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15 views2 pages

Untitled Document

Uploaded by

ranakdalai91
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Indian agriculture faces a range of pressing challenges that hinder its growth and sustainability.

These challenges encompass yield instability due to erratic monsoons and climate change,
limited crop diversification leading to vulnerability, unequal land distribution perpetuating social
disparities, fragmented land holdings impeding mechanization, insecure land tenure hindering
investment, and inadequate conditions for agricultural laborers. Additionally, issues such as
deficient access to essential inputs, unreliable irrigation, insufficient mechanization, and
inefficient marketing systems collectively contribute to lower productivity and reduced farmer
income.

Instability
The unpredictable nature of monsoons and climate change-induced weather patterns lead to
yield instability. This instability affects both the quantity and quality of agricultural produce,
making it difficult for farmers to plan effectively.

Cropping Pattern
The existing cropping pattern in India is skewed towards a few staple crops. This lack of crop
diversification makes the agricultural sector vulnerable to pests, diseases, and market
fluctuations.

Land Ownership
Inequitable land distribution and ownership patterns perpetuate social and economic disparities.
Large landholdings often belong to a privileged few, while the majority of farmers struggle with
fragmented and small plots.

Sub-Division and Fragmentation of Holding


Successive divisions of land among family members over generations have led to fragmented
land holdings. This fragmentation limits economies of scale and mechanization, thereby
reducing overall productivity.

Land Tenure
The lack of secure land tenure inhibits long-term investment in agriculture. Farmers with
insecure land rights are less likely to adopt sustainable practices or make substantial
investments in their land.

Conditions of Agricultural Labourers


Agricultural laborers often face poor working conditions, low wages, and lack of social security.
This affects both the livelihood of laborers and the overall efficiency of agricultural operations.

Manures, Fertilizers, and Biocides


Inadequate access to quality manures, fertilizers, and biocides negatively impacts soil fertility
and crop health. This results in lower yields and decreased agricultural productivity.

Irrigation
Limited and uneven access to irrigation facilities affects crop growth, especially during dry
spells. Dependence on monsoons for irrigation puts Indian agriculture at risk.

Lack of Mechanization
The underutilization of modern agricultural machinery and technology hampers productivity.
Labor-intensive methods remain prevalent, resulting in higher costs and lower efficiency.

Agricultural Marketing
Inefficient agricultural marketing systems lead to price volatility and inadequate income for
farmers. The lack of proper storage and transportation facilities further exacerbates post-harvest
losses.

2.The Green Revolution was an endeavour initiated by Norman Borlaug in the 1960s. He is
known as the 'Father of Green Revolution' in world. It led to him winning the Nobel Peace Prize
in 1970 for his work in developing High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of wheat. In India, the Green
Revolution was mainly led by M.S. Swaminathan.
The Green Revolution resulted in a great increase in production of food grains (especially wheat
and rice) due to the introduction into developing countries of new, high-yielding variety seeds,
beginning in the mid-20th century.
Green Revolution
Objectives of Green Revolution
Short Term: The revolution was launched to address India’s hunger crisis during the second
Five Year Plan.
Long Term: The long term objectives included overall agriculture modernization based on rural
development, industrial development; infrastructure, raw material etc.
Employment: To provide employment to both agricultural and industrial workers.
Important Crops in the Revolution:

Main crops were Wheat, Rice, Jowar, Bajra and Maize.


Non-food grains were excluded from the ambit of the new strategy.
Wheat remained the mainstay of the Green Revolution for years.
Green Revolution in India

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