ADBMS HW3

Naman Sreyas Goda 65765962 11/22/2024

CREATING TABLES AND INSERTING VALUES:

Table 1 : takes
create table takes (
ID varchar(5),
course_id varchar(8),
sec_id varchar(8),
semester varchar(6),
year numeric(4,0),
grade varchar(2),
primary key (ID, course_id, sec_id, semester, year) ,
foreign key (ID) references student,
foreign key (course_id, sec_id, semester, year) references section);

INSERT INTO takes (ID, course_id, sec_id, semester, year, grade) VALUES
('00128', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', 2017, 'A'),
('00128', 'CS-347', '1', 'Fall', 2017, 'A'),
('12345', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', 2017, 'C'),
('12345', 'CS-190', '2', 'Spring', 2017, 'A'),
('12345', 'CS-315', '1', 'Spring', 2018, 'A'),
('12345', 'CS-347', '1', 'Fall', 2017, 'A'),
('19991', 'HIS-351', '1', 'Spring', 2018, 'B'),
('23121', 'FIN-201', '1', 'Spring', 2018, 'C+'),
('44553', 'PHY-101', '1', 'Fall', 2017, 'B'),
('45678', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', 2017, 'F'),
('45678', 'CS-101', '1', 'Spring', 2018, 'B+'),
('45678', 'CS-319', '1', 'Spring', 2018, 'B'),
('54321', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', 2017, 'A'),
('54321', 'CS-190', '2', 'Spring', 2017, 'B+'),
('55739', 'MU-199', '1', 'Spring', 2018, 'A'),
('76543', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', 2017, 'A'),
('76543', 'CS-319', '2', 'Spring', 2018, 'A'),
('76653', 'EE-181', '1', 'Spring', 2017, 'C'),
('98765', 'CS-101', '1', 'Fall', 2017, 'C'),
('98765', 'CS-315', '1', 'Spring', 2018, 'B'),
('98988', 'BIO-101', '1', 'Summer', 2017, 'A'),
('98988', 'BIO-301', '1', 'Summer', 2018, NULL);
Table 2 : PREREQ

CREATE table prereq (

course_id varchar(8), prereq_id varchar(8),
primary key(course_id, prereq_id),
foreign key(course_id) references course on delete cascade,
foreign key(prereq_id) references course);

INSERT INTO prereq (course_id, prereq_id) values

('BIO-301', 'BIO-101'),
('BIO-399', 'BIO-101'),
('CS-190', 'CS-101'),
('CS-315', 'CS-101'),
('CS-319', 'CS-101'),
('CS-347', 'CS-101'),
('EE-181', 'PHY-101');
Table 3 : TIMESLOT
CREATE TABLE timeslot (
time_slot_id VARCHAR(4),
day VARCHAR(1) CHECK (day IN ('M', 'T', 'W', 'R', 'F', 'S', 'U')),
start_time TIME, end_time TIME,
PRIMARY KEY (time_slot_id, day, start_time));

INSERT INTO timeslot (time_slot_id, day, start_time, end_time)

VALUES
('A', 'M', '08:00', '08:50'),
('A', 'W', '08:00', '08:50'),
('A', 'F', '08:00', '08:50'),
('B', 'M', '09:00', '09:50'),
('B', 'W', '09:00', '09:50'),
('B', 'F', '09:00', '09:50'),
('C', 'M', '11:00', '11:50'),
('C', 'W', '11:00', '11:50'),
('C', 'F', '11:00', '11:50'),
('D', 'M', '13:00', '13:50'),
('D', 'W', '13:00', '13:50'),
('D', 'F', '13:00', '13:50'),
('E', 'T', '10:30', '11:45'),
('E', 'R', '10:30', '11:45'),
('F', 'T', '14:30', '15:45'),
('F', 'R', '14:30', '15:45'),
('G', 'M', '16:00', '16:50'),
('G', 'W', '16:00', '16:50'),
('G', 'F', '16:00', '16:50'),
('H', 'W', '10:00', '12:30');
Queries

Basic Queries
1. Selecting Attributes:
Select specific attributes from a table.
SELECT dept_name from instructor

• Find the department names of all instructors, and remove duplicates

select distinct dept_name from instructor
• Select Clause with arithmatic operations
select ID, name, salary/12 as monthly_salary from instructor

• From and Where clause

select name from instructor where dept_name = 'Comp. Sci.'

• From and Where clause with comparisions (>)

select name from instructor where dept_name = 'Comp. Sci.' and salary > 70000
• From and Where clause with comparision (=)
select name, course_id from instructor , teaches where instructor.ID = teaches.ID

• From and Where clause with comparision with and operator

select name, course_id from instructor , teaches where instructor.ID = teaches.ID and instructor.
dept_name = 'Art'

2.String operations
select name from instructor where name like '%dar%'
3.Ordering the results
select distinct name from instructor order by name desc;

• Where Clause Predicates

select name from instructor where salary between 90000 and 100000

• Tuple Comparision :
select name, course_id from instructor, teaches where (instructor.ID, dept_name) = (teaches.ID,
'Biology');

4. Aggregate functions
• Find the average salary of instructors in the Computer Science department
select avg (salary) from instructor where dept_name= 'Comp. Sci.';

• Find the total number of instructors who teach a course in the Spring 2018 semester
select count (distinct ID) from teaches where semester = 'Spring' and year = 2018;
Direct tuple conversion is actually not supported by SQL server

• Find the number of tuples in the course relation

select count (*) from course;
• Find the average salary of instructors in each department
select dept_name, avg (salary) as avg_salary from instructor group by dept_name;

• Find the names and average salaries of all departments whose average salary is greater than 42000
select dept_name, avg (salary) as avg_salary from instructor group by dept_name having avg (salary) >
42000;

Set Operations
• Find courses that ran in Fall 2017 or in Spring 2018
(select course_id from section where sem = 'Fall' and year = 2017) union (select course_id from section
where sem = 'Spring' and year = 2018)

• Find courses that ran in Fall 2017 and in Spring 2018

(select course_id from section where sem = 'Fall' and year = 2017) intersect (select course_id from
section where sem = 'Spring' and year = 2018)
• Find courses that ran in Fall 2017 but not in Spring 2018
(select course_id from section where sem = 'Fall' and year = 2017) except (select course_id from section
where sem = 'Spring' and year = 2018)

• Find all instructors whose salary is null.

select name from instructor where salary is null

Set Membership
• Find courses offered in Fall 2017 and in Spring 2018
select distinct course_id from section where semester = 'Fall' and year= 2017 and course_id in (select
course_id from section where semester = 'Spring' and year= 2018);

• Find courses offered in Fall 2017 but not in Spring 2018

select distinct course_id from section where semester = 'Fall' and year= 2017 and course_id not in (select
course_id from section where semester = 'Spring' and year= 2018);

• Name all instructors whose name is neither “Mozart” nor Einstein” select distinct name from
instructor where name not in ('Mozart', 'Einstein'):
• Find the total number of (distinct) students who have taken course sections taught by the instructor
with ID 10101
select count (distinct ID) from takes where (course_id, sec_id, semester, year) in (select course_id,
sec_id, semester, year from teaches where teaches.ID= 10101);
Direct tuple conversion is actually not supported by SQL server

Set Comaprision:
Find names of instructors with salary greater than that of some (at least one) instructor in the Biology
department.:
select distinct T.name
from instructor as T, instructor as S
where T.salary > S.salary and S.dept_name = 'Biology';

Same query using > some clause:

select name
from instructor
where salary > some (select salary
from instructor
where dept name = 'Biology');

• All clause;
Find the names of all instructors whose salary is greater than the salary of all instructors in the
Biology department
select name
from instructor
where salary > all (select salary
from instructor
where dept_name = 'Biology');

• Use of “exists” Clause;

Yet another way of specifying the query “Find all courses taught in both the Fall 2017 semester and in
the Spring 2018 semester”
select course_id
from section as S
where semester = 'Fall' and course_year = 2017 and
exists (select *
from section as T
where semester = 'Spring' and course_year= 2018
and S.course_id = T.course_id);

• Use of “not exists” Clause

Find all students who have taken all courses offered in the Biology department:
select distinct S.ID, S.std_name
from student as S
where not exists ( (select course_id
from course
where dept_name = 'Biology')
except
(select T.course_id
from takes as T
where S.ID = T.ID));

Test for absence of Duplicate Tuples

Find all courses that were offered at most once in 2017
select T.course_id
from course as T
where unique ( select R.course_id
from section as R
where T.course_id= R.course_id
and R.course_year = 2017);

*error in SQL server of Microsoft

From Clause
SELECT dept_name, avg_salary
FROM (
SELECT dept_name, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
FROM instructor
GROUP BY dept_name) AS dept_avg_salaries
WHERE avg_salary > 42000;

With Clause:
Find all departments with the maximum budget
with max_budget (value) as
(select max(budget)
from department)
select department.dept_name
from department, max_budget
where department.budget = max_budget.value;

Complex Queries using With Clause

Find all departments where the total salary is greater than the average of the total salary at all
departments:

Scalar subquery
select dept_name,
( select count(*) from instructor
where department.dept_name = instructor.dept_name)
as num_instructors
from department;
Data Modifications
Insert and Delete
• delete from instructor
• delete from instructor where dept_name = 'Finance';
• delete from instructor
where dept_name in (select dept_name from department where building = 'Watson');
• delete from instructor where salary < (select avg (salary) from instructor);
• insert into course values ('CS-437', 'Database Systems', 'Comp. Sci.', 4);
• insert into student values ('3003', 'Green', 'Finance', null);
• insert into instructor select ID, name, dept_name, 18000 from student where dept_name =
'Music' and total_cred > 144;
The above queries couldnot be executed because they conflict with the foreign key constraints
Update
• update instructor set salary = salary * 1.05

• update instructor set salary = salary * 1.05 where salary < 70000;
• update instructor
set salary = case
when salary <= 100000 then salary * 1.05
else salary * 1.03
end

• UPDATE student
SET tot_cred = (
SELECT
CASE
WHEN SUM(course.credits) IS NOT NULL THEN SUM(course.credits)
ELSE 0
END
FROM takes
INNER JOIN course ON takes.course_id = course.course_id
WHERE takes.ID = student.ID
 AND takes.grade <> 'F'
AND takes.grade IS NOT NULL
);

Join Operations
• Natural Join in SQL:
select std_name, course_id
from student, takes
where student.ID = takes.ID;

• Right Outer Join:

SELECT course.course_id,
course.title,
course.dept_name,
course.credits,
prereq.prereq_id
 FROM course
RIGHT OUTER JOIN prereq
ON course.course_id = prereq.course_id;

• Left Outer Join:

SELECT course.course_id,
course.title,
course.dept_name,
course.credits,
prereq.prereq_id
FROM course
LEFT OUTER JOIN prereq
ON course.course_id = prereq.course_id;

• Full Outer Join:

SELECT course.course_id,
course.title,
course.dept_name,
course.credits,
prereq.prereq_id
FROM course
FULL OUTER JOIN prereq
ON course.course_id = prereq.course_id;
• Inner Join:
SELECT course.course_id,
course.title,
course.dept_name,
course.credits,
prereq.prereq_id
FROM course
INNER JOIN prereq
ON course.course_id = prereq.course_id;

View operations
• Create a view :
GO
CREATE VIEW faculty
AS
SELECT ID, name, dept_name
FROM instructor;
GO
• Using views
Find all instructors in the Biology department
select name from faculty where dept_name = 'Biology'

• view of department salary totals

create view departments_total_salary(dept_name, total_salary)
as
select dept_name, sum (salary)
from instructor
group by dept_name;

• Views Defined Using Other Views

create view physics_fall_2017
as
select course.course_id, sec_id, building, room_number
from course, section
where course.course_id = section.course_id
and course.dept_name = 'Physics'
and section.semester = 'Fall'
and section.course_year = '2017';

create view physics_fall_2017_watson

as
select course_id, room_number
from physics_fall_2017
where building= 'Watson';

• View Expansion
DROP VIEW IF EXISTS physics_fall_2017_watson;
GO
create view physics_fall_2017_watson
as
select course_id, room_number
from physics_fall_2017
where building= 'Watson'
GO

DROP VIEW IF EXISTS physics_fall_2017_watson;

GO
 create view physics_fall_2017_watson as
select course_id, room_number
from (select course.course_id, building, room_number
from course, section
where course.course_id = section.course_id
and course.dept_name = 'Physics'
and section.semester = 'Fall'
and section.course_year = '2017')
where building= 'Watson';

• Update of view
insert into faculty values ('30765', 'Green', 'Music');

create view instructor_info as

select ID, name, building
from instructor, department
where instructor.dept_name= department.dept_name;

insert into instructor_info

values ('69987', 'White', 'Taylor');

Integrity constraints
Create Table takes (
ID VARCHAR(5) NOT NULL,
course_id VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL,
sec_id VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL,
semester VARCHAR(6) NOT NULL,
course_year NUMERIC(4, 0) NOT NULL,
grade VARCHAR(2) CHECK (grade IN ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'F')) DEFAULT 'F',
PRIMARY KEY (ID, course_id, sec_id, semester, course_year),
FOREIGN KEY (course_id, sec_id, semester, course_year)
REFERENCES section(course_id, sec_id, semester, course_year)
ON DELETE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (ID)
REFERENCES student(ID)
ON DELETE CASCADE, CHECK (semester IN ('Fall', 'Winter', 'Spring', 'Summer')),
);
User Defined Types
Create :
CREATE TYPE Dollars FROM NUMERIC(12, 2) NOT NULL;

Using UDT :
create table department_test
(dept_name varchar (20),
building varchar (15),
budget Dollars);

Domains
• create type person_name from char(20) not null
• create domain degree_level varchar(10) constraint degree_level_test check (value in
('Bachelors', 'Masters', 'Doctorate'))
Create Domain doesn’t work in Microsoft SQL server
Performance and Indexing
I chose to create an index file for Department table.
The below function has randomly inserted a huge number of values into the Department table.
DECLARE @i INT = 1;

WHILE @i <= 100000

BEGIN
INSERT INTO Department (Dept_name, Building, Budget)
VALUES (
'Department_' + CAST(@i AS VARCHAR(10)),
CASE WHEN @i % 5 = 1 THEN 'Taylor'
WHEN @i % 5 = 2 THEN 'Watson'
WHEN @i % 5 = 3 THEN 'Newton'
WHEN @i % 5 = 4 THEN 'Packard'
ELSE 'Painter' END,
RAND() * 100000 + 50000
);

SET @i = @i + 1;
END;

Query On department table Before Index creation:

 Set Statistics IO ON;
SELECT Dept_name, Building, Budget
FROM Department
WHERE Building = 'Watson'
AND Budget BETWEEN 60000 AND 120000
ORDER BY Budget ASC;

Performance Before Index Creation:

Index creation: I decided to create a composite index on building and budget.

CREATE INDEX idx_building_budget ON Department (Building, Budget);

Performance After Index creation:

Authorization :
• Create Users
CREATE LOGIN Amit WITH PASSWORD = 'SecurePassword123';
CREATE USER Amit FOR LOGIN Amit;

CREATE LOGIN Satoshi WITH PASSWORD = 'SecurePassword123';

CREATE USER Satoshi FOR LOGIN Satoshi;
CREATE LOGIN U1 WITH PASSWORD = 'SecurePassword123';
CREATE USER U1 FOR LOGIN U1;

CREATE LOGIN U2 WITH PASSWORD = 'SecurePassword123';

CREATE USER U2 FOR LOGIN U2;

CREATE LOGIN Mariano WITH PASSWORD = 'SecurePassword123';

CREATE USER Mariano FOR LOGIN Mariano;

Grant Privileges
GRANT SELECT ON department TO Amit, Satoshi;

GRANT SELECT ON instructor TO U1, U2;

GRANT REFERENCES (dept_name) ON department TO Mariano;

GRANT SELECT ON department TO Amit WITH GRANT OPTION;

Create Role and Assign Users

CREATE ROLE instructor;

ALTER ROLE instructor ADD MEMBER Amit;

Revoke Privileges
REVOKE SELECT ON student FROM U1, U2;

REVOKE ALL ON student FROM U1, U2;

REVOKE SELECT ON department FROM Amit, Satoshi CASCADE;

Authorising views :
CREATE VIEW geo_instructor AS
SELECT *
FROM instructor
WHERE dept_name = 'Geology';

CREATE ROLE geo_staff;

GRANT SELECT ON geo_instructor TO geo_staff;

CREATE LOGIN geo_user WITH PASSWORD = 'SecurePassword123';

CREATE USER geo_user FOR LOGIN geo_user;
ALTER ROLE geo_staff ADD MEMBER geo_user;

GRANT SELECT ON instructor TO geo_user;