing parts and Fittings in symbol

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Self Check 5.3 Interpret Technical drawings and Plans

I. Directions: Read the statement and choose your answer below.
____1. Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are made so light that little or no
erasing is needed. They serve as base for darkening in the permanent line
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____2. Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing
____3. A medium line used to show edges and contours visible to the eye.
____4. A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the eye.
____5..A light line used as axis of symmetry. Used for center of circle and arcs. Sometimes the
symbol is shown
____6. Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object. Extension lights start about /16” from
visible or object line. The dimension line is broken near the center for the dimension.
____7. Wavy line draws freehand for the same purpose as long break.
a. Long break line b. Dimension line c. Centerline d. Invisible line
e. Visible line f. Borderline g. Construction line g
II. Directions: Write letter T if the statement is true, and letter F, if it’s false.
____________1. Blueprint is a framework gives you a solid foundation to build your project on
top of, with an easy-to-use grid, sensible typography, useful plug-in, and even a style sheet for
printing.
____________2. Mechanical Plan is a drawing done to scale using specialized instruments
showing the actual part of an object.
____________3. Electrical Plan is a drawing done to scale using specialized instruments.
____________4.Sign and Symbol is very much important to plan of the worker.
____________5.Schematic Diagram is the design that follows of the technician when there is a
problem encounter.
III. In a long bond paper, draw your own sink at home using the different plumbing
symbol above.
LESSON 4. MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Definition of Terms
Condemned Unfunctional tools or equipment that are to be disposed
Dull Unsharpened cutting and tools.
Equipment A power tool usually run by motor.
Grind to wear down, polish, or sharpen by friction.
Lubricant A good solvent cleaner
MaintenanceThe act of keeping tools and equipment in good working condition.
P.P.E Personal Protective Equipment
Repair The process of fixing tool or equipment to make it serviceable again.
Sharpening the process of sharpening of tools cutting edge or fine point
Solvent A substance, usually a liquid, capable of dissolving another substance
LO 1. CHECK CONDITIONS OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
BORING TOOLS
COLD CHISEL is a tool made from hexagon or
octagon-shaped steel and is commonly called cold
chisel steel. Its convenient size is for handling. One end
is shaped for cutting operations.
ELECTRIC DRILL is a power tool that rotates a replaced drill

bit to make a hole in wood, plastic or
metal. Alternately, a screw driver tip can
be installed to turn screw.

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HAND DRILL is a tool used with drills or bits found around the tang. The tang is the end
of the bit of which is held in the brace.
CUTTING TOOLS
CROSSCUT SAW is a type of cutting
tool used to cut the grain of the wood.
HACKSAW is a tool used for cutting

metal, plastic or pipe.
PIPE CUTTER is a tool used for cutting

pipe and tube.
PIPE REAMER is a tool used for cleaning

the inside portion of the pipe and tube to remove the burst and chips.
PIPE THREAD is a tool used for threading the pipe.
DRIVING TOOLS
CLAW HAMMER is a tool used for pulling

and driving the nails from some other object.
Generally, a hammer is associated with
woodworking but is not limited to use for any purpose.
CROW BAR is a tool consisting of a metal bar with a single curved end
and flattened points, often with a small fissure on one or both ends for
removing nails.
SCREW DRIVER is a tool used to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove screw. The
screw driver comprises a head or tip which engages with a screw, a mechanism to apply
torque by rotating the tip, and some way to position and support screw driver.
(Screw drives types: Triple Square, Spanner head, Torque, Tri wing, Robertson, Hex
Allen, Torx, Pozidive, Crosshead, Flat)
HOLDING TOOLS
ADJUSTABLE SPANNER/WRENCH, ADJUSTABLE ANGLE
HEAD WRENCH is
a tool which can be used to loosen and
tighten a nut or bolt. It has a “jaw” of
adjustable-size, which allows different sizes of
nut and bolt.
BASIN WRENCH is a specialized tool which allows one to reach

tight spot under sink and basin. The jaw of the basin wrench can not only be adjusted to
accommodate nuts of different sizes, but it can also be flipped over the opposite side to
keep it turning without removing the wrench
BENCH VISE is a tool with a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a work
piece to allow work to be performed on it which uses an anchor. Bench
vise or vice has one fixed jaw and another, parallel, jaw which is moved
towards or away from the fixed jaw by the screw.
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CLAMP is a tool used to grip and hold an object firmly such as wood, paper, plastic and
some metals for a short period time.
PIPE WRENCH OR STILLSON WRENCH is an adjustable wrench used

for turning soft iron pipes fittings with a rounded surface. The design of the
adjustable jaw allows it to rock in the frame such that any forward pressure
on the handle tends to pull the jaw tighter together.
Measuring Tools
Inside Caliper is a tool used to measure the internal size of an object.
Outside Caliper is a tool used to measure the external size of an object.
Steel Square is a tool used by carpenters and other tradesman. It consists a large arm and a
smaller arm that meet at an angle of 90˚.Today the steel square is commonly referred to
as the framing square.
TRY SQUARE is a woodworking or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring a piece
of wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees) tried on any
surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an adjoining surface.
PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) is a flexible tape measure which is available in lengths up
to 50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are usually considered adequate. Most tapes have an
automatic power return that is useful but not necessary.
TESTING TOOLS
PLUMB BOB OR PLUMMET is a tool used for testing and surveying to
position a point on the ground that is not readily visible. Plumb bob is a
weight with a pointed tip at the bottom that is suspended from a string and
used as a vertical reference line.
CARPENTERS’ SQUARE - a steel square used by carpenters; larger than
a try square. Square-a hand tool consisting of two straight arms at right angles.
LO2. PERFORM BASIC PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS
Before using the tools and equipment in the installation of pipes, you have
to know first the types of lubricants to be used. In this manner, you can
prevent rusting and malfunctioning of the tools and equipment.
There are four types of lubricants and these are liquid including
emulsion and suspension, solid, grease, and paste.
Liquid lubricants – are known as lanolin natural water repellent lanolin which is derived from
wool grease and is a safe alternative to the more common petrochemical based lubricants. These
lubricants are also preventive agents against inhibitors such as rust, salt and acids.
Water can also be used on its own or as a major component with one of the other base oils.
Mineral oil is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived from crude oil.
Vegetable oil is primarily triglyceride esters derived from plants and animals.
Purpose of Lubricating
Here are the advantages of lubricating the tools and equipment:
• Keeps moving parts apart.
• Reduces friction.
• Transfers heat.
• Carries away contaminant and debris.
• Transmits power.
• Protects against wear.

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• Prevents corrosion.
GENERAL SAFETY IN THE WORKING AREA

General Safety Practices
Safety practices are an important component in performing one’s job in order to prevent
accidents. In relation to this, safe work habits acquired now will be useful in years to come. The
following are reminders that will guide you in practicing safety measures in the working area.
. Always think “safety first” before performing an operation.
. Wear safety goggles, or a face shield in the danger zones or in other
designed area.
. Report even the slightest injury; small cuts or other minor injuries may
become serious if left unattended. Inform your teacher immediately.
. Notify your teacher of any unsafe conditions observed. This may include
such things as dull tools and frayed electrical cords.
5. Keep the floor clear of scraps of materials.
6. Place clamped stock so it will not fall. Make sure the clamps do not extend into
pathways.
7. Place all used rags in a metal fireproof container.
8. Close vise handle so they do not protrude into the aisles. However, do not tighten them.
9. Stay alert! Keep your mind on the operation of the machine all the time. Do not talk to
anyone while operating machine.
10. Ask for assistance prior to the cutting long or heavy piece.
11. Wear safe clothing. Make sure you button your shirt, and
wear your shoes or sneakers. Do not wear jewelry. If you have
long hair tie it back.
12. Respect the right of others and their property.
13. Wear ear protection when operating tools with high noise
levels.
14. Be sure everyone is out of danger zone around a machine
before beginning an operation.
15. Ask your teacher for permission before using
machines.
PREVENTING SLIPS
Slips occur when there is too little friction between your feet and the ground. Common causes of
slips are wet surfaces, weather hazards, and loose soil or ground. Slips often happen when you
are distracted or in a hurry, but they can be prevented. Here are the following examples of
accidents that normally occur if an individual is careless:

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Safety should be the concern of everybody
In relation to this, safe work habits must also be practiced in the shop
Room. The illustrations will describe the causes and effects once you are careless
inside the working area.
LO3. STORE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
A. Tools and Equipment Inventory

Some companies often spend more time in tracking and managing their inventory. Others ---
such as manufacturers, producers and construction companies --- may use specific equipment
for specific jobs. This creates a difficult situation of attempting to manage inventory at multiple
job locations. Business owners and managers typically create systems or processes that
employees must follow when using the company's shop tools.
Depending on the type of company, owners or managers may require employees to use own
tools for certain jobs. For example, construction companies may require employees to have their
own items such as a hammer, painting equipment or welding supplies. This reduces inventory
management.
Whatever is the type of company or shop, inventory taking is very important. On this context,
inventory is defined as a detailed list of all the items in stock.
Reason for Maintaining Tools and Equipment Inventory

The most important point to consider is to purchase top-grade tools. They must be made
of high-quality steel and manufactured for precision. Special consideration is given to balance
so that the tool/equipment will be properly maintained and prevent loses. Since the technician
must work with his tools daily, regular inventory of tools/equipment is very important.
The initial cost of a minimum number of tools is high but there is accompanying warranty
guarantees satisfaction and many years of service. It is better, in the long run, to start with a few
carefully selected tools that will take care of your most common needs and then gradually build-
up to a complete set. It is sometimes hard to identify and memorize the huge number of tools
and equipment in the workshop, maintaining the inventory record is of great value.
Points to Consider
• Create a sign out sheet for all shop tools. Companies can use a sign out sheet where
employees must fill up with specific information relating to the inventory item and specific job
use. This allows business owners and managers to know where each tool is located at all times.
• Conduct an audit for long-term jobs. Shop tools left at working place for long periods may
require a manager to verify that the tool is still on the job site. A manager can visit the site
unannounced and review the sign out sheet against all tools on the job.
• Restrict shop tool access to one individual. This allows companies to have one person on
each job responsible for checking out, or in, various shop tools. Companies can require this
individual to be a manager or foreman.
• Use a barcode system to track inventory. Companies can place barcode labels on each shop
tool and require employees to electronically scan each tool when using them at different job
sites. This creates an electronic record and can allow real-time reporting of tool use.
Self Check. 5.4 Maintain Tools and Equipmnet

Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F, if it is false.

21
____________1. Safety goggles must be worn anytime the power tools are being used in the work
area.
____________2. Ear protection should be worn when operating tools with high noise level.
____________3. Loose clothing should be worn around when operating power tools.
____________4.The pockets of pants are so designed to carry sharp tools thus preventing damage
to the cutting edge.
____________5. The dust collection system is a large vacuum that should only be operated at
clean-up time.
____________6. Certain glues and most finishes are toxic. Prolonged exposure to their fumes
should be avoided.
____________7. Used rags should be placed in the metal container except when in use.
____________8. Tools should be returned to their storage location after use.
____________9. When debris accumulates on the floor it should be put into the trash container.
____________10. Mirror cuts and splinters need not be reported to the teacher.
GENERAL SAFETY IN THE WORKING AREA

II. True or False
Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.
____________1. Safety goggles must be worn anytime the power tools are being used in the work
area.
____________2. Ear protection should be worn when operating tools with high noise level.
____________3. Loose clothing should be worn around when operating power tools.
____________4.The pockets of pants are designed to carry sharp tools to prevent damage to the
cutting edge.
____________5. The dust collection system is a large vacuum that should only be operated at
clean-up time.
____________6. Certain glues and most finishes are toxic. Prolonged exposure to their fumes
should be avoided.
____________7. Used rags should be placed in the metal container except when in use.
____________8. Tools should be returned to their storage location after use.
____________9.When debris accumulates on the floor. It should be put into the trash container.
____________10. Mirror cuts and splinters need not be reported to the teacher.
III. Brainstorming. If you are a plumber, what is the most important thing that you will
prepare? How are you going to apply safety and hazard control in every situation?
LESSON 5. PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURES

Definition of Terms
Accident -is an event occurring unintentionally or by chance.
Control -means to direct or determine.
Hazard -is a source of danger.
Occupation -is an activity in which one is engaged in.
OHSP -Occupational Health and Safety Procedures
PPE -Personal Protective Equipment
Safety -state of being out danger, uninjured, not involving risk
Threshold -starting point, bar stone or wood forming bottom of doorway
Toxic -deadly, harmful and poisonous
LO 1. IDENTIFY HAZARDS AND RISKS

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Hazards and Risks Identification and Control  Requirements in
Conducting/Identifying Hazards
-Survey the workplace to identify hazards. This survey must be in writing and must be available
to all workers
- Determine whether any hazard requires Personal Protective Equipment
- Pay special attention to working conditions or process that can produce hazards.
- Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new equipment is installed, to avoid
accidents.
Any reassessment must be written and must be available to workers upon request.
HAZARD, RISK AND EXPOSURE IN THE WORKPLACE
Plumbing works covers with a lot of activities to be done in the different workplace. While
performing these activities we expose ourselves to a lot of risk. Workplace hazard is a major
cause of accident, injury, or harm to a worker who performs such task. These hazards should be
the major concern of all who are involved in a certain job or work.
It is important to distinguish hazard, risk and exposure when undertaking risk management.
o Hazard is the potential for harm, or adverse effect on an employee’s health. Anything
which may cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard.
o Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a
workplace. The level of risk increases with the severity of the hazard and the duration and
frequency of exposure.
o Exposure occurs when a person comes into contact with a hazard.
Types of Hazard
Hazards are classified into five different types. They are:
1. Physical - includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling objects,
slippery surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling), excessively loud and prolonged
noise, vibration, heat and cold, radiation, poor lighting, ventilation, air quality
2. Mechanical and/or electrical - includes electricity, machinery, equipment, pressure
vessels, dangerous goods, fork lifts, cranes, hoists
3. Chemical - includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and those that could lead
to fire or explosion, like pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes from various
processes such as welding
4. Biological - includes bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew, insects, vermin, animals
5. Psychosocial environment - includes workplace stressors arising from a variety of
sources.
Emergency procedures regarding safety working environment 1. Identify the potential

emergencies. The emergencies that may occur on plumbing site could include:
a. Fire
b. Flood
c. Typhoon
d. machinery entrapment
e. electrical shock
f. chemical exposure
g. injuries
h. illness and
i. accidents
2. Provide emergency facilities appropriate for the sorts of emergencies that might occur on
the farm (e.g. deluge showers, eye washes, firefighting equipment, first aid kits).
3. Make sure that the correct equipment is available to contain and handle any chemical or
other dangerous materials spills that might happen.

23
4. To help minimize the risk of personal injury or property damage in the event of an
emergency, people working on and visiting the farm need to know and understand the
emergency procedures and their responsibilities.
5. Instruct everyone working on the farm in the emergency response procedures
6. Everyone should know the location of fire alarms, fire extinguishers and first aid kits.
WORKING CONDITIONS THAT CAN PRODUCE HAZARDS

1. Falling objects
2. Objects that can puncture skin
3. Objects that could roll over worker’s feet
4. Toxic chemicals
5. Heat
6. Harmful Dust
7. Radiation
LO2. EVALUATE HAZARDS AND RISKS

Signs and their location:
1. Danger Signs -are used only where immediate hazards exist. They are printed in red as the
predominating color.
2. Caution Signs -are used to warn against potential hazards.
3. Exit Signs -are printed in legible red letters for exits.
4. Safety Instructions Signs
5. Accidental Prevention Tags - are used as temporary means of warning to existing
hazards, such as defection, tools and equipment.
6. Barricades -are used for protection of employees
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Here are the types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use for safety purposes:
A. Face protection
Goggles and face protection must be used when workers are at risk from flying particles,
liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids and chemical gases. Various goggles for face
protection must meet certain design criteria for safety.
B. Foot Protection
Safety shoes with impact protection are used in where heavy objects or tools could be
accidentally dropped on the feet. Safety shoes with puncture protection are required when
working around nails, wire tacks, scrap metals and other objects that could fierce the feet.
C. Hand Protection
Gloves are required to protect the hands of workers from cuts, scrapes, punctures, burns,
chemical absorption, and exhaust temperatures. It is crucial that the type of glove being used is
the right one for the job.
D. Hearing Protection
Appropriate ear muffs or ear plugs must be made available as a last resort if it is not possible
to make the workplace less noisy. The requirement is a small part of the occupational noise
exposure standard which requires employers to ensure that workers are exposed to less than 90
decibels of noise over an 8 hour period.
E. Respirators
Appropriate respirators must be worn as a last resort if it is not possible to ventilate the
work area properly.
LO3. CONTROL HAZARDS AND RISKS

Occupation Health and Safety (OHS) Procedures for controlling hazards and risks.
24
1. Conduct a hazard assessment like;
Survey workplace to identify hazards (put them in writing)
Determine whether any hazard required Personal Protective Equipment.
Pay attention to working conditions that can produce hazards
Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new equipment is installed
2. Select appropriate equipment;
Ensure that all Personal Protective
Equipment used is the right kind of equipment for the job, and is maintained properly
1. Have knowledge on the following:
Which PPE is necessary
How to identify if it fits properly
How to put on, remove, adjust and wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
How to dispose of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)
The limitation of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Procedure in dealing with workplace, accidents, fire and Emergencies

PROCEDURES:
. DEALING WITH ACCIDENTS
1. Keep calm, don’t panic and study the situation.
2. Report immediately to your teacher
3. Apply first aid to the victim while waiting for a nurse or a physician 4. Bring the patient to the
nearest clinic or hospital
B. DEALING WITH FIRE
1. Do not panic, stay calm.
2. Call the attention of everybody.
3. Use your firefighting equipment to control extinguish the fire.
4. Call the office or the fire station
C. DEALING WITH EMERGENCIES
1. Stay calm and study the situation.
2. Call the attention of your teacher.
Self Check 5.5 Practice Occupational health and Safety Procedure

I.Directions: Write the letter of your choice on your answer sheet.
1. Your employer must conduct a hazard assessment in order to ___________.
a) avoid accident b) promote accident c) eliminate workers
2. OSH means _______________.
a) Occupational Service Healthy
b) Occupational Safe and Healthy
c) Occupational Safety and Health
3. Identifying hazards makes you_________________.
a) safe from working b) comfortable while working c) work efficient d) all of the above
4. Who should first know about the accident that happened in your shop?
a) principal b) nurse c) teacher d) doctor
5. Accidents can be prevented ____________________.
a) through proper care and maintenance of tools and equipment
b) right attitude toward work
c) if you have a good knowledge about safety practices.
II. DIRECTION: : Write the letter of the correct answer on your Answer Sheet
1. Conducting hazard assessment to a workplace should be done_______.
a) during working hours b) after working hours c) before working hours d) all of the above
2. Observing good housekeeping ________________.
25
a) prevents fire
b) makes for easy location of tool and materials needed
c) both a and b
d) none of the above
3. In dealing with accidents , the first thing to do is to_________________.
a) stay calm and study the situation b) apply first aid
c) call the attention of your teacher d) all of the above
4. Accidents can be prevented _____________.
a) thru proper cares and maintenance of tools and equipment
b) right attitude towards works
c) if you have enough knowledge about safety practices
d) all of the above
5. When an injury occurs, how soon should it be treated?
a) After class hours b) Immediately
c) Both a and b d) Later
CHAPTER 6. DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING DORAC
LESSON 1 – PREPARE MATERIALS AND TOOLS
Definition of Terms
Aluminum Tubing - usually used for evaporating units in air conditioning for home &
automobile
Clutch Head - used for turning with a clutch head bolt or screw
Copper Tube - use in refrigeration and air conditioning unit.
Document - written information
Flare Hose Fitting - includes assorted nylon fittings suitable to refrigerant hoses
Flaring Block - used for holding tubing according to its size so that it can be flared.
Hard Drawn Copper Tubing - used in Commercial refrigeration and air conditioning
applications
Job Order - the scope of the work to be done
Pipe Cutter - the adjustable clamp-type device with sharp-edged rollers that cut the pipe as they
are tightened and turned
Ratchet Handle – used to drive handle socket that fits on so that the tightening or loosening
motion can be limited to a short back and forth motion.
Requisition Form - a formal written order request for equipment, tools and materials.
Service Report describes the work done in a process
Soft Copper Tubing - used in domestic and some commercial refrigeration and air conditioning
work, because it is easy to bend and flare.
Soldered or Brazed Tube Fitting - used in most tubing and fitting connections that are either by
soldering or silver brazing
LO1. IDENTIFY MATERIALS AND TOOLS

Use of Copper Tube in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Unit. Installation of pipes and
fittings in a refrigeration system is impossible without the necessary tools and materials.
Copper Tubing

26
The tubing that carries the refrigerant to various components is considered to be a vital part
of the refrigeration system. Copper tubing is the most common materials in the refrigeration piping
circuit. It is used to connect the major parts of the refrigeration system
such as evaporator coil, the compressor, the condenser coil and the
expansion valve, most copper tubing is available from 1/8 inch to ¾
inch of a diameter. The end are capped or plugged to keep the inside
of the tubing clean and dry. It is also available in soft and hard types.
Copper tubing is available in three types. Type K, L and M. Type K tubing is used for heavy
duty purpose because of its thick wall. Type L tubing is used for Six interior plumbing and
heating. It is the common types used in HVAC system. Type M is used for light duty work
1. Soft copper tubing. This is used in domestic and some

commercial refrigeration and air conditioning work, because it is
easy to bend and flare. Being bendable, this tubing must be
supported by suitable
brackets or clamp in
installation, so soft copper
tubing is often used with
flared and soft soldering fittings. It is also sold in rolls of 1,
35, and 50 ft long.
2. Hard drawn copper tubing. This is used in commercial refrigeration and air conditioning
applications. Being hard and stiff, it needs few clamps to support it in installation. Hard drawn
copper tubing should not be bent so use straight lengths and fitting to form the necessary tube
connection. Hard- drawn refrigeration tubing joints should be silver brazed to eliminate leaks.
3. Steel tubing. This is a thin wall tubing used in refrigeration and

air conditioning work, Its size is practically the same as that of
copper tubing, hence connections may be made on steel tubing by
using either flare joints or silver brazed joints.
4. Stainless steel tubing. This is a strong type of tubing that is

very resistant to corrosion. It is also easily connected to fitting
by either flaring or brazing because of this qualities, stainless
steel is often required in food processing, ice, oven, manufacture,
milk handling system, and similar works
5. Plastic tubing. This type of tubing with polyethylene is one of the most common substances
used in the manufacture of plastic tubing. The usual safe temperature is from 100 degrees
centigrade (oC) to +175 degrees centigrade (oC) you should never use this tubing where fluid
temperature goes beyond this limit. Polyethylene tubing is not used in refrigerating mechanism
but in cold water lines in water cooled condensers.
6.Flexible tubing (hose). This is commonly used tubing in

suction lines in many refrigeration system and in commercial air
conditioning application. This type serves to prevent vibration
in the mechanism. Air conditioning equipment for a motor
vehicle requires the use of flexible tubing since the vehicle is
always moving.

27
7.Aluminum tubing. It is usually used for evaporating units in air conditioning for home and auto-
mobile. Commonly, it is used for evaporator (freezer) of the domestic refrigerators. Special type
of treatment for soldering or brazing is needed.
Fitting:
A fitting is a device used to connect tubes of different widths and lengths.
1. Flaring tube fitting. This is used in flared type connection to attach fittings in copper tubing.
There are many different fittings which are hexagonal in shape
for wrench attachment. These threaded fittings must be
carefully handled to prevent damage. All fittings used are based
on the tubing size.
The common flare type fittings used in refrigeration and air

conditioning works are the following.
2. Flare hose
fitting - This includes
assorted nylon
fittings suitable to
refrigerant hoses.
3. Soldered or
brazed tube fitting - This type is used in most tubing
and fitting connections that are either by soldering or
silver brazing. Soldered joints are used for water pipes
and drains. Silver brazed joints are used for refrigerant
pipes and fittings.
Filter Drier
Soldered Type Filter Drier
Flare Nut
Relay
Overload Protector
Thermostat Control

28
TOOLS:
Types of screwdrivers and their uses:
a. Standard slot is a tool used for turning with a slot-head
bolt or screw
b. Philips is a tool used for turning with Philips-head bolts or screw
c. Clutch head is a tool used for turning with a clutch head bolt or screw
d. Torx head is a tool used for turning with a torx bolt or screw
e. Stub is a tool used for tightening or loosening in places where a longer blade will not fit
especially in narrow places.
f. Offset is a tool used for tightening
or loosening in extremely close places.
Types of Wrenches and Their Uses

a. Open wrench is a tool
used for working with
hex-head bolts, nuts, or screws.
b. Box wrench refers to the
tool with flat interior surfaces so that it is less likely to slip
off when working with hex-head bolts, nuts, or screws when
added torque is applied.
c. Combination wrench is a tool with an open end and a box end. It is designed for the
convenience of an operator who may need an open end for speed tightening and loosening
while the box end is used for adding torque.
d. Adjustable open wrench is a tool used for working with hex-head bolts, nuts, and screws
of various sizes.
e. Pipe wrench is a tool used for working with pipe, pipe fittings, and other rounded surfaces.
f. Flare nut wrench is a tool used for working with hex-head nuts, bolts, or screws in which
the open end permits the wrench to slip over tubing.
Types of Pliers and Their Uses
Slip joint is a tool used for holding or turning a part where surface
a.
marring is not a problem.
b. Slip groove is a tool used on a wider surface and where more leverage may be required.
c. Long Nose is a tools used for holding small nuts, screws, or
for reaching hard reached places.
d. Diagonal cutter is a tool used for cutting wire only.
e. Self-locking pliers is a tool used for
working where tight grip is needed. It also locks in place to free
operator to use another tool.
f. Pinch-off wrench is a tool designed especially to crimp refrigeration tubing to prevent
loss of refrigerant when a tube is being soldered or brazed.
Types of Hammer and Their Uses

a. Ball peen hammer is a tool used for
hammering metal tools such as punches
and chisels.
b. Soft face hammer is a tool made of plastic, rawhide or material that
will not mar or break other tools or materials being hammered.
c. Sledge hammer is a tool made with a heavy steel head and a long
handle for breaking or pounding with substantial force.
29
d. Claw hammer is a tool used for driving or pulling nails
Punches, Chisels, Bars and Their Uses

a. Pin punch is a tool used for driving both
straight and tapered pins into or out of
hubs or shafts.
b. Centre punch is a tool used for
indenting metal to safely start a drill.
c. Flat chisel is a tool used for cutting off bolt
heads or splitting nuts. Pry bar is a tool used
for a variety of jobs, but generally for prying
equipment into alignment.
d. Scratch awl is a tool used for making on metal, making screw holes in sheet metal, and for
aligning screw holes.
Types of Files and Their Uses
a. Flat file is a tool used for smoothing metal surfaces; the surface is
double-cut to help promote even application.
b. Half round file is a tool used for fitting rounded surfaces.
c. Round File is a tool used for
smoothing or enlarging holes in metal; because of
the tapered end, they are often called “rat-tail”
files.
d. Point file is a tool used for cleaning up damaged threads or other “fine” work; it is
sometimes called a “saw” file.
e. Triangular file a tool used for working in tight places and “fine” finish work.
Socket Sets and Their Uses

a. Ratchet Handle is used to drive handle
socket that fits on so that tightening or
loosening motion can be limited to a short
back and forth motion.
b.Socket. Is a device that snaps onto a ratchet handle so the device
can be used to work on hex-head bolts or nuts.
c. Deep socket. Is a device that snaps on to a
ratchet handle so the device can be used to work on hex-head bolts or
nuts that are in recessed places that a regular socket cannot reach.
d.Extension. Refers to a rod that extends
from the socket to the handle to extend the
socket into hard-to-reach places.
e.Torque wrench is a tool used for tightening hex-
head bolts and nuts to specified limits
Speed handle is a tool used to drive by operating with both hands so that an
operator can loosen or tighten nuts and bolts quickly.
a. Universal joint refers to device that fits between a handle and a socket to
permit the socket to be turned to any one of several angles and to facilitate hard-to-reach nuts and
bolts.
Tubing Tools and Their Uses

30
a. Tubing cutter is a tool used for smoothly cutting tubing with opposing cutting wheels that are
slowly tightened by a ratchet-like control as the cutter is turned
around.
b. Flaring block is a tool used for
holding tubing according to its size so
that it can be flared.
c. Flaring tool is a tool used for forcing a 45o
cone into the end of a copper tube being held in
a flaring block.
d. Tube reamer is a tool used for cleaning burrs inside the tubing that has been cut; it is often
built into a tubing cutter.
e. Double flare punch is a tool used with a flaring block to bend
tubing back and force it down and roll it into the open tubing
end to make a tube with double thickness.
f. Swage punch is a tool used for
enlarging the end cut tubing so that
another tube size can be placed into the tubing and soldered
g. Lever-type bender is a tool used for bending tube in such a way that the
tubing will retain its rounded shape and not flatten out at the point of the
bend.
h. Bending spring is a tool used for placement over the outside of the tubing to keep the tubing
from collapsing while it is being bent.
Threading Tools and Their

Uses
Tap is a tool used for cutting inside threads in a hole.

a.
b. Hand tap wrench refers to the handle used for
threading inside threads with a tap.
c. T-handle tap Wrench refers to the handle with
an adjustable holding device mush like the chuck on a
drill. Used with a tap to drill inside threads, especially
smaller size threads.
d. Round stock die is a tool used for
cutting external threads on round stock and is
available in many sizes and specifications
e. Die stock refers to the handle that fits over a
round a die to secure it and facilitate turning.
f. Pipe cutter refers to the adjustable clamp-type
device with sharp-edged rollers that cut into pipe as they
are tightened and turned
g. Pipe die is a tool used for cutting external threads on pipe.
h. Pipe die stock ratchet is a tool used for handle designed especially
for speeding up the cutting of external pipe threads.
Other Hand Tools and Their Uses

a. Wire stripper is a tool used for removing
insulation from electrical wires without
damaging the wires.
b. Drop light is a tool used to provide light in dark or
poorly-lit work areas. These lights frequently have
31
an electrical outlet in the handle, but because they are made of small-gauge wire, they should
not be used to power appliances such as refrigerators
c. to prevent oil from dripping out.
d. Hack saw is a tool used for cutting metals in installation and service work, but not
recommended for cutting refrigeration tubing because the fittings can contaminate a system.
e. Screw starter is used for starting s.
f. Oil can refers to a tool that has a long, flexible spout to reach hard-to-reach places, a cap mall
slot or Philips head screws in hard-to-reach places.
LO2. REQUEST MATERIALS AND TOOLS
Sample of REQUISITION FORM
NAME: ___________________________________________________ DATE: _______
AREA/SECTION: ___________________________________________
QUANTITY UNIT DESCRIPTION Unit Price Total Price

1. 3 Ft. Copper Tubing ¼ diameter
2. 2 Ft. Capillary Tube
3. 1 Pc. Filter Drier
4. 2 Pcs. Access Valve
5. 1 Pint Flux
6. 1 Pc. Flo
7. 4 Pcs. Flaring Nut
8. 2 Pcs. Relay
9. 1 Pc. Thermostat
10. 2 Pcs. Union Fitting
Prepared By:
__________________________
Student’s Name and Section
Inspection By:
____________________________
Tool Keeper
Checked By:
______________________________
Teacher’s Name
Preparing Service report
The documentation process in a company may vary from one form to another. The most
common is the Service Report or sometimes called Job Order Form.
The Service Report describes the work done in a process and the resources used. These
forms help in assessing the cost (charge) of the service rendered. It will also serve as the record for
the servicing company, which can be used as reference for future servicing job with the same
client service record and can also be used as cross reference in requesting materials, tools and
equipment.
Every Service Report has an issue number or control number assigned to it. This is to
identify the work done. This control number will be the reference to all documentation done
related to the job like requisition of supplies, tools, materials and equipment.
PARTS OF A SERVICE REPORT
Customer’s Data
In this part you are to fill-up the name of the customer, the contact number, the address and the
date you finished the service.
SERVICE REPORT
Customer: Tel. No.: Date:
Address
32
Job Done
In this part of the service record, you tick on the type of service you render
JOB DONE
 Pulldown evaporator ( ) Cleaning ( ) Welding ( )Replacement
 Replace ( ) Expansion ( ) Receiver Drier
valve
 Pulldown compressor ( ) verhaul ( ) Smi- ( ) Cange oil
overhaul
( ) Replace comp. ( ) Leak repair ( ) Replace
magnetic coil
( ) Replace comp. incl. bracket fabrication
 Electrical repair/Change ( ) Single/ Dual ( ) Major/ Minor ( )Replace clutch
wiring bearing
 Pulldown ( ) Replace/ Repair ( ) Cleaning ( ) Retighten rotor
Condenser/ radiator
 Auxiliary fan ( ) Replace/ Repair ( ) Install
Replace/Modify ( ) D-Hose ( ) S-Hose ( ) H-Hose
 Pulldown pipes ( ) Repair w/ ( ) Modify ( ) Replace
brazing
 Flushing of A/C system ( ) Single ( ) Dual
 Replace ( ) Idler bearing ( ) Pulley ( ) Belt
 Others, Please specific
Parts and Consumables

This part of the service record is where you tick on the parts and consumables you requested in
the company which is used in the job. The cost of the said parts or consumables will be added to
the service fee as the total cost of service.

33
PARTS CONSUMABLES
ITEM QUANTITY DESCRIPTION R
ea
 Compressor di
 Evaporator ng
s
 Expansion Valve
 Condenser
 Switch
 Bulb
 Capillary Oil ( ) Pag/Synthetic ( ) Mineral
 Refrigerant ( ) 134 A ( ) B12 ( ) Others
 Thermostat
 Relay
Overload Protector
 Gasket
 Hose
 Nitrogen
 Bolt
 Wires
 Filter Drier
This part of the service record indicates the reading of the low side and high side refrigeration
system after repairing the unit.
Authentication
This part of the service record indicates the authenticity of the document. You as servicing
need to sign this part as proof that you rendered the service stated at the Job Done Section,
indicating also your certification number to prove that you are qualified. In the other hand, the
owner or customer needs also to sign his name as a proof that he receives the service you rendered.
A control number is added to this part which serves as reference to every document you have
done.
TECHNICIAN_____________________________ CERTIFICATION NO. ________

Name and Signature
OWNER: __________________________ No. 00000

Name and Signature
Example of
JOB REPORT FORMS
SERVICE REPORT
Customer: Tel. No.: Date:
Address:
JOB DONE
 Pulldown Evaporator ( ) Cleaning ( ) Welding ( )Replace
 Replace ( ) Expansion ( ) Receiver drier
valve
 Pulldown compressor ( ) Overhaul
( ) Semi-overhaul ( ) Change oil
34
( ) Replace comp. ( ) Leak repair ( ) Replace magnetic coil
( ) Replace comp. incl. bracket fabrication
 Electrical ( ) Single/Dual ( ) Major/Minor ( ) Replace clutch bearing
repair/Change wiring
 Pulldown ( ( ) Cleaning ( ) Retighten rotor
condenser/radiator )Replace/Repair
 Auxiliary fan ( ) Replace/ ( ) Install
Repair
 Replace/Modify ( ) D-Hose ( ) S-Hose ( ) H-Hose
 Pulldown pipes ( ) Repair ( ) Modify ( ) Replace
w/brazing
 Flushing of A/C system ( ) Single ( ) Dual
 Replace ( ) Idler bearing ( ) Pulley ( ) Belt
 Others, Please specify
PARTS CONSUMABLES
ITEM QUANTITY DESCRIPTION




READINGS
SUCTION PRESSURE: ____________DISCHARGE PRESSURE: ______________
TECHNICIAN ______________________ CERTIFICATION NO. __________
Name and Signature
OWNER: _________________________ No. 00000
Name and Signature
Self Check 6.1 Prepare Materials and Tools
1.The tubing intended for refrigeration and air conditioning installation should be.
A. Wet B. Clean and dry C. Moisturized D. Oily
2. The tubing to be swaged is clamped in
A. Flaring block B. Bench vise C. Vise grip D. Pliers
3. Which tools are used to enlarge and swage the end of the copper tubing?
A. Flaring Process B. Bending toolsC. Flaring block D. Swaging tools
4. What is the excellent heat source for silver brazing?
A. Soldering iron B. Oxy-acetylene C. Blow torch D. Electric stove
5. What tool is used for tightening or loosening screws in extremely closed places?
A. Offset B. Torx head C. Flat screw D. Stub
6. A wrench with flat interior surface so that it is less likely to slip off when working with hex
head bolts, nuts, or screws.
A. Open end B. Box wrench C. Combination D. Flat nut
7. What kind of tubing is considered strong, highly resistant to corrosion, and easily connected to
fittings by either flaring or brazing?
A.Rubber B. Stainless Steel Tubing C. Aluminium D. Copper
8. Which of the following tubing is installed in the suction and discharge lines of the system in
order to prevent vibrations of the mechanism?
A. Copper Tube B. Rubber C. Steel D. Plastic
9. Which tools are used to enlarge the end of the tubing to make flared a fitting?
A. Swaging tools B. Flaring tools C. Bending tools D. Cutting tools
10. The process of applying molten metal to heated metals is called
A. Clamping B. Soldering C. Welding D. Riveting
35
III. Identification Type
Directions: Identify the following materials in refrigeration. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper
III. Enumeration. Give the following tools.

a.Boring tools
b. Cutting tools
c. Measuring tools
d. Testing tools
e. Holding tools
LESSON 2. PERFROM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
Definition of Terms
Accuracy – correctness, exactness, inaccuracy, nice, precision, rightness,
Calibrate – to position indicators in determining accurate measurement
Infinite is the unlimited extending beyond measure or comprehension
Instrument – a device that measures or controls something
Kelvin scale – a thermometric scale that measurers absolute Zero (A°) which is equal to 273.16
degrees Centigrade (°C)
Measurement – the size, length, quantity or rate of something that has been measured.
Megger is an instrument used to measure the insulation resistance of conductors or wire. It gives
measurement in ohms or meg-ohms.
Mensuration – the calculation of geometric quantities or rate of something that has been
measured
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
Pressure – the force acting on a surface divided by area over which it acts
PSI an abbreviation for pounds per square inch
Rankine Scale another form of temperature scale used.
Volume – magnitude size intent , dimension, areas, bulk, mass the total amount of something
Weight – the total quantity of heaviness and things determined by their mass or control acts
efforts to lift or move them
Wire Gauge is used to measure magnetic wire.
LO1. SELECT MEASURING INSTRUMENT.

Types of Measuring Instruments
PROTRACTOR a flat semi-circular piece of plastic or
metal which is used for measuring angles

36
VOLTMETER an electrical instrument used to measure potential differences in voltage.
THERMOMETER a device used for measuring temperature .
ANEMOMETER an instrument for measuring the rate of airflow on motion
COMPOUND GAUGE - A device installed at the low side of the cooling system used for
charging refrigerant or maybe used for troubleshooting purposes. It has two readings one for
positive pressure and the other for negative vacuum .
STRAIGHT EDGE -A length of metal or wood having a straight
edge used in carpentry metal works to make straight line or to check
the straightness of something.
CLAMP ON AMMETER - An electrical measuring instrument
used to measure current rated in amperes.
Pull Push Rule A tool used for measuring an
object.
Wire Gauge A tool used to measure the size of wire will use in
the job
BASIC MEASURING TOOLS
Graduation on a Rule
How to read the meter scale of the multi tester
To read the resistance range of the multi tester, the given table below will be used. The unit of
measurement to be used to determine its resistance is ohm.

37
Range 0-2 2-10 10-20 20-50 50-100 100-200 250-500 1K
Range x1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 20 100 500
Range 2 5 10 20 50 200 2000 5000
x10
Range 20 50 100 200 500 2K 20K 50K
x1k
Range 200 500 1K 2K 5K 20K 200K 2000
x 10k K
Pointer deflection
Range setting is X1
Reading is 2.5ohms
Pointer deflection Range Value/div
Range setting is X10 Range 10V 0.2V
Reading is 25ohm Range 50V 1V
Range 250V 5V
Range 100V 20V
VOLTAGE SCALE
Range Value/div
Range 10V 0.2V
Range 50V 1V
Range 250V 5V
Voltage Scale Range 100V 20V
Range setting is 10 V( used 0-10 scale
Reading is 4.4V
Voltage Scale Range Value/div

Range 10V 0.2V
Range 50V 1V
Range 250V 5V
Range 1000V 20V
Range setting is 50V (used 0-10 scale)
Reading is 44V
Voltage Scale
Range setting is 250V (used 0-10 scale)
Reading is 110V
CLAMP METER and each parts
Clamp Meter Parts and Function

Jaw- is the part of the clamp meter wherein there is a
magnet that will reflect what is the ampere of
the wire.
38
Trigger- is the part of the clamp meter that needs to press slightly to open the jaw.
Range Selector- is the selector that needs to set or adjust first before clamp the jaw of the clamp
meter to the one (1) line of the source or power.
Zero Adjuster- is the adjustment of the clamp meter when the pointer does not reached the zero
position.
Scale Panel Glass- is the indication what the amperage value of the line being measure is.
Pointer- is the indicator of the amperage.
Holder- is the lace that located at the top of the clamp meter to avoid drop.
Lock- is a part of clamp meter that use if the pointer is moving.
LO2. CARRY OUT MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS

LINEAR MEASUREMENT (International System)
Metric System Basic Measurement
LINEAR MEASURE SQUARE MEASURE (AREA)
1 Centimeter = 10 Millimeters 1 Sq. Centimeter = 100 Sq. Millimeters

1 Decimeter = 10 Centimeters 1 Sq. Meter = 10,000 Sq. Centimeters
1 Meter = 10 Decimeters 1 Acre = 100 Sq. Meters
1 Decameter = 10 Meters 1 Hectare = 100 Acres
1 Hectometer = 10 Decameter = 10,000 Sq. Meter
1 Kilometer = 1000 Meters 1 Sq. Kilometer = 100 Hectares
= 1,000,000 Sq. Meters
CAPACITY MEASURE (LIQUID)

1 Centiliter = 10 Milliliters
1 Deciliter = 10 Centiliters
1 Liter = 10 Deciliters
1 Deciliter = 10 Liters
1 Hectoliter = 10 Deciliters
1 Kiloliter = 10 Hectoliters
= 100 Liters
METRIC CONVERSION IN TERMS OF LINEAR MEASUREMENT

1 inch = 25.400 millimeters 1 yard = 91.44 centimeters
1 mm = 0.03937 inch 1 centimeter = 0.9144 meter
1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 meter = 1.0936 yards
1 cm = 0.3937 inch 1 statute = 5280 feet
1 foot = 12 inches 1 kilometer = 3281 feet
1 inch = 0.08333 foot 1 foot = 12 inches
1 foot = 0.333 yard 1 rod = 165 feet
1 yard = 3 feet 1 mile = 5280 feet
1 foot = 0.30481 meter 1 meter = 39.37 inches
1 meter = 3.2809 feet 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter
yard = 36 inches 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter
10 decimeters = 1 meter
1000 meters = 1 kilometer = 3,281 ft.
100 hectometer = 1 kilometer = 3,28.1 ft.
WEIGHT CONVERSION IN METRIC SYSTEM
1 Kilogram = 100 Grams 1 Gram = 0.03537 Ounce (oz.) 1
= 2.205 Pounds Ounce = 0.2835 Kilogram (kg.)
1 Hectogram = 10 Grams 1 Kilogram = 35.274 Ounces.
= 3.527 Ounces 1 Pound = 16 Ounces
39
1 Gram = 0.035 Ounce 1 Ounce = 0.0625 Pounds
1 Centigram = 0.01 Gram 1 Pound = 453.6 Grams
= .154 Grain (Troy) 1 Gram = 0.002205 Pounds
1 Milligram = 0.001 Gram (gr.) 1 Pound = .4536 Joules Gram
= 0.015 Grain (Troy)
1 Ounce = 28.35 Grams
Unit of Measure and their Equivalents:
a) Inch (“) - Equal to one-twelfth of a foot (1/12) or one thirty-sixth of a yard (1/36 yard)
b) Foot („) - Equal to twelve inches (12”) or one-third of a yard (1/3 yard)
c) Yard - Equal to three feet (3‟) or thirty-six inches (36”)
d) Rod - Equal to sixteen and one-half feet (161/2)
e) Mile - Equal to five thousand, two hundred and eighty feet (5280‟)
f) Degree (°) - Equal to 1/360 of a circle 1°
Example:
1° = 1 360
1°
ALTERNATIVE MEASURING TOOLS
1. Meter stick for pull-push rule
2. Foot rule for steel rule
3. Protractor for wing divider or compass
4. Pull-push rule for tape measure
5. Digital Weighing Scale for arm balance
6. Clamp Ammeter for multi-tester
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Temperature measures the heat intensity or
heat level of a substance. Temperature alone does
not give the amount of heat in a substance. It
indicates the degree of warmth, hotness or coldness
of the substance. In the molecular theory of heat,
temperature indicates the speed of motion of the
molecules. It is important not to use the words “heat” and “temperature” carelessly. Temperature
measures the speed of motion of the atom. Heat is the thermal energy of the atom multiplied by the
number of atoms.
For example, a small copper dish weighing a few grams, heated to 1340°F (727°C) does not
contain as much heat as 5 kilograms of copper heated to 284°F (140°C). However, its heat level is
higher. Its intensity of heat is greater.
The U.S. conventional unit of temperature is the degree Fahrenheit. The SI unit of
temperature is the Kelvin (K). The temperature intervals (space between degrees) on the Kelvin
scale are the same as Celsius. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. This is usually
through uniform
expansion of a liquid in a sealed glass tube. There is a bulb at the bottom of the tube and a quantity
of liquid (mercury or alcohol) inside.
The glass does not expand or contract as much as the liquid during a temperature change.
The liquid will rise and fall in the tube as the
temperature changes. The tube is “calibrated” or marked off in degrees using the desired
temperature scale.
Fig. 1. shows a glass stem thermometer used in
refrigeration and air conditioning work

40
Thermometer-pyrometer - Another type of thermometer measurement instrument. The term
“pyrometer” means high temperature. This instrument has a digital scale. It has the capability of
measuring from – 40°F (-40°C) to 1999°F (1100°C). It is used when accurate readings at various
temperatures are needed. It will indicate the temperature in about 2-
10 seconds
THERMOMETER SCALES – FAHRENHEIT AND CELCIUS
The two most common thermometer scales are the Fahrenheit and
the Celsius
Scales. Celsius is sometimes called the Centigrade scale. The
Celsius scale is named in honor of Andre Celsius, the Swedish
astronomer who recommended the new system. Two temperatures
that determine the calibration of a thermometer:
 the temperature of melting ice
 the temperature of boiling water
Both must be at a pressure of 1 atmosphere at sea level.
On the Fahrenheit thermometer, the temperature of melting ice is
32°F. The temperature of boiling water is 212°F. This provides 180
spaces or degrees between the freezing and boiling temperatures.
On the Celsius thermometer, the temperature of melting is 0°C. The temperature of boiling water
is 100°C. There are 100 spaces or degrees on the scale between freezing and boiling.
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
It is often necessary to convert a temperature from one scale to another. Formulas have been
developed for this purpose. °C means temperature in degrees Celsius. °F means temperature in
degrees Fahrenheit.
K means temperature in degrees Kelvin.
To convert from one of these scales to another, follow the procedure outline in the following
examples.
Degrees Celsius to Degrees Fahrenheit Degrees Fahrenheit to Degrees Celsius
Formula: Formula:
Temperature in °F = (180/100 x temperature Temperature in °C = 100/180 x (Temperature
°C) + 32 °F-32)
or Temperature in °F = (9/5 x °C) + 32 Or Temperature °C = 5/9 x (°F – 32)
Example: Example:
Convert 75°C to °F Convert 212°F to O °C.
Solution: Solution:
°F = (9/5 x 75) + 32 °C = 5/9 x (212-32)
°F = (1.8 x 75) + 32 °C = 5/9 x 180
°F = 135 + 32 °C = .56 x 180
°F = 167oF °C = 100°C
Degrees Fahrenheit to Degrees Rankine Degrees Rankine to Degrees Fahrenheit
(Fahrenheit absolute) Temperature in °F = OR – 460
Formula: Example:
Temperature in °R (FA) = °F + 460 Convert 180°R to °F.
Example: Solution:
Convert 40°F to °R (FA) . °F = 180-460
Solution: °F = 280 °F 24
°R (FA) = 40 + 460
°R (FA) = 500 °R (FA) .
Degrees Celsius to Kelvin Kelvin to Degrees Celsius
Formula: Formula:
41
K = °C + 273 Temperature in °C-K-273
Example: Example:
Convert – 10OC to K. Convert 400K to OC.
Solution: Solution:
K = -10 + 273 °C = 400-273
K = 263K °C = 127 °C
Degrees Rankine to Kelvin Kelvin to Degrees Rankine
Formula: Formula:
Temperature in K = 5/9 °R Temperature °R = 9/5 K
Example: Example:
Convert 180OR to K. Convert 263 K to °R .
Solution: Solution:
K = 5/9 x 180 °R = 9/5 x 263
K = 101 K °R = 473 °R 25
Specific Heat
The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat need to raise the temperature of one pound
of the substance to one degree Fahrenheit. Not all substances have the same specific heat.
Items Specific hea, Btu per lbs
Most fruits and vegetabes 0.32
Meat
Beef 0.77
Fish, Poultry 0.82
Lamb, Pork 0.66
Dairy Products
Milk 0.92
Butter 0.64
Eggs 0.76
Formula:
Q=W X S ( t2 –t1 )
Where Q= Heat.BTU
W= Weight, LBS
S= Specific Heat, BTU/lbs
T2= Final temperature
T1= Initial temperature
Example
1. How much heat must be removed from 750 lbs. of butter to cool it
from 98° F to 34° F.
Solution
Q= W x S ( t2 – t1 )
= 750 lbs. x 0.64 Btu/ lbs. x (34°- 98°)
= - 30,720 Btu of heat ANS
MEASURING WORK PIECES

How do you get the known motor horsepower by using the cross reference
table?
Cross Reference Table on Electrical Characteristics of Motor
Motor Terminals (Ohms)
H.P. Cu. FT.
Run Winding Start Winding
1/10 3 to 4 21 75
42
1/8 4.5 to 6 27 63
1/6 7.5 to 8 21 65
1/5 10 to 12 11 44
¼ 14 to 20 9.7 49
1/3 Over 20 5.9 18
The table shown above can still give you the needed information. Get the height in cubic feet of a
refrigerator and after being able to determine the measurement, you can use the cross reference
table if you do not know the size of the cabinet. You cannot guess or estimate when you deal with
technical problem. Here’s how to get the exact size of the refrigerator cabinet
Example
Formula:
Cu.ft. = LXWXH
1728 cu.in.
Cu.ft. = 24”x18”x36”
1728 cu.in.
Cu.ft. = 15552
1728
Cu.ft = 9 Cu.ft
The answer is 9 cubic feet, The equivalent in horsepower of the refrigerator using the cross
reference table shows 1/5 of 1/6 horsepower. Now, the reference table has 11 or 21 ohms running
and 44 or 65 ohms starting windings.
Self check 6.2 Perform Mensuration and Calculation

I. Direction: Write the letter of your answer in your answer sheet.
1. It is the tool used to measure the amount of refrigerant will put in the system.
A. clamp meter B. micrometer C. steel rule D. Gauge Manifold
2. It is a measuring instrument used to measure the airflow on motion.
A. clamp meter B. micrometer C. Anemometer D. service meter
3. It is a tool used to measure of an object
A. clamp meter B. Pull Push Rule C. steel rule D. micrometer
4. It is a very useful test instrument which can easily be set as voltmeter, ammeter
and ohmmeter.
A. multi-meter B. clamp meter C. caliper D. megger
5. It is the tool used for measuring the current rated in ampere.
A. steel tape B. ammeter C. straight edge D. steel rule
6. ______________ measures the heat intensity or heat level of substance.
A. Fahrenheit B. Temperature C. Thermometer D. None of the above
7. ______________ measures temperature.
A. Thermometer B. Voltmeter C. Pyrometer D. Ohmmeter
8. _______________ is the force per unit area.
A. Volume B. Atmosphere C. Pressure D. Temperature
9. _______________ is the normal pressure of the atmosphere at sea level.
A. 15.3 psi B. 14.7 psi C. 16.8 psi D. 14.9 psi
10. _______________ is sometimes called the Centigrade scale.
A. Fahrenheit B. Celsius C. Heat D. Temperature
III. Name the parts of a multitester

43
IV. Compute the following problem. To know what is the cubic feet of the refrigerator using
the formula below.
1. L=24” W=18” H=32” 2. L=24” W=18” H=24”
3. L=24” W=18” H=40” 4. L=24” W=18” H=26
5. L=24” W=18” H=28”
LESSON 3. INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS
Definition of Terms
Analyze – to examine something in great detail in order to understand it better or
Block Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of electrical diagram in block form labeled
Blueprint – a photographic print of technical drawing with white lines and blue backgrounds.
Construct – to build or assemble something by putting together separate parts in an
Data – factual information obtain from experiments or survey. Basis for making calculation
Dimension – measurement of one or more direction such as length, width, and height.
Electrical – involving electric cables or circuits powered by electricity.
Interpret – to ascribe particular meaning of significance to something.
Mechanical – a system involving the pipe lines, and mechanical component of or drawing
conclusions.
Pictorial Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of pictures of actual component.
Plan – method of doing something that is work out in advance.
Refrigeration and Air conditioning technology.
Schematic Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of electrical symbols.
Sign – something that indicates the rule to follow.
Symbol – something that represents abstraction with the names of electrical components.
LO 1. analyze signs, symbols and data; and

44
This lesson contains information and learning activities on analyzing symbols and data in
accordance to industry standards.
Common electrical components of domestic RAC and electrical symbols

45
This diagram shows the example of symbol applied in different electrical component.
Blueprint is a
framework gives you a solid
foundation to build your
project on top of, with an
easy-to-use grid, sensible
typography, useful plug-in,
and even a style sheet for
printing. A blueprint is a type
of paper-based reproduction
usually of a technical
drawing, and documenting an
architecture or an engineering
design. More Generally the
term "blueprint" is used to
refer to any detailed plan.
46
Various base materials have been used for blueprints. Paper in a common choice; for more durable
prints linen was sometimes used, but with time, the linen prints would shrink slightly. To combat
this problem, printing on imitation vellum and, later, polyester film (Mylar) was implemented.
Common Electrical Symbols used in Blueprint Plan
Mechanical Plan- a drawing done to scale using specialized instruments showing the actual
Components.
47
Electrical Plan- a drawing done to scale using specialized instruments showing the symbol
of components.
Sample of Schematic Diagram
Self Check 6.3 Interpret Technical drawings and Plans

IDENTIFICATION
Direction: Identify the electrical symbols in each item. Write your answer on the space
provided.

48
II. Direction: Draw the following electrical symbols to complete the block diagram
below.
LESSON 4. MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

49
Definition of Terms
Accidental occurring unexpectedly, unintentionally, or by chance.
Hazards risks; dangers
Explosive a substance, especially a prepared chemical, that explodes or causes explosion
Malfunction to function improperly.
Obstructions something that blocks the way
PPE personal Protective Equipment
Technician a person skilled in mechanical or industrial techniques or in a particular technical field
Tool kit a small bag or box equipped with hand tools
Well- equipped complete with necessary parts/ component
Pliers a hand tool with two-hinged arms ending in jaws that are closed by hand pressure to grip
something
Facility something that perform a special function,
Maintenance work that is done regularly to keep equipment buildings and grounds in good
condition and working order
Housekeeping management and upkeep of facilities according to workplace procedures and
standards
Maintenance schedule a list of allocating specific maintenance at a specific period
Equipment device needed for a particular job or activity
Hand tool Instrument manipulated by hand with a combination of muscle power and operator’s
skill
Powered hand tools highly portable tools that are manipulated by an operator and by battery or
through electricity
Specialized tools designed for specific use or uses
LO 1. CHECK THE CONDITIONS OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Classification of non-functional and functional tools
Tools are very useful to us in our homes especially to our job. But tools that are no longer
functional may cause harm.
1. Make an inventory of functional and non-functional tools in your shop.
2. Classify your tools according to is function.
Method of identifying non-functional tools and equipment
1. Visual inspection. It refers to the visual observation of an expert on the appearance of the tools
and equipment.
2. Functionality. Vibration or extra noise from the operation means problems on parts and
accessories started to develop.
3. Performance. When there is something wrong with the performance of either hand tools or
equipment they need an immediate repair or maintenance.
4. Power supply (for electrically operated only). Failure to meet the required power supply,
malfunction will occurs in the part of hand tools or equipment.
5. Person’s involved. It refers to the technical person who has the knowledge and skills about the
technology.
Classifications of tools and equipment according to their uses:
1. Measuring tools
2. Holding tools
3. Cutting tools
4. Driving tools
5. Boring tools
6. Electrical equipment
7. Miscellaneous tools/instrument/equipment
50
Non-functional tools and equipment are those that are not able to perform their regular function
because of impaired and damaged part. Examples of these are the following:
Functional tools and equipment are those that are in good condition and can perform their regular
functions.
CHECKING CONDITION OF TOOLS

Non-functional tools and equipment must be reported in the report card. The following tools and
equipment are used in checking the condition of tools.
CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Boring tools
Cutting tools
Holding tools
Measuring tools
Testing tools
Support materials
Inventory Sheet
Report Card
BAR CODE LEGEND
Rac BOR.T – 0008 – AUGER BIT
RAC- RAC tool (shop name)
BOR.T- Classification of tools
0008- Code no. in the tool panel
AUGER BIT- Name of tool
ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO

MEMORIAL TRADE SCHOOL
LIAS, MARILAO, BULACAN
(Sample Only) RECORD CARD
NAME:________________________________________DATE:_______________
YR/SEC:______________________________STUDENT NO:_______________
SHOP TEACHER:_______________________SHOP NAME:______________
Quality Unit Name of Tool Code Condition Remarks
Sample only
2 PCS AUGER BIT RAC. OR.T 0001-A. BIT Broken Replaced
thread
3 Pcs Electrical drill #8 RAC. BOR.T 0003- Elect.Drl Burn motor replaced
ASSSEMBLY WOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO

RECORD CARD
NAME:________________________________________DATE:_______________
YR/SEC:______________________________STUDENT NO:_______________
DRIVING TOOLS
Classification of tools
51
Sample only
1 Pc Claw Hammer # 2 Rac. DRI.T 0002 Claw Loose Repaired
hammer handle
1 Pc Screwdriver #1 Rac.DRI.T 0001 S Driver Damaged Repaired
Tip
ASSEMBLYWOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO

RECORD CARD
NAME:________________________________________DATE:_______________
YR/SEC:______________________________STUDENT NO:_______________
HOLDING TOOLS
Sample only
1 Pc C – Clamp # 4 Rac. Hold.T. 0004 CClmp Broken Handle Repaired
1 Pc Pipe Wrench # 3 Rac. Pipe.W 0002 Damaged Repaired
P.Wrnch Adjuster
ASSEMBLY WOMAN FELICITA G. BERNARDINO

RECORD CARD
NAME:________________________________________DATE:_______________
YR/SEC:______________________________STUDENT NO:_______________
MEASURING TOOLS
Sample only
52
1 Pc Inside Caliper # 8 Rac. Meas.T 0008 In.Cal. Loose Legs Repair
1 Pc Push Pull Rule # 1 Rac. Meas.T 0001 T. Meas Loose Spring Repair
LO 2 PERFORM BASIC PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS
Before using the tools and equipment in the installation of pipes, you have to first know the
types of lubricants to use. Lubrication prevents the rusting and malfunctioning of tools and
equipment. There are four types of lubricants, and these are:
1. Liquid, including emulsion and suspension;
2. Solid;
3. Grease; and
4. Paste.
Liquid lubricants made from lanolin natural water. These lubricants inhibit rust, salt, and
acids.
Water can also be used as a lubricant mixed with other base oils.
Mineral oil which is l derived from crude oil is a very good quality of lubricant.
Vegetable oil which is primarily triglyceride esters derived from plants and animals can
also serve the purpose as a lubricant and is environment friendly.
Purpose for Lubricating
Here are the benefits from lubricating tool and equipment:
- keeps moving parts apart - transmits power more efficiently
- reduces friction - protects against wear
- transfers heat more efficiently - prevents corrosion
- carries away contaminant and debris
A. INVENTORY FORM
Sample of how to accomplish inventory tools and equipment
Note: Non-functional tools should to be labeled.

Inspected by: _________________ Checked by: _________________
Student Shop Teacher
Self check 6.4 Maintain Tools and Equipment
53
Directions: Conduct an inspection of different tools and equipment in shop room. Name the
tools and equipment segregating the functional and non-functional one using the form below.
Ite Condition
Remarks for
m
Qty. Unit Item to be inspected Non Non
No. Functional
functional functional
Inspected by: _________________________ Checked by: __________________________
LESSON 5. PERFORM HOUSEKEEPING AND SAFETY
Definition of Terms
Accidental occurring unexpectedly, unintentionally, or by chance.
Hazards risks; dangers
Explosive a substance, especially a prepared chemical, that explodes or causes explosion
Malfunction to function improperly.
Equipment device needed for a particular job or activity.
Obstructions something that block the way
PPE personal Protective Equipment
Technician a person skilled in mechanical or industrial techniques or in a particular technical field
Tool kit a small bag or box equipped with hand tools
Well- equipped complete with necessary parts/ component.
Lubricant an oily or greasy substance applied to something in order to reduce friction.
Facilities a term use for special apparatus that fulfill best function work.
Maintenance buildings and grounds in good condition and working order.
Housekeeping management and upkeep of facilities according to workplace procedures and
standards.
Maintenance schedule a list of allocating specific maintenance to a specific period. It is also
comprehensive list of maintenance and its incidence.
LO 1. sort out materials, tools and equipment;

5S (METHODOLOGY)
5S is a reference to a list of five Japanese words translated into English, the letter 5S are
actually the first name methodology. This list is a mnemonic for a methodology that is often
incorrectly characterized with "standardized cleanup. In fact, it is much more than a cleanup. 5S is
a philosophy and a way of organizing and managing the workplace and work flow with the intent
to improve efficiency by eliminating wastes, improving flow of production, reducing process
delays.
5S is a method of organizing a workplace, especially shared workplaces (like a shop floor or
an office space, even in school). It is sometimes referred to as a housekeeping methodology,
however this characterization can be misleading because organizing a workplace goes beyond
housekeeping. The key targets of 5S are workplace morale and efficiency. The assertion of 5S is,
that time must not be wasted. Additionally, it is quickly obvious when something is missing rom
its designated location. 5S advocates believe the benefits of this methodology come from deciding
what should be kept, where it should be kept, and how it should be kept. This decision making

54
process usually comes from a concept of standardization which builds a clear understanding,
among employees how work should be done.
In addition, another key distinction between 5S and "standardized cleanup" is Seiton. Seiton
is often misunderstood, perhaps due to the efforts of translating into an English beginning with "S"
(such as "sort" or "straighten"). The key concept here is to order items or activities in a manner to
promote work flow. For example, tools should be kept accessible for use, workers will not find
difficulty to access materials, flow paths can be altered to improve efficiency, etc.
The 5S's are:
SEIRI: SORT (CLEAN UP)
This is the step 1 in the 5S program:
"Sorting" means to sort everything in each work area. Keep only what is necessary. Materials,
tools, equipment and supplies that are not frequently used should be moved to a separate, specified
storage area. Items that are not any more useful should be discarded. Do not keep things around
thinking they might be used someday.
Sorting is the first step in making the work area tidy. It makes easier to find the things you
need and frees up additional space. In sorting process, you can eliminate (or repair) broken
equipment and tools. Obsolete fixtures, molds, jigs, scrap material, waste and other unused items
and materials are disposed.
SEITON: SET IN ORDER (ORGANIZE)
This is the step 2 in the Five S program: Step two is to organize, to arrange to identify
everything in a work area for the most efficient and effective retrieval and return of the item to
their proper places.
Commonly used tools should be readily available. Storage areas, cabinets and shelves should be
properly labeled. Clean and paint floors for you to make it easier to spot dirt, waste materials and
spilled parts and tools. Outline areas on the floor to identify work areas, movement lanes, storage
areas, finished product areas, etc. Put shadows on tool boards, making it easy to be located.
In an office/school, provide bookshelves for frequently used manuals, books and catalogs. Label
the shelves and books so that they can be easily found.
The objective of this step is to put everything in the workplace and properly identified and
labeled. This means that there are two important parts to systematic organization. The first part is
putting everything in its proper place and setting up a system so that it is easy to return each item
to its proper place. The second part is where good labeling and identification practices are
important. Both the equipment/tools and materials you use, as well as their proper storage
locations, need to be clearly identified and labeled.
SEISŌ: SWEEP (REGULAR CLEANING)
Step Three: Once you have everything from each individual work area up to your entire facility,
sorted (cleaned up) and organized, you need to keep it that way. This requires regular cleaning or
to go along with our third S, "shining" things up.
Regular, usually daily, cleaning is needed or everything will be returned to their original places.
This can be done by regular inspection. While cleaning its needed also to inspect the machines,
tools, equipment and supplies you work with.
Regular cleaning and inspection makes it easy to spot lubricant leaks, equipment misalignment,
breakage, missing tools and low levels of supplies.
Problems can be hardly identified and fixed when they are small. If these minor problems that are
not addressed they can lead to a serious loss of production. On the other hand, frequent cleaning
and inspecting waste time will result to good production.
SEIKETSU: STANDARDIZE (SIMPLIFY)
Step Four: To ensure that the first three steps in your Five S program are done effectively, the
fourth step is to simplify and to standardize actions
The good practices developed in steps 1 through 3 should be standardized and made easy to
accomplish. Develop a work structure that will support the new practices and make them into
55
habits. As you learn more, update and modify the standards to make the process simpler and
easier. One of the hardest steps is avoiding old work habits. It is easy to slip back into what you
have been doing for years. It gives comfort most of the time for this is part of your habit. Use
standards to help people work into new habits that are a part of your Five S program.
Any easy way of making people to be aware of, and reminded of the standards is to use
labels, signs, posters and banners in the workplace.
SHITSUKE: SUSTAIN
Step Five: The final step is to continue training and maintaining the standards. Have a normal
system for monitoring the results of your Five S program. Do not expect that you can clean up,
get things organized and labeled, and ask people to clean and inspect their areas every day -- and
then have everything continue to happen without any follow-up.
Continue to educate people about maintaining standards. When there are changes - such as
new equipment, new products, new work rules - that will affect your Five S program, and
adjustments to accommodate those changes. Make any needed changes in the standards and
provide training that addresses those changes.
Translations and modifications
Often in the west, alternative terms are used for the five S. These are "Sort, Straighten, Shine,
Systemize and Sustain". "Standardize" is also used as an alternative for "Systemize". Sometimes
"Safety" is included as 6th S. Similarly 5Cs aim at same goal but without the strength of
maintaining the 5S name.
Clear out and classify
Clearing items no longer required
Tagging items that may be required and storing away from workplace
Configure
A specific place for specific items
A place for everything and everything in its place”
Clean and check
Identify the cleaning zones and establishing cleaning routines
Conformity
Custom and practice
Monitoring process adherence
Continually validating process
Customer satisfaction by doing scientific training to workers
Continually focus on man, machine, material & method
Alternative acronyms have also been introduced, such as CANDO (Cleanup, Arranging, Neatness,
Discipline, and Ongoing improvement). Even though he refers to the ensemble practice as "5S" in
his canonical work,
Hirano prefers the terms Organization, Orderliness, Cleanliness, Standardized Cleanup, and
Discipline because they are better translations than the alliterative approximations. In the book,
there is a photo of a Japanese sign that shows the Latin "5S" mixed with Kanji.
Practice Good Housekeeping
Good housekeeping is one of the surest ways to identify a safe workplace. You can tell how
workers feel about safety just by looking at their housekeeping practices. Good housekeeping is
not the result of cleaning up once a week or even once a day. It is the result of keeping cleaned-up
all the time. It is an essential factor in a good safety program, promoting safety, health, production,
and morale.
Whose responsibility is housekeeping? It is everyone's. Clean work areas and aisles help eliminate
tripping hazards. Respecting "wet floor" signs and immediately cleaning up spills prevents
slipping injuries. Keeping storage areas uncluttered reduces the chances of disease and fire as well
as slips, trips, and falls. Accumulated debris can cause fires and clutter slows movement of
personnel and equipment during fires.
56
Other housekeeping practices include keeping tools and equipment clean and in good shape
or keeping hoses and cables or wires bundled when not in use. Broken glass should be picked up
immediately with a broom and dustpan, and never with bare hands. Be aware of open cabinet
drawers, Electric wires, sharp corners or protruding nails. Either to correct the unsafe condition if
you are able to do so, or to notify the person responsible for overall maintenance should be done.
How a workplace looks makes an impression on employees and visitors alike. A visitor's
first impression of a business is important because that image affects the amount of business it
does. Good housekeeping goes hand-in-hand with good public relations. It projects order, care,
and pride. Besides preventing accidents and injuries, good housekeeping saves space, time, and
materials. When a workplace is clean, orderly, and free of obstruction; work can get done safely
and properly. Workers feel better, think better, do better work, and increase the quantity and
quality of their work.
Info sheet 2
PREVENTIVE MEASURES FROM EXPOSURE
TO WORKPLACE ACCIDENT
THE PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Engineering – changes to the process or equipment that reduce or eliminate exposure to an agent
or hazard.
Administrative – changes in how a worker accomplishes the necessary job tasks.
Personal Protective Equipment – Consists of devices provided to the worker and required to be
worn while performing certain job tasks.
INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION The process of supplying or removing air by natural or
mechanical means to and from any space.
PURPOSE:
To ensure condition of thermal comfort.
To renew the air in the workplace, therefore diluting eventual air contaminants to acceptable
levels.
To prevent hazardous air contaminants from reaching the workers breathing zone.
GENERAL VENTILATION
It aims the removal of air in the work environments so that the possible contaminants are diluted to
levels considered to be not harmful to health and/ or to provide workers comfort cooling.
MEANS
57
Natural
Exhaust Fans
Local Cooling
Air-condition
LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION (LEV)
It aims at the removal of the air contaminants from the working environment before they can reach
the breathing zone of the workers in harmful concentration.
Range of Control Velocities:

Condition of Dispersion of Examples Control Velocity, t m/sec
Contaminant
Released with practically no Evaporation from tanks 0.25 – 0.50
velocity into quiet air
Released at low velocity into Spray booth, plating, welding 0.50 – 1.0
moderately still air
Active generation into zone Barrel filling, crushers 1.0 – 2.5
of rapid air motion
58
Released of high initial Grinding, abrasive blasting 2.5 – 10.00
velocity into zone of rapid
air motion
FIRST AID
The immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-
care and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.
RULES OF FIRST AID
Bridge the gap between the victim and physician.
Not intended to compete or takes place the service or the physician.
Ends when the service of the physician begins.
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST GUIDELINE IN GIVING EMERGENCY ACTION
AID FIRST AID PRINCIPLE
Prolong life GETTING STARTED Survey the Scene
Alleviate suffering Planning Assess
Prevent further injury Gathering - A – Airway
Initial Response - B – Breathing
- A – Ask for help - C – Circulation
- I – Intervene Transport Facility
- D – Do not further harm
Instruct Helper
HINDRANCES IN GIVING CHARACTERISTICS OF A AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
EMERGENCY CARE/ GOOD FIRST AID (CHOKING)
FIRST AID PROVIDER What to do…
Unfavorable Surroundings Gentle Assess the victim
Presence of crowd Observant Perform Heimlich
Pressure from victim or Resourceful maneuver/ abdominal trust.
relative Tactful Chest trust
Sympathetic Back tap
CPR (if necessary
Rules when Lifting
Correct Feet Position
Firm hold with Palm
Straight Flat Back
Head Raise, Chin In
Lift with Legs
Use Body Weight
PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE

Structure Precautions
Fire-resident structural elements
Walls, doors & openings should contain fire
Non – flammable roofs and walls
30 minutes fire resistance and automatically
closing doors
Cavities & voids be separated by fire-resistant
partition
Insulated electrical cables
Fire-resistant walls to separate compartments
Control smoke by using ventilators
FIRE DETECTORS AND ALAMS
59
SPRINKLER SYTEMS
HOW TO PREVENT FIRES
OBSERVE SMOKING RULES and remind others to do the same.
INSPECT YOUR AREA and equipment frequently.
REPORT unsafe condition.
OBSERVE proper housekeeping.
AVOID PILING UP TRASH and other flammable.
KEEP fire exits clear.
USE EXTRA CAUTION around gas, flammable, and oxygen equipment.
KNOW WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE
DON’T PANIC!
KNOW
… your evacuation plan.
… your fire station.
… where alarm boxes are located.
… where extinguishers are located.
FIRE ESCAPE PLANNING
Practice Escaping From Every Room
Have two ways to get out o each room.
Make sure that
Windows are not stuck
Screens can be taken out quickly
Security bars can be properly opened
Security Bars Require Special Precautions
Must have quick release devices allow them o be opened immediately
in an emergency.
Get Out and Stay Out
Remember to escape first.
Never go back into a burning building for any reason.
Tell the fire fighters if someone is missing.
Designated A Meeting Place Outside and Take Attendance
MAJOR PARTS OF A FIR E EXTINGUISHER
PASS
Pull the pin.
Aim at the base of the fire.
Squeeze the lever.
Swing the nozzle from
side to side.
It is best to have yearly
training.
Remember, a Fire
Extinguisher can be used for
small fire only.
LO 2 CLEAN
WORKPLACE AREA,
MATERIALS, TOOLS
AND EQUIPMENT
THINKS TO REMEMBER
Accident are any unforeseen event that may lead to injury.
Hazard are any situation that may result danger or threat.
60
Work Area Housekeeping
Good housekeeping is an essential part of every job. Work area, aisles, walkways, and
equipment shall be kept clear of loose materials, tools, and scraps. Materials such as pipes,
lumbers must be stored in an orderly and secure manner. Spills such as grease, water or oil shall be
cleaned as soon as possible. A delay could result in an accident to you or fellow student. A safe
access shall be maintained to work areas. Short cut should be avoided. Never block aisles, traffic
lanes or traffic exits with equipment or materials. Work place that has a bench, work areas and a
tool room must always be free from dust and material hazards. Tools, Equipment, and materials
must be kept in a tool room for safe keeping and proper issuance and retrieval. Tools must be kept
in order. They must be classified and kept inside a tool room according to their classification such
as cutting tools, driving tools and measuring tools. Tools as time go on wears and so it is just
proper to subject all tools and equipment to preventive maintenance. Basic hand tools need to be
lubricated to prevent rusting and lessen the effectiveness of the tools.
The ultimate goal of good housekeeping is to minimize if not to eliminate accident in
workplace. An accident is any unforeseen or unexpected event that may or may not result in injury
or damage to property or equipment. The ultimate goal in accident prevention is “ zero” disabling
injuries and no lost work time. However there are many barriers in achieving this goal. The most
important of which is the human attitude. Most important of which is the human attitude. Most
people feel that “ it won’t happen to me or couldn’t happen here” You could do more to protect
yourself and your classmates by constantly thinking and practicing accident prevention. Memorize
all the safety rules, regulations ever written or invented. You must THINK before you act.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE TASKS
The following tasks should be performed at least every three months:
1. Clean the exterior and the interior of the equipment cabinet, using a vacuum cleaner and/ or a
clean cloth.
2. On larger systems clean air filter using a vacuum cleaner to remove accumulated dust or dirt.
3. Visually inspect all wiring and cables for cuts, fraying, deterioration, kinks, strains and
mechanical holders. Tape, solder or replace any defective wiring or hooded connectors.
4. Inspect all mechanical security: key switches, indicating lamps, control knobs, fans and data
entry keyboards. Tighten or replace as required.
5. Inspect all modules mounted in panels on I/O slots to insure that each module is securely seated
in its connector. Remove and clean any module which may have collected excess dust or dirt.
LO 3 SYSTEMATIZE DISPENSING AND RETRIEVAL OF MATERIALS, TOOLS, AND

EQUIPMENT
This lesson deals with the effective management of school property particularly relating to tools,
materials and equipment and its systematic flow from dispensing to retrieval
Proper Storage of Tools and Equipment
1. Clean the cabinet or tool room.
2. Classify the functional and the non functional tools.
3. Non-functional tools are segregated and labeled.
4. Clean tools and equipment.
5. Store idle tools when not in use.
6. Tools should be stored in a dry and safe place.
7. Keep tools and equipment clean, with oil and unplug from power source.
Maintenance and Safety Storage of Tools and Equipment
1. Use the right tools or equipment for the job and use them properly.
2. Keep all tools sharp, clean, and in safe working order.
3. Retain all tool guards and safety devices.
4. Read instructions on how to operate the machine safely in all working conditions.
5. Make sure that all guards and barrels are in place. Adjust properly before using a machine tool.
61
6. Use correct fitting wrenches to remove dirt from nut and bolt.
7. Keep work areas clean and free from other hazards.
8. Store tools/materials and supplies safely in cabinets.
9. Clean chips from a machine with brush not with rag or bare hands.
10. Wear eye protection when using grinders and buffers.
Forms for Tools and Equipment Management

1. Inventory and inspection report of unserviceable property is used to list the school properties
including the tools and equipment which are not
serviceable.
2. Waste material report includes the materials present in the school which are disposable.
3. Maintenance schedule report indicates the schedule of checking of tools and equipment.
LET US REMEMBER
Effective transfer of technology requires a hands-on experience and the actual encounter with
technology can best be done in the presence of tools and equipment. Therefore such tools need
perfect care and maintenance.
Self check 6.5 Perform Housekeeping and Safety

Direction: Choose the correct answer. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the best reason for cleaning spills such as grease and water as soon as possible?
A. to avoid accident B. to make the area clean C. to eliminate eye sore D. to impress visitors
2. What is essential part of every job so as not to waste time and effort?
A. good housekeeping B. good planningC. good assessing D. good recording
3. What kind of tools are manipulated by muscle power and skill?
A. hand tools B. power tools C. specialized tools D. swage tools
4. Which of these tools belong to the power tools category?
A. circular saw B. set of pliers C. screw driver D. wrenches
5. What is any unforeseen event that may result to injury?
A. accident B. incident C. movement D. performance
6. What are safety gadgets and devices used by workers/technicians to prevent hazards during
work?
A. personal protective equipment B. personal computer C. mask D. none of the above
7. One way of eliminating ________is to substitute substance with higher toxic
levels. A. refrigerant B. hazard C. gas D. none of the above
8. What will you do if tools and equipment are in faulty conditions?
A. use it then complain
B. drop it, then report defects
C. secure it, then operate it again
D. reports it to the supervising person on tools and equipment.
9. What Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are we going to use if we are constructing a high
rise building?
A. gloves B. mask C. hard hat D. respiratory equipment
10. PPE means __________?
A. people, place and events B. proper protection of eyes
C. personal protective equipment D. personal protective environment
II. Directions: Answer the question below. Write your answer on another sheet of paper
Short-Answer Questions
1. Discuss the importance of personal protective equipment.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
62
2. Discuss how to manage chemical hazards.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3. Describe how to use the personal protective equipment.
________________________________________________________________
4. Describe how to use the fire extinguisher.
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
5. Define what first aid is.
________________________________________________________________
6. Give the types of open wounds.
_________________________________________________________________
7. The first aid for open wounds.
________________________________________________________________
8. Describe a safety working environment.
________________________________________________________________
9. Discuss electrical safety precautions.
_________________________________________________________________
10. Discuss chemical safety precautions.
___________________________________________________________________
III.Directions: Write letter T if the statement is true, and letter F, if it is false
____________1. Use the right tools or equipment for the job and use them properly.
____________2. Keep all tools sharp, clean, and in safe working order.
____________3. Retain all tool guards and safety devices.
____________4. Read instructions on how to operate the machine safely in all working
conditions.
____________5. Make sure that all guards and barrels are in place. Adjust properly before
using a machine tool.
____________6. Use correct fitting wrenches to remove dirt from nut and bolt.
____________7. Keep work areas clean and free from other hazards.
____________8. Store tools/materials and supplies safely in cabinets.
____________9. Clean chips from a machine with brush not with rag or bare hands.
____________10. Wear eye protection when using grinders and buffers.

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Plumbing Dorac

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1

LESSON 1. PREPARE PLUMBING MATERIALS AND TOOLS

Pipe is a long hollow cylinder used chiefly to convey fluid.

LEARNING OUTCOME 1. IDENTIFY SELECT MATERIALS AND TOOLS

Different Types of Pipes

POLYETHYLENE (PE) AND SPIGOT FITT

INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS Jerrelyn S. Magtagad

Outlets and drains

Traps and vents

INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS Jerrelyn S. Magtagad

MEASURING TOOLS- is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical

HACK SAW CROSS CUT

INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS Jerrelyn S. Magtagad

TESTING TOOLS-used in finding out how well the finished work.

SPIRIT LEVEL HORSE LEVEL

PLUMB BOB DRIVING TOOLS-driving tools

SLEDGER HAMMER | CLAW HAMMER | CROW BAR

DRILL PRESS SCREW DRIVER

ADJUSTABLE WRENCH CLAMP BENCH VISE

PIPE VISE ADJUSTABLE WRENCH

LEARNING OUTCOME 2. REQUEST APPROPRIATE MATERIALS AND TOOLS

NAME OF PROJECT________________________ DATE:__________

LEARNING OUTCOME 3. RECEIVE AND INSPECT MATERIALS AND TOOLS

INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS Jerrelyn S. Magtagad

Quality Inspection and Procedure

INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS Jerrelyn S. Magtagad

1. How to identify hazardous loads or handling tasks

Self check 5.1 Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools

NAME OF PROJECT_______________________________ DATE: _

LESSON 2. PERFROM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Length - refers to how long an object is

Outside Caliper is used to measure the

Proper Handling of Measuring Instruments

INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS Jerrelyn S. Magtagad

Self Check:5.2.1 Select Measuring Tools and equipment

LO2. CARRY OUT MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATIONS

BASIC TYPES OF OBJECTS ON ITS REGULAR GEOMETRIC SHAPE

e. Rhombus - Figure having no right

Units of Measure and their Equivalents:

a. Inch (“) - Equal to one-twelfth of a foot (1/12) or one thirty-sixth of a yard

INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS Jerrelyn S. Magtagad

LESSON 3. INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS

LO1. ANALYZE SIGNS, SYMBOLS AND DATA

USES OF ALPHABET OF LINES

LO2. INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWING

INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS Jerrelyn S. Magtagad

Self Check 5.3 Interpret Technical drawings and Plans

LESSON 4. MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

LO 1. CHECK CONDITIONS OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

ELECTRIC DRILL is a power tool that rotates a replaced drill

INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS Jerrelyn S. Magtagad

HACKSAW is a tool used for cutting

PIPE CUTTER is a tool used for cutting

PIPE REAMER is a tool used for cleaning

PIPE THREAD is a tool used for threading the pipe.

CLAW HAMMER is a tool used for pulling

BASIN WRENCH is a specialized tool which allows one to reach

PIPE WRENCH OR STILLSON WRENCH is an adjustable wrench used

NAME OF PROJECT______________ DATE:

TECHNICIAN_____________________ CERTIFICATION NO.