Lesson 1 (Sampling Method) Cluster Sampling

- the population is divided into pre-existing or

Population natural subgroups of a population, called
- N clusters. A cluster is then randomly selected
- the group that you want to find and all members of that cluster form the
generalizations about in your study. research sample.
- the group that the researcher is interested in
studying. Systematic Sampling
- is similar to the simple random where
Sample members of the population are assigned a
- n number.
- When the population is too large, the - A researcher may use the following formula
researcher targets only the part of the to determine the sampling interval, k: k=N/n
population that is available and accessible where N is the size of the population and n
to the research is the desired number of members in the
- a subgroup taken from the population, sample, called the sample size.
usually in smaller size.
- the sample is the miniature form of the
population. Non- Probability Sampling
- It is assumed that characteristics found in
the population are also found in the sample. Convenience Sampling
- the members of the sample are those that
Sampling Method are easy to reach or find, and therefore
- the process of choosing a subset of a “convenient” to the researcher.
population, to create generalizations or - A researcher may collect responses from
inferences about the population. subjects who are known to him, such as
- Since a sample serves as a representative relatives or friends, or select respondents
of the population, a researcher uses the from a location near him.
samples to gather data and statistical
measures that can help infer and generalize Quota Sampling
observations about the population. - the researcher determines the desired
number of participants and certain
Parameter characteristics of the sample beforehand.
- values that you get from analyzing data - The researcher then chooses samples from
gathered from the population the population that meet certain
Statistic characteristics until the desired sample size
- from a sample of a population is met.

Sample size Snowball Sampling

- the appropriate number of samples needed - participants already chosen by the
in the study. researcher may refer to other potential
participants that meet the criteria used in
the study.
Probability Sampling Method - This method is helpful for recruiting hard to
find participants, but may take a long time
Simple Random Sampling as the researcher is dependent on the
- very straightforward wherein members of recommendations and referrals from the
the sample are chosen randomly by the respondents.
researcher.
- usually done by assigning a number to each Purposeful Sampling
member of the sampling frame, then using a - this method is also called judgmental or
random number generator to select a selective sampling as the researchers rely
member from the sampling frame. on their judgment in choosing the members
of the sample.
Stratified Random Sampling - Researchers may select participants that
- the population is divided into subgroups, they think are qualified to their predefined
then proportional members are randomly criteria.
selected from each subgroup to form the
sample.
- Each subgroup, called a stratum, contains
members of the population that share the
same characteristics defined by the
researcher.
Confidence interval/Margin of error (e) Research Instrument
- the plus-or-minus figure that represents the - Providing an instrument for your study can
accuracy of the reported. be done in two ways: researcher-
constructed and adapted.
Confidence level - Researcher-constructed refers to the
- tells you how confident you are of this instrument formulated by the researchers
result. It is expressed as a percentage of themselves
times that different samples (if repeated - Adapted instrument is a borrowed research
samples were drawn) would produce this tool being modified and contextualized by
result. the researchers on work.
- Both types of instruments must be checked
Slovin’s Formula for their validity and reliability, to make
- used to determine a sample size when the sure that the instrument is viable for data
population size, N, and the margin of error, collection.
e, is known.
- The formula given by: n=N/(1+Ne^2 ) Validity
- refers to its accuracy or correctness in
Example: measuring what is under investigation.
Suppose that you want to conduct a study on IT - validating a research instrument usually
workers in the Philippines and you have determined involves collecting and analyzing data to
a sampling frame of 450, 000 IT workers. If you assess its accuracy.
want to have a margin of error of 5% that is e=0.05,
then the number of IT workers that must be Reliability
surveyed for the research, using the Slovin’s - the consistency of the research instrument.
- A research instrument is said to be reliable
formula is: if the results are repeatable, that is, if it
n=45,000/(1+450,000 (0.05)2) yields the same results if it is used under
n=399.64 the same conditions.

Lesson 2 (Crafting Research Instrument) Types of Question in quantitative Instrument

Collecting Quantitative Data Tests

- To obtain needed data, researchers use - in quantitative research, tests are used to
research tools or instruments to measure measure a respondents personality,
the variables in the study. perceptions, aptitudes, attitudes and
- In a quantitative study, researchers can performance or cognitive ability.
adapt an existing tool or create their own, - A common example of this type of
instrument. They just choose the most instrument are standardized tests used by
appropriate instrument to their study. psychometricians to gather psychometric
- In quantitative studies, the following are information of individuals. A disadvantage of
some strategies used for collecting online tests, however, is that the researcher
quantitative data: does not know who and what other activities
- Experiments or clinical trials; the subject is engaged with while actually
- Observation and record; answering the test.
- Surveys with close-ended questions
- Structured interviews Survey Questionnaires
- a self-reported data collection instrument to
Difference between quali and quanti when it systematically gather information such as
comes to the instrument being applied thoughts, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values,
perceptions, personality and behavior of
Qualitative individuals using questionnaires.
- Interview, group discussions, focus group - often used in survey research and
discussions, observational methods and respondents to the questionnaires are
document analysis referred to as the subjects.
a) Pen-and-paper
Quantitative - surveys are printed
- dichotomous questions, multiple choice questionnaires that are
question, rank order scaling, ranking scale, administered to the
staple scale, constant sum questions respondents directly.
- easy to implement and can
be done in large or small
groups.
 -However, pen-and-paper Rank Order Scaling
surveys are labor intensive. - A survey question type that lets
b) Online surveys respondents to arrange or rank the choices
- the easiest and most cost- in specific order.
effective survey method as
many of these tools are
available for free.
- an accessible method of
conducting a survey as it
may be done remotely
through any device and
location as long as there is
internet connection.
- allow the respondents
anonymity and privacy, which Rating Scale
is an advantage especially if - A method of data collection that is used to
the questions touch sensitive assign value to a variable.
issues.
- The most common online
survey is the web-based
form, which is accessible
from a browser. It can be
created using various web-
based services such as
Google Forms,
SurveyMonkey, and
Microsoft Forms. Stapel/ Staple Scale
c) Telephone - Similar to the rating scale, but it is unipolar
- survey the researcher or has a singular adjective to describe the
conducts the survey over a respondent's attitude towards something.
telephone call using a script. - The scale is composed of even categories
- The researcher gives the
questions and collects the .
answers as soon as they are Constant Sum question
given by the subjects, - question that respondents allocate certain
tabulating the responses in points to different categories as part of a
real time into a computer. total sum.
- This method is usually used
in market research and
political surveys.

Dichotomous Question
- A question that has two possible answers
Ex: yes/no, agree/disagree

Demographic Question
Multiple Choice Question - used to gather more personal information
- provides multiple answer options that like age, height, gender, civil status.
respondents are asked to select the correct
answer from the choices offered
Checklist
- list of questions or criteria is used to verify
the number of certain variables