EMBEDDED SYSTEM.

Submitted by
FAKIR MOHAN SOY

Regd. No-2101294191

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of
Bachelors in Engineering
IN
Electronics & Communication

AT

RAAJDHANI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BIJU PATNAIK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
 A
Seminar Report
0n
IOT in Healthcare: Application & Challenge:

In Partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

Bachelors in Engineering in
Electronics & Communication Engineering

SUBMITTED BY:
FAKIR MOHAN SOY
Under the Guidance of
Prof.Prasant Pani

Department of Electronics &

Communication Engineering

RAAJDHANI ENGINEERING COLLEGE BHUBANESWAR

BHUBANESWAR
 CERTIFICATE
This to certify that the seminar report entitled “IoT in Healthcare:
Application & Challenge” is Submitted by FAKIR MOHAN SOY Of
B.Tech, bearing the REGD. No.- 2101294191 of Raajadhani
engineering college, Bhubaneswar, Who carried out the seminar work
under my/our supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
B.Tech 7th Semester Seminar.

Prof. Prasant Pani

Hod in ECE
Raajdhani Engineering College
Bhubaneswar

RAAJDHANI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUBANESWAR

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
 ABSTRACT
An embedded system is a specialized computer designed to perform a dedicated
function or a set of functions within a larger system. Unlike general-purpose computers,
embedded systems are optimized for specific tasks, often with real-time constraints and
resource limitations. These systems integrate hardware and software to execute
predetermined functions, and they are found in a variety of devices, ranging from
household appliances and medical devices to industrial machinery and automobiles.
Embedded systems are characterized by their efficiency, reliability, and ability to
operate autonomously. Due to their widespread application, the design and
development of embedded systems require careful consideration of factors such as
power consumption, performance, cost, and size. Advances in microcontroller
technology, communication protocols, and software tools have significantly enhanced
the capabilities and complexity of embedded systems, enabling the growth of the
Internet of Things (IoT) and other smart technologies.

Embedded systems are integral components in modern electronics, designed to

perform specific functions in devices that require high levels of reliability and efficiency.
These systems are often built with a combination of microcontrollers, sensors,
actuators, and software, allowing them to interact with the physical world and execute
real-time tasks. Due to their specialized nature, embedded systems typically operate
with limited resources, such as memory, processing power, and energy consumption,
which requires efficient software development and hardware design.

Given the rapid evolution of technologies like wireless communication, artificial

intelligence, and machine learning, embedded systems continue to become more
sophisticated, playing a key role in shaping future innovations in automation,
connectivity, and smart solutions. However, challenges such as security, real-time
performance, and system updates remain crucial considerations in embedded system
design and deployment.
CONTENTS

• Introduction

• Basics of Embedded System

• Componets of Embedded System

• Applications

• Development Process

• Challenges & Future Trends

• Conclusion

• Reference
 INTRODUCTION

An embedded system is a specialized computing system designed to perform

dedicated functions within a larger mechanical or electrical system. Unlike general-
purpose computers, which can run multiple applications, embedded systems are
purpose-built to execute a specific task or set of tasks. These systems are typically
designed to operate autonomously, with minimal human intervention, and often within
strict constraints such as power, size, and processing capacity.
Embedded systems consist of both hardware and software components. The hardware
usually includes a microcontroller or microprocessor, memory, input/output interfaces,
and sensors or actuators that allow the system to interact with the physical world. The
software is typically custom-designed to meet the specific needs of the application,
often running on an operating system (such as a Real-Time Operating System, RTOS)
or directly on the hardware without an operating system in "bare-metal" mode.
These systems are ubiquitous in modern life, embedded in everyday devices such as
smartphones, washing machines, medical devices, automobiles, industrial robots, and
home automation systems. They play a critical role in controlling and managing the
functionality of these devices, offering efficiency, reliability, and performance while
often operating in real-time conditions where timing and precision are crucialAs
technology advances, embedded systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated,
incorporating capabilities such as wireless communication, data processing, and
machine learning. The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the rise of smart
devices have expanded the relevance and importance of embedded systems, making
them fundamental to the development of future technologies in fields like automation,
healthcare, and smart cities.
 Basics of Embedded System

• What they are

Embedded systems are small, electronic systems that perform specific tasks within a larger
system. They can be programmable or non-programmable, and are made up of hardware and software
components.

• What they do
Embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks or functions, and are often used in
applications with constraints on size, power, cost, or weight.

• Where they are used

Embedded systems are used in many industries, including consumer, home entertainment, industrial,
medical, automotive, commercial, telecommunication, military, and aerospace.

• How they are programmed

C is a popular programming language for embedded systems because it produces efficient, compact,
and reliable code. Embedded C is an extension of C that is hardware independent and is often used to
develop microcontroller-based applications. Python is another language used in embedded systems
because it allows for rapid prototyping and iterative development.
.
 Components of Embedded Systems
1. Components of an Embedded System
An embedded system typically consists of the following key components:
• Hardware:
o Microcontroller (MCU) / Microprocessor (MPU): The brain of the embedded
system, responsible for executing the software and processing data.
Microcontrollers are more common in embedded systems due to their integration
of CPU, memory, and input/output interfaces on a single chip.
1. Memory: Used for storing programs and data. This can include both volatile memory
(RAM) for temporary storage and non-volatile memory (e.g., Flash or EEPROM) for
permanent storage.

2. Input/Output (I/O) Interfaces: These components allow the embedded system to

communicate with the external world, including sensors, actuators, and other devices.
Examples include serial ports, USB ports, GPIO pins, and communication protocols like
SPI, I2C, or UART.

Power Supply: Embedded systems often operate with constrained power

resources, so low-power consumption is a critical design consideration. They can be
powered by batteries, external adapters, or even energy harvested from the environment.

Software:

• Firmware/Embedded Software: The software that runs on the embedded system, which is
usually written in languages like C, C++, or assembly. It is specifically designed to control the
hardware and perform the desired task.

Operating System: Some embedded systems use a Real-Time Operating System

(RTOS), which ensures timely and predictable responses to inputs. Simple embedded
systems may run without an OS in a bare-metal environment, where the software
directly controls the hardware..

In summary, embedded systems are a critical part of modern technology, offering specialized solutions
to perform specific tasks with efficiency and reliability. Their integration into a wide range of
applications—ranging from consumer electronics to industrial machinery—continues to expand as
technology advances. Understanding the basic components, characteristics, and development
processes of embedded systems is essential for anyone involved in designing or working with these
systems.
 APPLICATIONS

Embedded systems are integral to modern technology and are widely used in various fields to enhance
functionality, efficiency, and reliability. These systems are designed to handle specific tasks and are
deeply integrated into both consumer and industrial applications. Below are some of the most common
and significant applications of embedded systems:

1. Consumer Electronics
Embedded systems are found in many everyday consumer electronics, providing smart
functionalities and automation. Some examples include:
• Smartphones: Embedded systems control the touch screen, camera, sensors (accelerometer,
gyroscope), and other functions in smartphones.
• Smart TVs and Set-Top Boxes: Embedded systems manage audio/video processing,
connectivity, and user interfaces in TVs and media players.
• Wearables: Devices such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and health monitors use
embedded systems to manage sensors, display interfaces, and connectivity to other device

3. Medical Devices
Embedded systems play a critical role in healthcare by ensuring accurate monitoring, control, and
communication of health data. Examples include:
• Pacemakers: Embedded systems control the functioning of pacemakers, ensuring that they
regulate heart rhythms.
• Infusion Pumps: Embedded systems ensure the precise delivery of fluids and medications in
hospitals.
• Medical Imaging: Embedded systems control medical imaging devices, such as MRI
machines, CT scanners, and ultrasound devices, processing images and ensuring accurate
diagnostics.
• Wearable Health Monitors: Devices like glucose monitors and heart rate sensors use
embedded systems for continuous tracking and data logging.

10. Agriculture
Embedded systems help optimize farming practices and improve crop management. Some examples
include:
• Automated Irrigation Systems: Embedded systems manage water distribution in agricultural
fields, optimizing irrigation schedules based on weather conditions and soil moisture.
 Development Process

The development of embedded systems involves a series of systematic steps that ensure the final
product meets the required functionality, performance, and reliability. This process typically involves
both hardware and software design, and it requires careful planning to manage the constraints of
resources like memory, processing power, and energy consumption. Below are the key stages involved
in the development of an embedded system:

1. Requirement Analysis
The first step in the development of an embedded system is understanding and defining the
requirements of the system. This includes:
• Functional Requirements: What tasks or functions the embedded system must perform. For
example, controlling the temperature in a smart thermostat.
• Non-functional Requirements: These include constraints such as power consumption,
processing speed, memory limits, and real-time performance.
• User Requirements: These include the user interface (if any), ease of use, and any specific
features requested by the client or end-users.
• Safety and Security Considerations: For systems used in critical applications (e.g., medical
devices, automotive), the safety, reliability, and security requirements must be defined.

3. Prototyping
At this stage, the basic design is implemented, and a prototype of the embedded system is
created. Prototyping involves:
• Hardware Prototyping: Building the initial hardware, often on a breadboard or using
development boards (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or custom-designed boards).
• Software Prototyping: Writing and testing the initial version of the software, typically focusing
on basic functionality to ensure the system behaves as expected.
• Testing the Prototype: Early testing is done to verify that the hardware and software work
together as intended. This is typically done using debugging tools, oscilloscopes, and logic
analyzers.
The development process of embedded systems is a complex and iterative procedure that
involves designing both hardware and software components, integrating them, and ensuring
that the system meets strict functional, performance, and reliability requirements. Each stage,
from requirement analysis to testing and deployment, plays a crucial role in creating efficient,
reliable, and cost-effective embedded systems that can operate in real-world applications.
 Challenges & Future Trends
The development of embedded systems, while highly rewarding, comes with several challenges that
must be addressed to ensure the system functions reliably and efficiently. Below are some of the key
challenges in embedded system development

1. Resource Constraints
Embedded systems often operate with limited resources such as memory, processing power, and
storage. Developers must design software that runs efficiently on these constrained platforms while
ensuring that the system meets performance requirements.
• Memory Constraints: Many embedded systems have limited RAM and storage. Efficient
memory management is essential to avoid crashes or slowdowns.
• Processing Power: Embedded systems may use low-power microcontrollers, which limits their
computational capabilities. Developers must ensure that the system can perform its tasks within
the given processing limits.
 Conclusion
Embedded systems are at the core of modern technological
innovations, providing essential functionality in a wide array of
applications, from consumer electronics and automotive
systems to healthcare, industrial automation, and IoT devices.
These systems offer numerous benefits, including automation,
efficiency, and real-time performance, making them
indispensable in today's interconnected world. However, the
development of embedded systems involves several
challenges, such as resource constraints, real-time
requirements, security concerns, and the complexity of testing
and debugging.

Despite these challenges, the future of embedded systems

looks promising. Advances in artificial intelligence, machine
learning, low-power design, and connectivity are enabling the
creation of smarter, more efficient, and autonomous systems.
Emerging technologies like 5G, edge computing, and energy
harvesting are set to expand the possibilities of embedded
systems, driving innovation across industries. Moreover, as
security and privacy concerns grow, embedded systems will
continue to evolve with stronger protections and more resilient
designs.
 Reference

1. Michael Barr. "Embedded Systems Glossary". Neutrino Technical Library.

Retrieved 2007-04-21.
2. ^ Heath, Steve (2003). Embedded systems design. EDN series for design
engineers (2 ed.). Newnes. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7506-5546-0. An embedded
system is a microprocessor based system that is built to control a function
or a range of functions.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Michael Barr; Anthony J. Massa
(2006). "Introduction". Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU
development tools. O'Reilly. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-596-00983-0.
4. ^ Barr, Michael (1 August 2009). "Real men program in C". Embedded
Systems Design. TechInsights (United Business Media). p. 2.
Retrieved 2009-12-23.
5. ^ Shirriff, Ken (30 August 2016). "The Surprising Story of the First
Microprocessors". IEEE Spectrum. 53 (9). Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers: 48–
54. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353. S2CID 32003640. Retrieved 13
October 2019.
6. ^ "1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip". The
Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum. Retrieved 22 July 2019.