Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore
B. Math.
First Year, Second Semester
Real Analysis-II
Home Assignment IV Due Date : March 28, 2024
Instructor: B V Rajarama Bhat
(1) Let U be a non-empty finite set and let P (U ) be the power set of U , that is the
collection of all subsets of U . For any two subsets A, B of U define
d(A, B) = ](A4B),
where A4B := (A B) (A B)c , is called the ‘symmetric difference’ of A and B
S T T
and ] denotes ‘number of elements’. Show that d is a metric on P (U ).
(2) (Hamming distance). Fix a natural number n. Let B be the set of n-length binary
sequences:
B = {b1 b2 . . . bn : bj ∈ {0, 1}, 1 ≤ j ≤ n}.
Now define h on B × B, by
h(b1 b2 . . . bn , c1 c2 . . . cn ) = ]{j : bj 6= cj , 1 ≤ j ≤ n},
that is, the number of entries where bj is different from cj . Show that h is a metric.
This is known as Hamming metric. Does h have any relationship with d of question
1?
(3) Determine as to which of the following are metrics on R :
2
p− y) , x, y ∈ R;
(i) k1 (x, y) = (x
(ii) k2 (x, y) = |x − y|, x, y ∈ R;
(iii) k3 (x, y) = |ex − ey |, x, y ∈ R;
(4) Two metrics d, k on a non-empty set X are said to be equivalent metrics if there
exist strictly positive scalars K, L such that
Kd(x, y) ≤ k(x, y) ≤ Ld(x, y), ∀x, y ∈ X.
Show that if d, k are equivalent metrics then a subset A is open with respect to
d if and only if it is open with respect to k. In such a case we say that topologies
induced by d, k are same. If d, k are equivalent metrics show that a sequence {xn }
in X is convergent with respect to d if and only if it is convergent with respect to k.
(5) Consider the following functions on R2 × R2 :
d1 ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) = |y1 − x1 | + |y2 − x2 |;
p
d2 ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) = (y1 − x1 )2 + (y2 − x2 )2 ;
d∞ ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) = max{|y1 − x1 |, |y2 − x2 |};
(i) Show that d1 , d2 and d3 are metrics on R2 .
(ii) Show that these three metrics are equivalent to each other.
(iii) Show that a sequence {(xn , yn )}n≥1 in R2 converges to (a, b) with respect to
any of these metrics if and only if {xn }n≥1 converges to a and {yn }n≥1 converges to
b, as sequences of real numbers.
2
(6) Let CR [0, 1] be the set of real valued continuous functions on [0, 1]. Define d on
CR [0, 1] × CR [0, 1] by
Z 1
d(f, g) = |f (t) − g(t)|dt, f, g ∈ CR [0, 1].
0
Show that d is a metric on CR [0, 1]. Let
fn (x) = xn , x ∈ [0, 1].
Show that the sequence {fn }n≥1 converges to the zero function in this metric. How-
ever, {fn }n≥1 is not convergent pointwise in CR [0, 1].
(7) Let (X, d) be a metric space. For a subset A of X, the interior of A, denoted by A◦
is the union of all open sets contained in A. Show that A◦ is the largest open set
contained in A. The intersection of all closed sets containing A is called the closure
of A and is denoted by Ā. Show that Ā is the smallest closed set containing A. If
{xn } is a convergent sequence in A, show that its limit is in Ā.
(8) Consider R with usual metric. Determine interior and closures of following subsets
of R.
(i) A1 = (0, 1); (ii) A2 = (0, 1]; (iii) A3 is the set of rationals in [0, 1].; (iv) A4 is
the set of irrationals in [0, 1]. (v) A5 is the set of natural numbers.
(9) Consider the usual metric on R. Let f : R → R be a continuous function.
(i) Show that B = {x : f (x) > 0} is an open subset of R.
(ii) Show that A = {x : f (x) = 0} is a closed subset of R.
(10) Find out as to what is p-adic metric. When p = 2, 3, 5 find the p-adic distance
between 21 and 23 .
