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Stone Clover. Trifolium arvense.
Rabbit-Foot Clover.
Pussy Plant.

Found in August and September; growing in poor, dry soil.

The slender, branching stalk varies from 4 to 10 inches in height,
and is smooth, or slightly rough, and light green.
The leaf has 3 long, narrow, and blunt-pointed leaflets,—their
midribs conspicuous to the very tips; the margin is entire, the
texture fine and downy to the touch, and the color is a rather light
green. The leaves, on short stems, are arranged alternately and near
together.
The small, greenish-white corolla is shorter than the calyx, which
is long, and green, with 5 feathery tips that are rose colored and
give to the head its peculiar gray-pink hue. The flower-heads are
oblong; 2 or more are found on a branch.
A faint perfume belongs to the newly opened flowers. Doubtless
the children’s name, “Pussy Plant,” points to the resemblance the
silky, green-rose head bears to the pussy-willow catkins.
STONE CLOVER: T.
arvense.
Nonesuch. Medicago lupulina.
Black Medick.

Found, from July to September, in dry soil and barren fields.

The little stalk, frequently about 6 inches high, is apt to lie upon
the ground, and is zigzag or twisted in manner, or occasionally
curving; it is slightly rough, and downy near the top. In color green,
rusty, and pale near the top.
The parts of the 3-divided leaf are long-oval, broadest at the
notched tip, which is further marked by the sharp little projection of
the midrib beyond the slightly irregular margin; the surface is rough
to the touch, downy when young; the color is a cool gray-green. The
leaves, on slight stems, are arranged in groups alternately. A pair of
sharp-pointed, notched wings clasp the stalk at the junction of the
stem.
The small and delicate corolla is yellow; the minute calyx is green.
The flower-head is small and round; on a slender terminal or side
stem.
When the seeds ripen the pods swell large and bean-shaped; they
turn dark, almost black, and are woolly to the touch; each contains
one round seed.
NONESUCH: Medicago
lupulina.
Purple Clover. Medicago sativa.
Alfalfa.
Medick.
Lucerne.

Found, from July to September, in dry fields and sandy barrens.

The bushy, branching stalk reaches 2 or 3 feet in height; it is not
very large, and is smooth; light green in color.
The 3 leaflets of the compound leaf are long and narrow, or a
pointed-oblong shape, widest near the abruptly-tapering tip; the
margin is very slightly irregular, except for a sharp little needle-point
at the tip; the surface is downy. Each leaflet is provided with a tiny
foot-stem, the middle having the longest one. The color is a cool
green, lighter underneath; without markings. The leaves are set on
slender stems, arranged in groups, alternately; a pair of slender, fine
wings occur at the junction of the stalk.
The flower is smaller than that of the Crimson Clover; it has a fine
texture, and the petals are a pure purple color, the upper petal,
which is much curled back, being marked with delicate dark lines;
the small calyx is pale green. The flower-head is a short and club-
shaped spike.
An individual trait is the charming little jerk in the line at the
spring of the central leaflet.
PURPLE CLOVER: M.
sativa.
Tick Trefoil. Desmodium nudiflorum.

Found on sandbanks and in dry shade in July.

The root sends up a flower-stem, pale, slender and about 2 feet in
height, and a stout, woody leaf-stem which is shorter, and gray.
The 3 leaflets of the compound leaf are broad-oval, entire, with
many ribs and veins showing in the thin, somewhat papery texture,
that is rough and dry to the touch; the color is grayish-green, paler
underneath. Three or four leaves on their long strong stems are
close set, one above the other, in an apparent whorl upon the
summit of the short stem already described. Leaves occur also upon
the flower-stems.
The flower is small; the upper petal is notched at the tip, and
much turned back; the 4 others are caught by thread-like bases in
the shallow 5-parted calyx; they are a clear lilac and white, the
upper petal being marked with two purple patches; the calyx is pale
reddish. The flowers on red foot-stems are arranged in little groups
in a long spire upon the long stem which rises from the root.
One flower only blooms at a time. A tiny pointed leaf, or bract, as
long as the calyx, is folded over the bud, but falls when the petals
expand.
TICK TREFOIL: Desmodium
nudiflorum.
Wild Bean. Apios tuberosa.

Found on moist banks, among tangles of low bushes and sedges,

in August.
This is a twining vine, leafy, rather slender, and slightly rough to
the touch. In color, green, sometimes tinged with a dull red.
The leaf is compound, usually of 5 or 7 leaflets; these are oval,
largest at the base, and tapering to the tip; the margin is entire, the
fibre strong, and the surface slightly rough; color, a strong, full
green. The leaves are alternate at intervals, springing from a strong
joint.
The upper petal of the flower is broad, and hood like, the middle
folded petal is like a beak beneath it, the side petals narrow and
hanging like ribbons to tie the hood. Its color is brown-pink, the
hood and beak darkest on the inside. The flowers are clustered
together in a dense rounded head, set on a short stem that springs
from a leaf-joint.
The front view of this flower carries out the fantastic suggestion of
the hood shaped petal, for the beak looks like a strongly hooked
nose far under its shadow. It is odorous.
WILD BEAN: Apios
tuberosa.
 ROSE FAMILY.
ROSACEÆ.

Choke Berry. Pyrus arbutifolia.

Found in wooded lands during April and May.

This small, branching shrub grows between 2 and 5 feet in height;
it is woody-fibred, and the bark is reddish-gray in color.
The leaf is small, and oval, with an abruptly pointed tip, tapering
to the base, the margin being finely toothed, with a smooth and
shining surface. Its color is dark green. The leaves, on short stems,
are placed alternately.
The 5 round petals of the flower have little claw-like bases, and
are white in color; the many stamens are also white, with light red
tips; the pistil is 5-parted. The flowers are set on light green foot-
stems, and arranged in almost flat-topped clusters from the ends of
the branches.
This neat and tidy looking leaf always shines as though just
washed in dew. The pretty flower-clusters resemble plum blossoms.
CHOKE BERRY: Pyrus
arbutifolia.
Wild Strawberry. Fragaria Virginiana.

Found during May and June in pastures, and fields, and copse-
borders.
The leaf and flower stems, from 6 to 8 inches high, spring from
the root, with dry sheaths enclosing them at the ground.
The leaf is compound, the 8 leaflets wedge-shaped; the margin is
deeply toothed, and the many ribs show plainly; loose of texture,
and roughened underneath with hairs. In color a rich strong green,
paler beneath, sometimes reddish, or pink. The stem is hairy; green,
and reddish near the foot.
The flower has 5 rounded petals with pointed bases; its texture is
thin; pure white in color; the stamens many and orange-yellow. The
petals are set daintily around the base of the little green cone, that
later becomes the berry, showing the 5 broad divisions of the calyx
between; just beneath the calyx, and alternate with its tips, occur 5
narrow bracts which lie so tightly underneath as to appear to belong
to it. The flowers, on short foot-stems, are placed in groups on
larger leafy stems, these forming a loose terminal cluster set on the
hairy stem which rises from the roots.
After the petals fall, the calyx turns up its tips to protect the fruit,
which droops, as it reddens and becomes pulpy. The young leaf, as it
rises from the ground, is close-folded like a delightful little green fan;
the first leaves often lie flat upon the ground, and are rusty in color.
The Strawberry has a pleasant way of bursting into a flurry of bloom
late in August; along wood-paths and unfrequented lanes one comes
upon it as a belated bit of spring. He who has smelled the exquisite
fragrance of the field strawberry fruit will not soon forget its wild
charm.
WILD STRAWBERRY:
Fragaria Virginiana.
Sweet-briar. Rosa rubiginosa.

Found in pastures during June.

This lovely, branching, leafy bush grows to be 7 or 8 feet high
under favoring conditions, but is most often about 3 or 5 feet in
height; its stalks and branches are large and strong, round, firm-
fibred, and smooth, with frequent slender thorns which curve
backward. In color, a full clear green when young, only dashed with
red-bronze, but becoming red-brown when old. The thorns are
highly polished, and of a strong red color when old.
The little leaflets, of the 3- to 7-divided leaf, are oval, with a
prominent midrib (upon which they are occasionally creased); the
margin is doubly notched, the ribs and foot-stems hairy with little
prickles; the upper surface is soft to the touch, while the under is
slightly sticky with a resinous gum, which yields a delicious aromatic
perfume. The color is a cool and beautiful green. The leaves clasp
the stalk with a pair of small fine-pointed wings (“stipules”); they are
placed alternately, either singly or in groups, and close together.
The flower is composed of 5 heart-shaped petals, curving like a
shell, of an exquisitely delicate texture and smoothness; their color a
lovely creamy-rose tint. The stamens are many, curling, and pale
straw color. The calyx is 5-parted, the spreading tips notched 3 or 5
times; they are smooth, with a velvet lining which is tinted a very
pale creamy-green, while the outside of the calyx is bright green.
The flowers are set in groups on little twigs, and scattered profusely
along the stalks.
When the flower opens, the calyx-tips turn back. The haws are
large, and of a brilliant coral-red color which they retain through the
winter. The sturdy young shoots, which grow rapidly, are thickly
protected by long bristles of a rusty red color. An element of beauty,
in the growth of this most perfect rose, exists in the free curve with
which its branches bend downward their wreaths of bloom. The odor
of the leaves is like that of green apples.
SWEET-BRIAR: Rosa
rubiginosa.
Pasture Rose. Rosa humilis.

Found on rocky hillsides, and in dry thickets, during June or July.

The branching, leafy stalk is rather slender, firm-fibred, and
smooth, and grows about 2 or 3 feet high; its spines are occasional,
short and fine, and either straight or slightly down-curved,—they
occur also in pairs at the base of the leaf. In color green, with, or
without, bronzy-red streaks.
The leaflets, 3 to 7 in number, are a long-oval shape,—frequently
narrow,—sharp pointed, with an irregularly toothed margin, a thin,
firm, close texture, the ribs bristly underneath. In color a fine rich
green. The leaves are alternately placed, and clasp the stalk with a
pair of flaring, narrow wings (“stipules”).
The petals are 5, heart-shaped, and shell-like, the texture is thin,
showing the veins; color, a pure and delicate rose-pink. The stamens
are short, many, and yellow; the pistils gathered in a small crimson
center. The bright green calyx-divisions are 5, long and narrow,
deeply and sharply cleft, covered with bristles. The flowers on leafy
stems, are placed, terminally, or along the branches, in pairs, or
singly.
The blossoms are odorous, and abundant,—their petals are
beautifully curved. The plants grow in thick plantations, and are
partial to upland pastures, where they contest their rights with the
Hardhack, and Everlastings, and even crowd upon the red cedars
and wild apple trees.
PASTURE ROSE: R. humilis.
Smooth Rose. Rosa blanda.
Meadow Rose.

Found near meadow walls, and along fences, in June.

The stout, rather large stalk, branches a great deal and is very
leafy; it varies from 2 to 4 or more feet, and is generally quite
without prickles. The new shoots are green, tinged with pink, and
show a slight bloom; the old growths (they become woody-fibred)
are dark red.
The leaflets are 3 to 7 in number, large and often blunt at the tip,
many ribbed, with noticeably toothed margins usually, and a grooved
mid-stem. The color is cool green, rather dark, underneath white or
pale with bloom. The leaf is set on a short stem, scarcely longer
than the conspicuous wings, with which it clasps the stalk; these
have pointed tips and are finely toothed, and are green, with a dash
of red in the stem. The leaves are close together.
The flower is large and odorous, the 5 petals being broad and
curving; in color a glowing rich crimson, pale near the center. The
stamens are many, and yellow; the pistils gathered in a flat disc are
green or nearly yellow. The calyx is very smooth, the divisions
shorter than the petals and downy within; it is a bright clear green.
The flowers are set singly, or in groups. The foot-stem is short;
midway it bears a pair of pointed leafkins, and at its junction with
the stalk a pair of large, oval, toothed leaf-like wings occur.
For profusion of bloom this is a good variety in cultivation, to
which it takes kindly, since it remains vigorous and free from blight
when its paler sisters show their longing for their old wild life. The
hips are large and red. Bristles are sometimes found on the new
shoots.
MEADOW ROSE: R. blanda.
High-bush Blackberry. Rubus villosus.

Found in roadside thickets in early June.

This large, stout, stalk varies from 2 to 6 feet in height; it
branches toward the top, is round, and grooved, and armed with
strong recurved thorns; the new shoots are furnished with short,
coarse hairs. The color in the old stalks is a vigorous russet-red,
while the young growths are green.
The leaf is divided sometimes into 3 leaflets and sometimes into 5,
each leaflet being set on a short foot-stem with the end one a little
longer than the others; the margins are coarsely toothed, the ribs
deeply marked, the texture coarse, and the surface covered with
short hairs; the stem and midrib are furnished underneath with small
strong prickles. The color is a coarse, warm green. The leaves are
placed alternately, with narrow leafy wings at the stalk.
The 5 oblong petals of the flower taper into a narrow claw at the
base; the color is pure white; the 5, pointed, light green calyx-parts
alternate with the petals; the stamens are many, thread-like, and
tipped with dark brown, while the several pistils form a rounding,
pale green bunch in the center. The flowers, on their light green
stems, form large cone-like clusters on the ends of the stalks.
The old canes are noticeable in winter and early spring for their
fine russet-red, as they grow in plantations on the hillsides and along
the lanes; this strong red coloring comes out in the autumn leafage,
dark and rich though subdued in hue, and is held late in the
vigorous fibre of the leaf. The gracefully formed flower blooms in
profusion, early, though the fruit is longer than the other
Blackberries in maturing; the fruit-clusters add another attractive
feature to the plant, which is known as “only a common Bramble.”
HIGH BUSH BLACKBERRY:
Rubus villosus.
Dewberry. Rubus Canadensis.
Running Blackberry.

Found in dry fields, banks, and roadsides in June and July.

The stalk trails and runs; it is leafy, stout, and woody-fibred, with
few, and small, prickles. In color dark red.
The leaf is divided into 3, or 5, or 7 leaflets of an oval shape, the
middle one generally being wedge-shape, and set on a short stem;
the margins are sharply toothed. The color is a full, vigorous green.
The flower petals are 5, long, rounded at the tip and tapering at
the base; in color they are pure white. The stamens and pistils are
pale; the 5-parted calyx is a pale silvery green. The flowers grow
singly, or loosely clustered in twos and threes.
The blossom of the Dewberry is sweet-scented, with a fragrance
resembling that of the Anemone, or Adder’s-tongue. Its berry has
fewer, and larger grains, than the High-bush berry; when favorably
developed it has a fine wild flavor.
DEWBERRY: R. Canadensis.
Running Swamp Blackberry. Rubus hispidus.

Found in swamp lands, grassy woods, and copse borders during

June and July.
The trailing, rather slender, stalk runs on the ground in varying
lengths; its prickles are few and weak. The color is green and brown.
The leaf is small, usually with 3 leaflets that are broad-oval or
wedge-shaped; the margins are toothed, ribs marked, and the
surface is smooth and shining, while the fibre is tough. The color is
dark green.
The 5 small flower-petals are white; the stamens and pistils many,
but inconspicuous; the calyx 5-parted, and pale green. The small
clusters of two or three blossoms spring from the new shoots.
The fruit is scanty, and small. The pretty, dark, glossy, green
leaves turn a rich dull bronzy-red in the fall, and remain so
throughout snow-time,—they form a pleasing incident in the
bouquet, gathered by the lover-of-the-woods-in-winter.
RUNNING BLACKBERRY: R.
hispidus.
Purple Flowering Raspberry. Rubus odoratus.
Scotch-Cap.
Thimble-berry.

Found among wayside tangles, and uplands, in July and August.

The branching, leafy, stalk grows from 3 to 5 feet high; it is large,
of a tough, woody-fibre, and the surface is roughened by short
sticky hairs. The color is rusty green, and reddish-brown.
The large leaf in general shape resembles a maple leaf, with 3 or 5
lobes, a tapering point, and a toothed margin; the ribs and veins
form a strongly-marked network, the texture is loose, and the
surface is somewhat rough. The color is a strong, full-toned,
yellowish-green. The leaves are alternate in growth, and are set on
long stems.
The large flower is rather like a Rose in appearance, with 5 large,
rounded petals, and many light yellow stamens forming a ring
around the center. The color of the freshly opened petals is a deep,
bright crimson, becoming pale, and duller with time. The 5-parted,
light green calyx is covered with small, sticky, red hairs, and the
flower-stems are also sticky. They grow in loose clusters, from the
ends of the branches.
On cool or cloudy days the blossoms show a deep clear color, not
to be discerned on hot days which speedily change them to a light
bluish-pink. The fruit resembles that of the red raspberry, though it
is a much shallower cup shape; the plant continues flowering after
the berries begin to ripen. The bush is large and shrubby in growth,
with many leaves.
 PURPLE FLOWERING
RASPBERRY: R. odoratus.
Meadow Sweet. Spiræa salicifolia.
Queen of the Meadows.

Found in thickets, and along moist banks, during July and August.
The bushy stalk bears many branches, and is very leafy; between
2 and 3 feet in height; it is round, strong and firm-fibred, and
covered with a very thin, fine bark of a beautiful, glossy, golden-
bronze hue.
The pretty leaf is oval, with a pointed tip, and finely notched
margin; the ribs are prominent underneath, the texture is firm, the
upper surface is smooth, while it is slightly rough underneath. In
color it is a full green, lighter somewhat underneath, the midrib pale.
The leaves are set on short up-springing stems, and the
arrangement is close and alternate.
The small petals are 5 in number, shell-like, and pinkish-white;
there are many rosy stamens; the calyx is small, 5-parted, and pale
green. The flowers are set on thread foot-stems in little loose spires,
that form a large, leafy terminal spire.
Like the Hardhack (S. tomentosa) the leaves turn upward, with a
little arch in the stem; the central flower-spire blossoms first. The
plant has a great elegance of line, and some of its details are
admirable, such as the color of the stalk, and the especially pretty
light brown seed-spires; the bark frequently splits into long shreds.
The blossoms are fragrant.
MEADOW SWEET: Spiræa
salicifolia.