A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF HEAT SOURCE/SINK ON

ELECTROMAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS NATURAL

CONVECTION FLOW WITH ELECTROOSMOTIC EFFECT

BY

RILWAN, Usman Shehu

B.Sc. Mathematics (A.B.U., 2018)

P19PSMT8003

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MATHEMATICS, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN MATHEMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS,

FACULTY OF SCIENCES,

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA

NIGERIA

Supervisory committee:

DR. M. O. Oni Chairman

Prof. H.M Jibril Memebr

FEBRUARY, 2023

1
Contents
BASIC EQUATIONS.......................................................................................................................................2
Continuity Equation (Conservation of Mass)...........................................................................................2
Navier-Stokes Equation...........................................................................................................................2
Conservation of Energy (Heat Equation).................................................................................................3
Electric Field............................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................5
BACKGROUD OF THE STUDY........................................................................................................................5
1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Aim and Objectives......................................................................................................................7
1.4 Methodology of the Study.................................................................................................................8
1.5 Significant of the Study......................................................................................................................9
1.6 Scope of the Study.............................................................................................................................9
1.7 Basic Definations...............................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................................12
LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................................12
2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Natural convection..........................................................................................................................12
2.3 Elecroosmotic Flow..........................................................................................................................13
2.4 Magnetohydrodynamics............................................................................................................15
2.5 Heat Source/Sink.............................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................19
PROBLEM FORMULATION.........................................................................................................................19
3.1 Role of Temperature Dependent and Time Periodic Heat Source/Sink Transient Natural Convection
Flow with Electroostic Effect.................................................................................................................20
3.2 Suction/Injection Effect on Electromagnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection Flow in a Vertical
Channel..................................................................................................................................................22
3.3 Dimensionaless Analysis:.................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................25
4.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................25
References.................................................................................................................................................26
Numeclature..............................................................................................................................................29

1
BASIC EQUATIONS
The equations describing fluid flow of an incompressible, viscous fluid with electrokinetic

effect are combination of the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamic, energy equation of

thermodynamics and the Poison-Boltzmann equation of electrostatic. These balance

equations arises from applying Newton’s second law to fluid motion, together with the

assumption that the stress in the fluid is the sum of a diffusing viscous term, pressure term

and electric force. The Navier-Stokes equations were derived by Navier, Poisson, Saint

Venant and Stokes between 1827 and 1848. These equations are always solved together with

the continuity equation simultaneously by either purely analytical or numerical approach.

The Navier-Stokes equations represent the conservation of momentum while the continuity

equation represents the conservation of mass. Also, the energy equation represents the

conservation of energy for laws of thermodynamics. While the Poison-Boltzmann equation

accounts for the electric potential in the EDL.

Continuity Equation (Conservation of Mass)

∂ρ
+ ∇ .(ρ ⃗
U )=0 (1)
∂t

∂ρ
If ρ is constant , then =0
∂t

⃗ ¿=0
(∇ . U where ⃗ ^ v ^j+ w k^
U =u i+

In Cartesian coordinate, the continuity equation is given by:

∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0 (2)
∂x ∂ y ∂z

Navier-Stokes Equation

ρ ( ∂∂tu⃗ +( ⃗u . ∇) ⃗u)=−∇ p + μ ∇ ⃗u+⃗F

2
(3)

2
Where the terms in (3) signify
∂⃗
U
time variation
∂t
(⃗ ⃗ convection term
U . ∇ )U
⃗
F external source due to magnetic field, electric field and buoyance force
1
∇ ⃗p pressure gradient
ρ

μ∇ ⃗
2
U diffusion term

Navier-Stokes equation in Cartesian coordinate:

[ ]
∂ w −∂ P x
( )
2 2 2
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂ u ∂ u
x: ρ +u + u +u = +μ 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ ρ Fx
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂ y ∂z

[ ]
∂ w −∂ P y
( )
2 2 2
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂ v ∂ v ∂ v
y:ρ +v +v +v = +μ 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ρFy
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂ y ∂z

[ ]
∂ w −∂ P z
( )
2 2 2
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂ w ∂ w ∂ w
z: ρ +w +w +w = +μ 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ρFz (4)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂ y ∂z

Conservation of Energy (Heat Equation)

The energy equation describes conservation of energy in the system. This equation is derived
from laws of thermodynamics.
∂T k 2
+u . ∇ T = ∇ T +ϑ (5)
∂t ρC p

Where ϑ the dissipation function, 𝑇 is dimensional fluid temperature.

Electric Field

2 − ρe
∇ ϕ= (6)
ε
The potential 𝜙 is due to combination of externally imposed on the field and Electric
Double Layer EDL) and potential ψ .

3
 z 0 eψ
where ρe is the net charge density per unit volume defined by: ρe =−2 n 0 z 0 esinh( ) and
KbT
ε denotes the dielectric constant of the fluid

Magnetic Field

⃗
F =ρe ⃗
E + ⃗J × ⃗
B. (7)

Where E is the applied electric field and J is the current density vector, which is expressed as

⃗J = σ¿ + ⃗
U ×⃗
B), where σ is the electrical conductivity of the fluid and ⃗
B which is the

magnetic field.

4
 CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUD OF THE STUDY

1.1 Introduction

Natural convection, also known as free convection, is a mechanism, or type of mass and heat

transport, in which the fluid motion is generated only by the density differences in the fluid

occurring due to temperature gradients, not by any external source (like a pump, fan, suction

device, etc.). Natural convection flow has been considered as a gratifying mode of heat

transfer in technology and science by many researchers due to its versatility. There are large

numbers of food heating and cooling applications in which natural convection is the

dominant mode of heat transfer. Natural convection heat transfer controls the process of

sterilization of food in cans and meat freezing in still air or brine Farid (2007).

Magnetohydrodynamics is the study of the magnetic properties and behavior of electrically

conducting fluids Sheikholeslami and Ganji (2016), such as plasma, liquid metals, salt water

and electrolytes Hunt (2016). In other word it is the study of flow for electrically conducting

liquids in the presence of electric and magnetic fields Cramer and Pai (1973). Over the years,

enormous studies have been made on natural convection flow and Magnetohydrodynamics

under different physical situations. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is among of the key

filed, thus drawing attention of many researchers. This areas has received extensive attention

5
from researchers owing to its usefulness and applications in technology. Such applications

could be found in cooling of electronic equipment, cooling of the tower, human comfort in

the building, atmospheric flows and collection of solar energy, cooling nuclear reactor, and

many others.

Electroosmotic flow (EOF) has become one of attractive research focuses of microfluidics

technology in the increasing development of the miniaturization of fluidic systems due to its

many advantages over traditional pressure-driven flow and has prospective applications in

microfluidic devices in recent years Li (2015). Electroosmotic flow is generated when

electrodes are placed in the reservoirs at each end of a microchannel by a process known as

electro-osmosis. The EOF is implemented through the surface charges dominant in the small

scales. The surfaces of the most channel materials (e.g. glass and polymer) are negatively

charged in the electrolyte solutions. This causes surplus of positively charged anions in the

double layer close to the walls Oh (2012). Under an electric potential along the channel, the

excess charges in the double layer are attreacted by electrostatic forces, and thus, move

toward the negative electrode.

The study on the implication of heat source/sink on MHD flows continues to inspire

researchers in various field owing to its application. The role of heat source in a fluid

transport is to increase its thermal conductivity which consequently increases the fluid

temperature whereas heat sink, on the other hand, decreases the temperature of the fluid.

Electromagnetohydrodynamics is one of the key areas, thus attracting many researchers. It is

the study of flow for electrically conducting liquids in the presence of electric and magnetic

fields Cramer and Pai (1973). The electromagnetohydrodynamic flow involves the

interaction of free currents electric field and magnetic field in a fluid.

6
Electromagnetohydrodynamics has many practicable applications in science and engineering,

namely pumping of liquid metals, orientation and confinement of scorching ionized gases,

electric power generation from ionized gases, fission reactions, and space propulsion

resulting from the electromagnetic acceleration of ionized gases. The electric field has been

employed in electrophoretic separation, portability, reduced power consumption, less waste

material, electroosmotic pumping, and dielectrophoretic trapping Davidson (2001). It has

already been known that a combined electro-magneto-hydrodynamic (EMHD) effect

potentially develops an electric double layer (EDL) to increment the flow rate in

microchannels.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Oni and Jha (2020) worked on the role of wall asymmetric heat fluxes and buoyant forces on

a steady electroosmotic natural convection flow in a microchannel. Wang et al (2021)

investigated the effect of magnetic field on electroosmotic flow of viscoelastic fluid in

microchannel. The fomer investigated the role of wall asymmetric heat fluxes and buoyant

forces on a steady electroosmotic natural convection flow in a microchannel, without the

effect of magnetic field and electric field while the latter worked on the effect of magnetic

field on electroosmotic flow of viscoelastic fluid in microchannel without the effect of

electric field. It is significant to examine the EMHD with the role of heat source/sink natural

convection, due to its remarkable advantages, such as flow control, flow pumping, thermal

reactor, microcooler, fluid mixing, chemical process, simple fabrication, pumping of liquid

metals, orientation and confinement of scorching ionized gases, electric power generation

from ionized gases, fission reactions, space propulsion and other future advanges. This theis

7
will examine the role of heat source/sink electromagmetohydrodynamic natural convection

flow with electrsoomotic effect.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

This work aims to study the role of heat source/sink on electromagnetohydrodynamic natural

convection with electroosmotic effect. This will be accomplished through the following

objectives:

i. obtain the equations of motion, and temperature distributions of

electroosmotically driven time dependent natural convection flows in the vertical

microchannel,

ii. examine the effect of temperature and time periodic heat source/sink on

temperature distribution

iii. explore the effect of electric field strength on natural convection flow in the

vertical microchannel,

iv. investigate the role of assymetric heating flow formation and heat transfer

1.4 Methodology of the Study

To achieve the above objectives, the literature survey of the existing research on the role of

heat source/sink on magnetohydrodynamics, natural convection flow and other related article

were studied and elongated to capture some significant areas of the present study in which

the previous are limited. The methodology employed in this investigation involves:

8
 i. Using the classical Navier-Stokes equations, Poisson-Boltzmann equation, and

thermal energy equation, the governing momentum, electric potential, and energy

equations respectively are formulated.

ii. Review existing literature and remodeled them to include stated objectives

iii. The mathematical representations of the flow formation in each model are to be

transformed to dimensionless quantity.

iv. The resulting dimensionless governing equations in each model are to be solved with

a couple of Laplace transformation techniques

v. Undetermined coefficient methods. In each model, the solutions in dimensionless

form for temperature, velocity are to be obtained through inversion of solutions from

the Laplace domain to the time domain by using Riemann sum approximation (RSA)

using Matrix Laboratory package (MATLAB).

vi. Generate contours and line graphs using matrix laboratory package (MATLAB) to

see the role of various governing parameters.

vii. Interprete the graphs to discuss the effects of each of the governing parameters and to

ascertain the stated objectives.

viii. Validate the accuracy of obtained results by comparing the present results with

published works in literature

1.5 Significant of the Study

This research work would endow substantial details on the nature of the fluid (water and gasses)

with heat source/sink. It is anticipated that the achieved results will be useful in Geophysics,

9
Astrophysics, Engineering, Magnetic drug targeting, in electric circuit and semiconductor

devices.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This work is restricted to the theoretical aspect through which the mathematical formulation of

the problems, no experiment works were carried out in this work.

1.7 Basic Definations

i. Boussinessq approximation: Boussinessq approximation is the assumption that the

fluid flow is considered under little variations of temperature and density.

ii. Compressible and incompressible fluid: A fluid is said to be compressible if the

density of the fluid is altered with respect to the pressure gradient. A fluid is said to

be incompressible if the density of the fluid remains unchanged. All the liquids at a

constant temperature are incompressible.

iii. Debye-Huckel approximation: It is an approximation used to linearize the non-

linear Poison-Boltzmann equation. It involves the Taylor’s series expansion of sine
function up to the second term
iv. Dimensionless quantity: A dimensionless quantity is a quantity that has no physical

dimension.

v. Density: is the substance’s mass per unit of volume.

vi. Electric double layer (EDL): It is a structure that appears on the surface of an object

when it is exposed to fluid.

vii. Electric Field: is the physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles in

the field, either attracting or repelling them

viii. Fluid: A fluid is a substance that continually flows under an applied shear stress.

10
ix. Free or Natural Convection: Free or Natural convection is a mechanism in which

fluid motion is generated only by density differences in fluid cause by temperature

gradients. It is a type of heat transport in which the fluid motion is not generated by

an external source (pump, fan, suction devices).

x. Fully developed flows: As fluid enters any channel or pipe, boundary layers

(velocity profile) keep on growing till they meet after some distance downstream

from the entrance region. After this distance velocity profile doesn’t change

(Uniform flow).

xi. Grashof Number (Gr): is the approximates ratio of the buoyance to viscous forces

acting on a fluid

xii. Hartmann Number (Ha): it is frequently encountered in fluid flows through

magnetic fields.

xiii. Heat Sink: these are fluids that absorb heat.

xiv. Heat Source: these are fluids that generate heat

xv. Laminar Flow: Laminar flow occurs when fluid flows at low velocity, in parallel

layers with no disruption between the layers.

xvi. Laplace transforms technique

Suppose that f ( y ,t ) is a piecewise continuous function, then the Laplace transform of

f ( y ,t ) is defined as;
∞ ∞
L [ f ( y , t) ] =∫ f ( y ,t ) .e dt , f ( y , s )=∫ f ( y , t ) . e
− st −st
dt , s> 0.
0 0

Where s is a Laplace transform technique parameter in the equation.

11
xvii. Magnetic Field: is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving

electric charges, electric currents and magnetic material

xviii. Prandtl Number (Pr): is the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity.

xix. Skin friction: The skin friction or drag is a frictional drag exerted on an object. It is

caused by viscous drag in the boundary layer around the object. In a channel, it is the

amount of friction arising between the fluid and the surface of the channel which have

a tendency to slow the movement of the fluid.

xx. Steady and Unsteady flow: A flow is said to be steady if the flow parameter such as

velocity, pressure, and acceleration does not depend on time but space or position. A

flow is said to be unsteady if the flow parameters depend on time.

xxi. Viscosity: is the measure of fluid resistance to deformation at a given rate.

xxii. Zeta-potential: It is a scientific term for electrokinetic potential. It is defined as the

electric potential in the interfacial EDL

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction

This chapter is concerned with the review of literature on natural flows formation in

mocrochannel. A further review will be made for different physical situations of flow

formation with electroosmotic effects.

2.2 Natural convection

12
Natural convection, also known as free convection, is a mechanism, or type of mass and heat

transport, in which the fluid motion is generated only by the density differences in the fluid

occurring due to temperature gradients, not by any external source (like a pump, fan, suction

device, etc.). Natural convection flow has been considered as a gratifying mode of heat

transfer in technology and science by many researchers due to its versatility. Jha and Oni

(2018) and Jha and Oni (2019) worked on the natural convection flow in a microchannel and

electroosmic flow on the flow of natural convection. Jha and Oni (2018) presents an

analytical solution for natural convection flow in a vertical annulus due to time-periodic

heating of annulus surfaces. Closed-form expressions for velocity, temperature, skin-friction,

mass flow rate and rate of heat transfer which is expressed as Nusselt number are obtained by

solving the present mathematical model after separating into steady component and periodic

regime. The effects of pertinent parameters such as Strouhal number (St), Prandtl number

(Pr) and radiusratio (λ) are shown with the aid of contour and line graphs. Results indicate

that the role of Strouhal number and Prandtl number is to decrease fluid velocity, temperature

and skin-friction. Furthermore, increase in Strouhal number increases the temperature phase-

lag. Jha and Oni (2019) investigated the impact of time-periodic thermal boundary conditions

on natural convection flow in a vertical micro-annulus. They established that the role of

Knudsen number and fluid–wall interaction parameter is to decrease fluid temperature,

velocity, Nusselt number and skin friction.

2.3 Elecroosmotic Flow

The electroosmotic phenomenon is significant in laboratory, industrial and engineering

applications such as the removal of contaminants in soil and imposing electric ions on flow

formation. This phenomenon involves the passing of a low-voltage direct current electric

13
field across the boundary on a fluid. Other applications can be found in the medical field for

cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the development of battery cells, and petroleum exploration

enhancement. The velocity profile of the EOF is almost plug-like, thus the sample dispersion

produced in the EOF is much lower than that of traditional pressure-driven flow, which has

the parabolic velocity profile Whiteside and Stroock (2001). Many researchers have been

engaged to investigate the EOF of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid in the parallel plate,

circular, rectangle and other irregularly shaped microchannels Zimmerman et al (2006). Zhao

and Yang (2013), Sarman et al (2018). In EOF, Joule heat will be inevitably produced, which

will affect the accuracy and efficiency of electrokinetic sample manipulation Ghosal (2004).

The study of the Joule heating has important significance in microfluidic systems.

Prabhakaran et al. (2017) developed a 2D depth-averaged numerical model to investigate the

effects of Joule heating on fluid temperature and flow in electrokinetic microfluidic chips.

Sanchez et al (2018) analyzed non-linear Joule heating effects on EOF flow with patterned

surface charges. Song et al. (2021) firstly studied the Joule heating effects on electrokinetic

flows with conductivity gradients by employing a combined experimental and numerical

method. It was stated in their work that Joule heating enhances the critical electric field for

occur of electrokinetic instability. But it has been shown that the enhancement of the electric

field will cause an increase in Joule heating, which is unfavorable to the thermal stability of

samples and may cause the loss of activity of some biological samples Das et al (2006) &

Chen et al (2018). To optimize (minimize) the Joule heating effect, a vertical magnetic field

is imposed in EOF. It was found that with the aid of low-magnitude magnetic field, the same

flow rate can be achieved with a much smaller electrical field strength compared with that

without magnetic field Tso and Sundaravadivelu (2001) & Jang and Lee (2000). Ritchie

14
(2016) worked on liquid flow due to the magnetic field imposed in the transverse direction.

Yang el al (2001) analyzed electroosmotic flow induced by an applied electrostatic potential

field through microchannels between two parallel plates and a 90 degree bend is analyzed in

their work. A nonlinear, two-dimensional Poisson–Boltzmann equation governing the

electrical double-layer field and the Laplace equation governing the electrostatic field

distribution in microchannels are numerically solved using a finite difference method . A body

force caused by the interaction between the electrical double-layer field and the applied

electrostatic field is included in the full Navier–Stokes equations. The effects of the electrical

double-layer field and the applied electrostatic field on the fluid velocity distribution,

pressure drop, and skin friction are discussed. A small pressure drop along the parallel plates

is detected. Electroosmotic flow (EOF) has become one of attractive research focuses of

microfluidics technology in the increasing development of the miniaturization of fluidic

systems due to its many advantages over traditional pressure-driven flow and has prospective

applications in microfluidic devices in recent years Li (2015).

2.4 Magnetohydrodynamics

The MHD micropump has remarkable advantages, such as flow control, flow pumping,

thermal reactor, microcooler, fluid mixing, no moving part, low operation voltage, forward

and reverse flow, chemical process, simple fabrication, etc. Davidson (2001). The MHD

pump not only works for the flow control and pumping, but also induces the complex

secondary fluid, producing chaotic convections and help of mixing Mitra et al (2019) and

string Bau et al (2001). Applying electromagnetic force to the pump to control the flow is a

15
super specialty of microfluidics, which deals with converting electromagnetic energy into

mechanical energy Woodson and Melcher (1968). The flow driven by the Lorentz force,

which is generated by interaction of electric currents with a vertical magnetic field, is called

as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow. Up to now numerous researches were performed

theoretically and experimentally to analyze the EOF under the effect of a magnetic field. The

combination effects of electric field and magnetic field is considered as an effective way to

transport and control fluid samples in microfluidic devices. Chakraborty and Paul (2013)

studied the combined influences of MHD and EO forces in controlling the fluid flow through

parallel plate microchannel and discussed the influence of near wall interaction potentials and

the consequent migrative fluxes on the flow. Buren et al. (2015) investigated the 1D and 2D

MHD EO flow in a microparallel channel with slightly transverse corrugated walls by using

the perturbation method. Vargas et al. (2017) investigated the effective dispersion coefficient

of a neutral solute in the MHD EO flow of a Newtonian fluid through a parallel plate

microchannel. Philip et al. (2020) studied the capillary filling dynamics of MHD EO flow of

non-Newtonian power law fluids under the combined consequences of an axially applied

electric field and a transversemagnetic field. Furthermore, heat transfer of MHDEO flow in

microchannels also has been studied. Sinha and Shit (2015) analyzed the MHD EO flow and

heat transfer of blood in a capillary with radiation. Jian (2015) performed an analytical

investigation for combined unsteady MHD EO and pressure driven flow of incompressible

viscous fluid through a parallel plate microchannel. The heat transfer and entropy generation

are also analyzed by considering the viscous dissipation, the volumetric heat generation and

electromagnetic couple effect. Ganguly et al (2015) studied the transport characteristics of

thermally developing MHD EO flow of nanofluid through a microchannel. Muhammad et al.

16
(2019) analyzed the MHD EO flow and heat transfer of third-grade fluids in a porous

microchannel. Yang et al. (2019) presented an analysis for the MHD EO flow and heat

transfer in a rectangular microchannel. Additionally, they investigated the flow

characteristics, heat transfer features and entropy generation of MHD EO flow of third-grade

fluids in a parallel microchannel. Yang et al (2020). It has already been highlighted that a

combined electro-magneto-hydrodynamic (EMHD) effect potentially develops an EDL to

increment the flow rate in microchannels. Jang and Lee (2000) experimentally studied that

the flow rate enhances substantially using micropumps at a low magnitude magnetic field.

Verardi et al. (1998) investigated a rectangular microchannel for the two-dimensional

magnetohydrodynamic flow to analyze using the finite element method (FEM).

Electromagnetohydrodynamic transport characteristics on the hydrodynamically and

thermally fully developed flow on heat transfer under a combined influence of force and

pressure gradients in microchannels have been reported in the existing literature Chakraborty

et al. (2013). The Debye–Hückel approximation with the no-slip velocity and no-jump

temperature boundary conditions has been employed at a constant wall temperature and heat

flux conditions. Using the separation of variables, Zhao et al. (2015) investigated the MHD

flow of generalized Maxwell fluids in a rectangular micropump under the AC electric field.

In another study, the finite-size ion (steric) affects the streaming potential and heat transfer

on an electrokinetic flow with viscous dissipation, and Joule heating was discussed for

power-law fluids Sarkar et al. (2017) and Newtonian fluids Zhao et al. (2016) under the

influence of superimposed magnetic fields. Recently, Kundu and Saha (2017) eviewed the

electrokinetic flow in microchannels. A survey was conducted that determined the velocity,

temperature, Nusselt number, and volumetric flow rate by several analytical, numerical, and

17
combinations along with different parameters. The momentum and energy equations govern

these parameters with the influences of electric, magnetic, or both fields at various

preconditions. Moreover, Wang et al. (2021) investigated the study the unsteady

electroosmotic flow of viscoelastic fluids combined with a constant pressure gradient and

vertical magnetic field through a parallel plate microchannel. Acknwoledging that the upper

and bottom walls of the parallel plate microchannel in microfluidic devices can be made of

different materials, this leads to different hydrophobic properties, asymmetric zetawall

potentials, and different slip boundary conditions. The Navier slip model with different slip

coefficients at walls is considered. Motivated by the above studies, the aim of this paper is to

analyze the role of heat source/sink unsteady electromagnetohydrodynamic electroosmotic

flow of viscoelastic fluids in a parallel plate microchannel. Different slip boundary

conditions caused by the upper and bottom walls of the parallel plate microchannel made of

different materials are considered.

2.5 Heat Source/Sink

Haet sink is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a

mechanical device into a coolant fluid motion while heat source is an object that produces or

radiates heat. Taiwo et al (2020) examined the influence of isothermal and isoflux

heating/cooling with heat source/sink on unsteady hydromagnetic free convective flow of a

viscous incompressible fluid in an annulus. The flow is induced by the buoyancy forces due

to temperature differences as a result of the isothermal heating and constant heat flux applied

on the outer surface of the inner cylinder. Oni and Jha (2019) investigated the role of heat

generation/absorption on natural convection flow formation in a vertical annulus with

prescribed time-periodic heating. Results show that the inclusion of heat

18
generation/absorption parameter removes the singularity point in periodic velocity and skin

friction for unity Prandtl number. In addition, heat generation/absorption parameter

respectively increase/decrease periodic temperature distribution, velocity profile, Nusselt

number and skin-friction at the surfaces of the cylinders.

CHAPTER THREE

PROBLEM FORMULATION

EDL

−¿ + −¿ + −¿
+ −¿
−¿ −¿ −¿ + −¿ g
−¿
L +
−¿ + 19 −¿ −¿
By
+
−¿ −¿
−¿ −¿ -+ −¿
+ + −¿
+ + +
+ −¿ −¿ Ex
−¿ −¿ −¿
 Figure 3.1

3.1 Role of Temperature Dependent and Time Periodic Heat Source/Sink Transient

Natural Convection Flow with Electroostic Effect

The unsteady electromagnetohydrodynamic electroosmotic flow viscous incompressible

fluids in a parallel plate microchannel is considered. The physical sketch of the problem and

the coordinate system is shown in Fig.3 1.

20
We assumed that: The length of the channel L far outweigh the height H and width W, i.e.,

L>>H and L>>W. Thus, the velocity along the z direction can be neglected. The form of the

velocity field can be denoted by u = (u(y, t), 0, 0).

i. A direct current electrical field E = (Ex, 0,−Ez ), a homogeneous magnetic field

B = (0, By, 0) .The flow is achieved by electrical body force and Lorentz force.

Electrical body force ρeE is produced by the the direct current electrical field an

Lorentz force J × B is generated by the interaction of electric current with magnetic

field, where J = σ(E + u × B) is given by the Ohm’s law.

ii. The upper and bottom walls are made of different materials, resulting in different

hydrophobic properties, and different slip boundary conditions.

With the theory of electrostatics, the Poisson equation for the net electric charge density

inside the electrical double layer (EDL) ρe and potential ψ is presented as:

d ψ −ρe z 0 eψ
2

2
= , ρe =−2 n 0 z 0 esinh( ), (3.1)
dy ε KbT

where ε denotes the dielectric constant of the fluid, n 0 denotes the bulk concentration of the

ions, e denotes the elementary electronic charge, z 0 presents the valence of the ions, K b

presents the Boltzmann constant, and T means the absolute temperature. Based on the

assumptions of the small values of electrical potential ψ in EDL, equation (1) can be

linearized as the following form by using the Debye–Hückel approximation

2
d ψ 2 1
2
=k ψ k ¿ (2 n0 z 02 e2 / ε K b T ) 2 (3.2)
dy

For the microchannel flow, the boundary wall maintains a constant zeta potential, the effect

of it gradually reduces from the wall to the fluid, and it is a minimum at the center of the

21
channel. Therefore, the mathematical expressions of the boundary conditions for the zeta

potential are:

dψ
At Y =1 , ψ=ξ 1 At Y =0 , =0 (3.3)
dY

In the flow field, the governing continuity and Navier–Stokes’ equations are in vector

notations, respectively, as:

2
ρ ( U . ∇ U ) =−∇ P+ μ ∇ U + F (3.4)

Where U =( i^ u+ ^j v + ^k w) the induced velocity is vector and μ is the fluid viscosity. The net

body force acting on the fluid element is due to the electric field and magnetic field applied

and it is called Lorentz force. The electromagnetic body force can be defined as:

F=ρe E +J × B . where E=E x −E z is the applied electric field and J is the current density

vector, which is expressed as mention earlier, where σ is the electrical conductivity of the

fluid and B= ^j B y , which is the magnetic field acting in the y-direction. Energy and

momentum balance in the electromagnetic hydrodynamic flow field in the x-direction

simplifies to:
2
∂T ∂ T
=α 2
+¿ Q (3.5)
∂t ∂y

∂u ∂2 u σ B2 u ρ e E σ B z B
=υ 2 + gβ ( T −T 0 ) − + + x
(3.6)
∂t ∂y ρ0 ρ0 ρ0

Subject to:

t ≤ 0 , u=0 ,T =T 0 0≤ y ≤ H (3.7)

{
du dT
u ( y )=α ' ,T ( y )=T 0+ δ ' at y =0
t >0 dy dy
(3.8)
du dT
¿ u ( y ) =−α ' , T ( y )=T w −δ ' at y =H
dy dy

22
 In which we study the energy equation in two ways;

i. the first scenario we will consider the equation with time periodic term, that is

Q=Q 0 sin ⁡(ωt ),

ii. we will investigate the situation with temperature dependent, that is Q=Q 0 ⁡(T −T 0).

3.2 Suction/Injection Effect on Electromagnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection Flow

in a Vertical Channel EDL

−¿ + −¿ + −¿ −¿
+
−¿ −¿ −¿ + −¿ g
−¿
L + By
−¿ + −¿ −¿
+
−¿ −¿ −¿+
−¿ −¿ -+
+ + + −¿
+
+ −¿ −¿ Ex
−¿ −¿ −¿
−¿ + Ez
+ −¿
−¿ + −¿
−¿ u +
−¿ −¿
−¿ + −¿+ −¿
−¿
−¿ +
−¿ + −¿
−¿ −¿ Injection wall
Suction wall
−¿ −¿ H −¿ −¿
+
+ −¿ ψ ( H )=ξ 1
T ( 0 )=T 0+ δ '
dT (0) −¿ + −¿ ++ + −¿ −¿
dy −¿ −¿ dT (H )
−¿ + −¿+ −¿ T ( H ) =T w −δ '
dy
du(0) −¿ +
u ( 0 ) =α ' + −¿
dy −¿ −¿ + −¿ −¿ du(H )
x −¿ −¿+ u ( H )=−α '
+ dy
−¿ + −¿
+ −¿
−¿ −¿+ −¿
−¿ −¿ By
+ +
−¿ + −¿ −¿ −¿
y −¿
−¿+ + −¿
−¿ y=0
dψ (0) y=H
z =ξ
dy 0
Using the information from figure 3.2, and the assumptions made in heading (3.2) above, we
Figure 3.2
are going to investigate the effect of suction/injection on electromagnetohydrodynamic

23
natural convection flow in a vertical channel. By introducing the suction/injection term, (3.5)

and (3.6) will now deduce to

i. suction/injection with periodic heat source/sink

2
∂T ∂ T ∂T
=α 2
+ ν0 +Q 0 (sin ( ωt ) ) (3.9)
∂t ∂y ∂y

ii. suction/injection with temperature dependent heat source/sink

2
∂T ∂ T ∂T
=α 2
+ ν0 +Q0 (T −T 0 ) (3.10)
∂t ∂y ∂y

∂u ∂2 u ∂T σ B2 u ρ e E σ Bz B
=υ 2 + ν 0 + gβ ( T −T 0 )− + +x
(3.11)
∂t ∂y ∂y ρ0 ρ0 ρ0

Subject to equation (3.7) and (3.8).

3.3 Dimensionaless Analysis:

The following dimensionless parameters are used to transform the governing equations (3.5-

3.10) into their respective dimensionless forms:

uH T −T 0 y tυ υ ωH
2 3
H Ex ε α' ¿ δ '
U= , θ= , Y = ,ζ = 2 , Pr = , δ= , E x= α= ,δ = ,
υ T ω−T 0 H H α υ υ ρ0 H H

v0 υ T −T 0
S0 = , ξt= (3.12)
H T w −T 0

Now, equations (3.5) – (3.10) become

For time periodic heat source/sink

2
∂θ 1 ∂ θ A
= + [ a sin ( δζ ) ] (3.13)
∂ ζ Pr ∂ y 2 Pr

24
For temperature dependent heat source/sink
2
∂θ 1 ∂ θ A
= + [bθ] (3.14)
∂ ζ Pr ∂ y 2 Pr

2
∂U ∂ U 2 2
= 2 +Grθ−Ha U +S z H a −E x K ψ (3.15)
∂ζ ∂ y

For suction/injection periodic heat source

2
∂θ 1 ∂ θ dθ A
= 2
+ S0 + [ a sin ( δζ ) ] (3.16)
∂ ζ Pr ∂ Y dY Pr

For suction/injection temperature dependent heat source

2
∂θ 1 ∂ θ dθ A
= 2
+ S0 + [ b(T −T 0) ] (3.17)
∂ ζ Pr ∂ Y dY Pr

2
∂U ∂ U dθ 2 2
= 2 + S0 +Grθ−Ha U +S z H a−E x K ψ (3.18)
∂ζ ∂ y dY

t ≤ 0 , θ=0 ,U =0 ∀ Y (3.19)

{
dU dθ
U ( Y ) =α ,θ ( Y ) =ξ t +δ ¿ at Y =0
t >0 dY dY
(3.20)
dU dθ
¿ U ( Y ) =−α ,θ ( Y )=1−δ ¿ at Y =1
dY dY

√
1 1 σ ν ωH
2
Where the constant A=H 2 ,a= , ¿ , H a =BH , Pr= , δ= ,
α (T ω −T 0 ) α ρ0 υ α ν

H Ez √σ
3 2
gβ (T −T 0 ) H ρe 2
Gr= , S z= , =−K ψ
ν
2
υ √ υ ρ0 ε

(3.21)

Ha is the Hartmann number, which gives an estimate of the magnetic force compared to the

viscous force.

S z is a dimensionless parameter representing the electric field strength of the z direction.

25
 S0 is suction/injection parameter

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Conclusion

In this thesis thesis proposal, the role of heat source/sink on electromaagnetohydrodynamic

flowwith electroosmotic effect in micro-channek will be carried out. The governing electric

potential, momentum and energy equations are formulated with their physical initial and

boundary conditions. The aim and objectives of each problem has been clearly stated out with

the corresponding methods of achieving these objectives. On concluding this work, it would

answer the afford mention statement of problem.

As mentioned earlier on the applications Unsteady Heat Source/Sink

Electromagnetohydrodynamics Natural convection flow in a Microchannel. On concluding this

research, it will aid engineers, researchers and industries a good understanding in design and

implementations of afford mention applications.

26
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29
 Numeclature
A Constant

a Constant

b Constant

B0 Constant applied magnetic field (Wbm-2)

Ez Electric field in z direction

Ex Electric field in x direction

Ex Electric field (Dimensionless)

g Gravity acceleration (ms-2)

Gr Grashof number

H Height of the walls

Ha Hartmann Number (Dimensionless magnetic field parameter)

K Debye–Hückel constant

Pr Prandtl number

Q0 Dimensional heat source (kJs-s)

S Laplace Parameter

30
S0 Suction/injection parameter

Sz Electric Strength in z direction (Dimensionless)

t Time of flow (Dimentional)

T Dimentional temperature of the fluid

T0 Initial temperature (Dimentional)

Tw Wall Temperature (Dimentional)

u Dimensional velocity of the fluid

U Dimensionless velocity

Greek Alphabet

α' Thermal diffusivity

α Thermal diffusivity (dimensionless)

β Coefficient of thermal expansion

ε Dielectric constant of the fluid

σ Electrical conductivity of the fluid

ξ0 Zeta–wall interaction parameter

ξ1 Zeta–wall interaction parameter

ξt Fluid–wall interaction parameter

ψ Electric Potential

θ Temperature of the fluid (Dimensionless)

δ Constant rotational velocity

¿
δ Slip coefficient

ω Frequency of time-periodic heating

υ Kinematic viscosity

31
υ0 Initial velocity

ζ Dimensionless time

ρe Charge density

ρ0 Fluid density

32