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Active Database System Approach and Rule Based in the Development of

Academic Information System

Article in International Journal of Engineering and Technology · May 2018

DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i2.26.14361

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 International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (2.26) (2018) 95-101

International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET

Research paper

Active Database System Approach and Rule Based in the

Development of Academic Information System
M. Miftakul Amin1, Andino Maseleno2*, Shankar K.3, Eswaran Perumal4,
R.M. Vidhyavathi5, Lakshmanaprabu SK6
1Politeknik
Negeri Sriwijaya Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia
2STMIK Pringsewu, Lampung, Indonesia
3Assistant Professor, School of Computing, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Tamilnadu, India.
4Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Alagappa University, Tamilnadu, India
5Assistant Professor, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Tamilnadu, India.
6Research Scholar, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, BS Abdur Rahman

Crescent Institute of science and Technology, Chennai, India.

*Corresponding author E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

Active database system is a database system which is capable of generating a certain action automatically if it detects an event that meets
certain conditions. The existence of Event Condition Action (ECA) rules and functional components such as triggers, stored procedures,
and stored functions that are owned by active database system make the database system has the ability to automatically monitor input
and output data. Separation of ECA rules components in the database with the application program will also facilitate the development of
information systems. This research applies active database system in academic information system, so that academic business rules can
be planted in database software and be able to produce the right solution automatically. The addition of active database system compo-
nents to the database software makes procedures such as subject distribution, study plans, academic leave, values, thesis defense and
other processes can be monitored by the system automatically. This can be done because between applications and databases use the
model driven approach parameters to communicate with each other. The results of this research prove that a database is not only has
function as a container of data, but can control the information system actively, this is caused by the logic of programs that are generally
planted in the application layer that can be moved and planted in the database software.

Keywords: active database system, ECA rules, trigger

Academic data processing can be processed using Active Database

1. Introduction System which is expected to provide accurate information
processing solution of the changes that occur.
Along with the increase in needs and requests of users in the speed Database system that has been used is a passive database because
of data processing and ease in data management at an institution, the data and information is very dependent with the program code
then the current technological developments must also be able to in the application layer, in the sense that the database only serves
meet those needs. This is not regardless to the ability of the as a container of data without being able to do anything. Therefore
database as a container and data processor which is expected to it can use an alternative Active Database System which is a
store valid data. Even today the need for data and information is database system capable of generating a specific action based on
not only stored and accessed within the scope of an organization, the conditions that occur in accordance with the constraint created
but can be exchanged between organizations despite using and not completely dependent on the program code in the
heterogeneous platforms with Service Oriented Architecture application layer in executing the command.
(SOA) technology [1]. So most of the processing logic is in the database compared to the
In an information system, user’s needs and demands determine application program layer. In Active Database known term ECA
business rules that will be managed its data, in this study the user (Event Condition Action) Rule, Stored Procedure, trigger which is
needs to be focused on business rules to process academic data in a component of Active Database system builder.
Higher Education.
The current academic information system is not equipped with
business rules that explicitly can be traced by the system
2. Related Works
developer (programmer), because all business rules are fully
embedded in the program code in the application layer, so it needs Research that was conducted by Kurds [2] uses a client/ server
to be made an information system development model by first computing model so that the system can run on several client
modeling business rules in the representation of knowledge. This computers. On the server side using MS database. SQL Server
is related to the condition where if at any time the academic 2000 by using the ActiveX Data Object (ADO) data access meth-
information system is experiencing changes in business rules. od. The built system is capable of converting data from the old
Copyright © 2018 M. Miftakul Amin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
96 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

system (DBASE) to the new system (MS SQL Server 2000). Thus
the data can be integrated on one database system so as to facili-
tate the maintenance and management of data.
Efendi [3] conducted the research about Academic Information DBMS
Database
System in terms of Human and Computer Interaction aspects. This
research build the analysis on the questionnaire data collected
from the respondents which consist of lecturers, administrators,
CRUD (Create, Read,
colleges and students leaders. This research gives conclusion that Update, and Delete)
Operation
need to be pursued an Academic Information System which user
friendly and interesting so user do not feel saturated. This research
also gives recommendation to develop an application of web-
based academic information system. Fachrurrozi [4] examined the DBA TOOLS Application

improvement of the functionality of an academic information sys-

tem by restructuring the data in the database design as well as the Fig. 1: Passive Database Architecture
DBMS environment used. Data restructuring is done with several
stages, ie analysis on the old system, data reengineering, imple- In the Passive Database architecture in Figure 1 it is shown that
mentation of the results obtained by moving data existing in the the database serves only as a data container. Program logic is fully
old system into the new system, as well as testing the data that has embedded in the program or application layer. While the Active
been moved to the new DBMS environment. Database not only serves as a container of data, but also has addi-
Paton [5] had implemented a case of using Active Database Man- tional functionality that can be used to replace the program logic
agement System in processing a portfolio database. The applica- into the database software. The shape of the Active Database ar-
tion has been able to implement ADBMS in monitoring transac- chitecture is shown in Figure 2.
tions and generating reports periodically. In this research are given DBMS
many examples of rules and how the script creation rule is built,
RULE BASE
described also about designing the rule and analyze it. Lanova [6] ...
- CONSTRAINT
- ASSERTION
RULE (COVERING ACTION)
used Active Database as a constraint in conducting scheduling. Database ...
- TRIGGERS
- STORED PROCEDURE
Lanova research utilizes many triggers and stored procedures as
implementations of constraints implanted in the Database Man-
CRUD (Create, Read,
agement System. The implemented Active Database has resulted Update, and Delete)
Operation
in a correct and accurate schedule solution.
One important feature of Active Database System is the rule
scheduler. Evaluation of the rule scheduler can be done with 5
criteria such as average response time, response time variance, DBA TOOLS Application

throughput, time overhead per transaction, and CPU utilization

[7]. To measure the performance of active database system can Fig. 2: Active Database Architecture
also be done by using buffer management [8]. The research by
Guo [9] has undertaken an analysis of the shortcomings of the Figure 2 shows that to implement an Active Database in building
traditional administrative education management system, which the information system required additional functionality of the
further proposes an educational administration management sys- database software in the form of constraints, assertions, triggers,
tem using an active database embedded in the program. Research stored procedures to adjust the features provided by the database
shows that in real-time active database service system is efficient software. The functionality is used to replace the logic and pro-
and feasible to be implemented. gram algorithms generally grown in the application layer moved
The application of rule-based that is also used in the field of in- into the database software.
formation system and software development is research conducted An information system usually consists of data management and
by Ephzibah [10]. This research used rule-based and some algo- presentation (end user). When the information system implements
rithms in machine learning to build a disease diagnosis framework business rules in the development of information systems, there
combined with Big Data management process. This framework are three layers of data management, presentation (end user) and
can serve as a reference for medical doctors to assist in diagnosing the layer of business rules (rule layer). These business rules are
illness. stored in a repository in the database software [12].
When developing an information system on the basis of business
rules, physically the business rules are stored in a repository or
3. Active Database System data storage that can be managed and changed at any time using
the available software. There are 2 approaches that can be used in
Active Database Management System (ADBMS) is essentially a developing information systems [12]. First, the rules are stored in
passive, conventional database, with the possibility to behave a database software. These rules are identified by a number of
reactively. The addition of the reactive functionality is character- attributes or values in the form of parameters that are able to
ized by an ECA-rules (event-condition-action rules) defined by an communicate with front-end applications that use rules. The appli-
event, a check of conditions, and if true, an action is executed cation will send the values of parameters that have been defined in
[11]. Once a group of rules is defined, an Active Database Man- the rules stored in the database. So through these parameters the
agement System will monitor the event. application and database communicate with each other to ex-
The frequently used Active Database Architecture is included in a change data and information. Second, Independent Process Driven
layered architecture system where all Active Database compo- Approach. In this approach, the rules follow the traditional system
nents are located on a conventional database. In this system archi- of information systems development. Rules are translated into the
tecture, the conventional database can be converted into Active program code in the app directly. These rules are not stored in the
Database without the need to modify the Passive Database as a database, but in a separate layer, so they can be accessed any time
whole. The shape of the Passive Database architecture is shown in when the system requires the execution of those rules.
Figure 1. An active database management system (ADBMS) is a conven-
tional database system which reacting to multiple events occurring
on both, database and beyond it. This can be done with the ECA
(Event-Condition-Action) Rules. ECA Rules can be implemented
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 97

using either trigger or active rule [13]. After a series of rules has study was a case example of the application of active database
been determined, an ADBMS monitors the relevant event and then system. The software used in making this program using MS.
notifies the component responsible for executing a rule. A condi- Visual Basic 6.0 and MS database management system. SQL
tion is evaluated, if met then ADBMS will execute an action [14]. Server 2000. Some rules were embedded in the database layer of
An Active Database Management System (ADBMS) is an event management systems that were implemented in the form of stored
driven system, where operations such as data changes produce procedures, stored functions and triggers that pass on databases
events that can be monitored by active rules [15]. Based on the and tables. In this section we will present some implementation
event, an ADBMS is categorized into 2 groups: simple and com- results from the rule-based academic information system using the
plex events [16]. Examples of simple events are basic database active database system, since the developed information system
operations such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and time was quite complex and involves the input/output form.
events. Complex events consist of one or more events associated
with logical operators. Examples of complex events like REPEAT, 5.1 Main Menu
SEQUENCE or NEGATION.
The main menu is the integration of all services within the rules-
4. Rule Based based academic information system. The concept built in the main
menu used the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) model with
the goal of more than one form that can be run simultaneously in
Methods and algorithms in the field of artificial intelligence (AI)
the main menu. At the top of the menu there is a pool down menu
is currently widely used in the field of software engineering and
that can be used to select a particular operation to be run. In the
development of information systems. Rule-based systems (RBSs)
middle there is a section used to display the form or report that is
made from research in the field of AI which in its development
being run. On the left side there is a sidebar menu for user infor-
can be implemented in information system specially in the data-
mation, while at the bottom there is a toolbar menu to tell the user
base field information system [17]. Another AI method that also
date and time information. The main system menu view is shown
used in the field of information systems is a study conducted by
in Figure 3.
Sharm [18] that used a neuro fuzzy system to measure the estima-
tion and reliability of component-based software systems
(CBSSs). In the field of software testing, AI methods are also used
such as the Fault Detection Technique using Learn To Rank
(LTR) [19]. While in the field of project management, research
conducted by Kermani [20] has implemented fuzzy logic to con-
trol the cost and time in project risk management.
There are two approaches in applying rule-based systems in the
database management system, ie deductive database systems and
active database systems. Rules in the active database management
system can be used as complement to the programming language
source code used in the application, and packaged in modules and
functions [21]. The rules play a dynamic role to handle various
events and conditions that occur during program execution.
Rules provide a formal way to represent recommendations, direc- Fig. 3: System Main Menu
tions, or strategies. Production rules are written in if-then (if-then)
form. The if-then rule connects the antecedents with the conse- 5.2 Course Distribution
quences it causes. A variety of if-then rule structures that connect
objects or attributes as follows: At the beginning of each semester, the courses offered are
IF premise THEN conclusion distributed with class, faculty, day, hour, and classroom. Subjects
IF input THEN output
IF condition THEN action that have been distributed as a reference by students to take the
IF antecedent THEN consequent study plan card. This lecture distribution menu has rules that are
IF data THEN results planted in the table of subject distribution in the form of triggers.
IF action THEN purpose
IF action THEN reaction Scripts that are planted in triggers follow rules that have been
represented using the rules of production (rule) as follows:
The premise refers to facts that must be true before certain conclu- R1: IF course is distributed
sions are obtained. Input refers to data that must be available be- THEN set the course
fore output can be obtained. Conditions that refer to the circum- AND specify academic year
stances that must apply before the action can be taken. Anteced-
AND specify academic semester
ents refer to situations that occur before the consequences can be
observed. Data refers to the information that should be available AND specify the class
so that a result can be obtained. Action refers to activities to be AND specify the course
performed before results can be expected. Action refers to activi- AND specify lecturer
ties that cause the effects of such actions to occur. Because it re- AND specify class quota
fers to certain circumstances that cause a certain effect. Symptoms AND define the day
refer to circumstances that cause certain damage or circumstances AND specify lecture sessions
that lead to the examination.
The display of the course distribution form can be seen as in
Figure 4.
5. Implementation
From the results of research that had been done, obtained an aca-
demic information system in which there was database software,
where the business rules were planted using the concept of active
database system. Academic information system created in this
98 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

FROM INSERTED INS

IF UPDATE (mark)
UPDATE tkrs
SET weights = dbo.getWeighted (@values)
WHERE id = @ vid
Furthermore, the process of weighting involves calling
the stored function dbo.getWeighted (@value) with the parameter
of the string value.
ALTER FUNCTION getWeighted
(
Fig. 4: Course Distribution Menu
@ arg1 AS char (1)
)
If the user does not fill in the class while saving the course
distribution data, it will show confirmation from the system like RETURNS decimal (18,0)
Figure 5. US
BEGIN
RETURN CASE
WHEN @ arg1 = 'A' THEN @weightedA
WHEN @ arg1 = 'B' THEN @weightedB
WHEN @ arg1 = 'C' THEN @weightedC
WHEN @ arg1 = 'D' THEN @weightedD
WHEN @ arg1 = 'E' THEN @weightedE
WHEN @ arg1 = 'K' THEN 0.00
Fig. 5: Error message from Trigger Active Database System
ELSE NULL
The system confirmation in Figure 5 is not triggered by the script END
planted in the application, but the result of a database trigger that END
has been planted in a table conditioned before the data entry If the mark column in the table is changed, then the trigger that is
process is executed. Confirmation of the system will cancel the planted in the table will be activated according to the rule on R5 as
process of storing data into the table. The system confirmation as shown in Figure 6.
in Figure 5 will appear if any rules specified in R1 are not met.
For example there are unallocated day data, unfilled semester data,
and other data that have been specified in R1 rules.

5.3 Student Mark Entry

After the lecture in a semester is completed, the score given by the
lecturer can be entered into the system. The process of
incorporating this score is based on the course data taken by the
students in accordance with the planned study. Each mark is filled,
then the weight of the mark will change automatically. This
weight change is triggered by a trigger that is planted in the table
that will be activated when there is a column of data-modified
marks. For example, this mark-weighting process matches the
rules defined in R5 rules as follows:
R5: IF there is a mark-weighted calculation
command
THEN
Fig. 6: Student Mark Entry Process
IF mark = 'A' THEN weighted = 4
IF mark = 'B' THEN weighted = 3
IF mark = 'C' THEN weighted = 2
6. Results and Discussion
IF mark = 'D' THEN weighted = 1
From the results of research that has been done, obtained an aca-
IF mark = 'E' THEN weighted = 0
demic information system in which there is software database
IF mark = 'K' THEN weighted are not calculated where the business rules are planted using the concept of active
Rule that is planted active database system, implemented in the database system. Academic information system created in this
form of trigger and activated if the mark column is changed. The study is a sample case of the active database system application.
contents of the trigger are: The software used in making this program is Visual Basic 6.0 and
ALTER TRIGGER au_tkrs MS. SQL Server 2000.
Comparison of systems that use passive database with system
ON dbo.tkrs
using active database can be seen in Table 1.
AFTER UPDATE
US Table 1: Comparison of passive database system and active database
DECLARE @vid numeric (30.0), @ mark char (2) system
Comparison Passive Database Active Database
SELECT
Application Consist of 2 layers, Consist of 3 layers, namely
@ vid = INS.id, layer namely data man- data management, rules
@ mark = INS.mark agement and layer and presentation layer.
presentation.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 99

Business process Rediscover the Simply change the appropri- No. Business Process Testing and Analysis
change program code in ate rules in the database the specified credits. In the trigger
the application, software. there is also a functionality to check
change the corre- the subject prerequisite data, if the
sponding rules and course is entered into credit while the
reinstall the appli- course has not been taken yet it will
cation. be given a warning by the active
Script Program The entire program Some of the program code is database that the course has a pre-
code is stored in stored in the database soft- requisite
the application. ware, so inside the applica- 3. Assessment Evalua- This evaluation is planted in the
tion the program code is tion trigger table credit and will be acti-
simpler. vated when a value of quality letter is
Service Complex and com- Limited to rules embedded inserted into the system. Active
plete in database software. database automatically generates
Programming All business rules Some of the rules embedded quality weights for each quality letter
language migra- are rewritten using in database software can still grade entered into the system accord-
tion a new program- be used using a new pro- ing to the weights specified in the
ming language. gramming language. rules.
Data processing Data processing Database software can per- 4. Study results evalua- The process of evaluating the results
depends entirely on form certain action. tion of this study is carried out by stored
the application. functions that are planted in an active
database. Stored function has been
The criteria used in this test is the testing of business rules that able to generate semester achieve-
have been planted in the academic information system using trig- ment index (IPS) and cumulative
gers, stored procedures and stored functions that become Active grade point (GPA) of each student.
The calling of this function is suffi-
Database System components, then tested using test data (academ- cient to include the specified parame-
ic data) related to the business rules. In Table 2 we can see some ters.
of the tests that have been done on the built system. 5. Repetition of Educa- To display the list of values by tak-
tional Activities ing the repeat course taken only the
Table 2: Result of Active Database testing and analysis best value, then used the view feature
No. Business Process Testing and Analysis to display the list of courses. With
1. Course distribution Including some data distribution of this view then the system can display
the course into the system, if there is the list of courses with the best value.
incomplete data at the time of filling, 6. Repetition of Educa- Filling data into educational leave
then the active database gives infor- tional Activities can be handled using triggers that are
mation to the application that the planted in the leave table. If the
information is filled incomplete and terms of the leave requirements such
the data entry process is canceled by as having passed the first two years
active database. of evaluation, the GPA is more than
2, and has accumulated at least 30
At the time the data is entered into credits which are not fulfilled by the
the database, then there is an active student data entered, the active data-
trigger and check whether the data base is able to monitor the data to be
must be entered incomplete. If the entered into the database.
data entered is complete and valid, A message is displayed in accord-
then the data will be recorded in the ance with data conditions that do not
database, otherwise the error mes- fulfil the specified rules.
sage is raised and the data recording 7. Rule parameters Some rules embedded in the database
process is canceled. The following change software have parameters that can be
figure provides information about changed. The value changes of the
data validation triggered by the trig- parameter can be performed from the
ger on the subject distribution application program and simultane-
process if at the time of data class ously affect the actions performed by
filling does not exist. the rules within the database soft-
2. Credit filling Credit filling process is made in two ware.
models, namely charging credit for
new students and charging credit for From some test results it can be seen that the academic infor-
old students. Charging credit for new mation system by using Active Database is able to monitor out
students using a stored procedure
and the entry of data in academic information systems, if the input
sp_kelaskan_mhs_baru. By using
stored procedure that has been suc- of the user who is initializing the system has not violated the rules.
cessfully done the process of place-
ment of new students in a particular 6.1 Driven Approach Parameter in Trigger
class, and making credit for the new Trigger is a program that is stored in the table and will be execut-
student automatically. ed when the process of manipulating data in the table, such as
addition, conversion and deletion of data. When a data set is en-
While the credit process of old stu-
tered into a record in a table, the active database system has a
dents has been able to check the
amount of credit taken in the relevant temporary table named INSERTED that will hold the data entered
semester based on the achievement into the table. All data entered into the table can be identified by
of the previous semester evaluation. <inserted> table name. <Column name>.
When credit data is recorded into the
database, a trigger will be activated, 6.2 Driven Approach Parameter in Stored Procedure
then check the number of credits Stored procedure is another feature provided by active database
entered and compared to credis that
system. Stored procedure can be directly called from the front-end
can be loaded, so credits entered into
credit (KRS system) do not exceed application, so to run a stored procedure, only applications that
support the use of stored procedures that can run it. In the academ-
100 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

ic information system there is a stored procedure to conduct stu- need to be input to use the function and what return value to know
dent evaluation of the achievement of the study during the first 2 with the data type.
years. The stored procedure script is stored in an active database For example, an application built using Borland Delphi to access
with the name sp_evaluasi_2tahun. With parameters in the form the active database has been created. Applications can use stored
of study program code and force. functions that are embedded in the academic information system
database. For example to get the number of GPA from a student
6.3 Driven Approach Parameter in Stored Function can use stored function that has been planted in active database.
The Delphi programmer simply knows the name of the function
Stored function serves to generate return values that can later be and parameters passed to the function and the return value gener-
used to process important information in the system. As with ated by the stored function, which can be modeled as follows:
stored procedures, stored functions can also have parameters that Dbo.getIPK(@npm varchar(20)) RETURNS deci-
mal(9,2)
must be filled when calling them, otherwise the stored function
can also return a value that can not be found in a stored procedure. From the information structure above, the Delphi programmer
With this stored function, the front-end application can call the simply create a connection to the database, then declare a record-
functions stored in the active database system without the need to set to perform a query to the database eg:
strSQL = "SELECT dbo.getIPK('" + npm.Text
re-create it. In the rules that are planted in the active database + "')"
system, there is a stored function to get the credit quota that can be Further query results can be used in applications created using
taken at the time of registering CREDIT based on the semester Borland Delphi. The important thing to keep in mind is that de-
achievement index (IPS). veloping a system requires a thorough understanding of the system
R8: IF the student takes the study plan
THEN to be developed.
IF IP ≥ 3,00 THEN takes credit as many as 21-24
IF IP ≥ 2,50 AND IP<2,99 THEN takes the maximum 6.5 Parameter Change Rules
credit as many as 18-21
IF IP ≥ 2,00 AND IP<2,49 THEN takes maximum Some rules embedded in the database software have value pa-
credit as many as 15-18
rameters used by the system. These parameters can be changed by
IF IP ≥ 1,50 AND IP<1,99 THEN takes maximum
credit as many as 12-115 the app users if there are any rule changes during system trips that
IF IP <1,50 THEN takes maximum credit as many require changing the parameter values in the rule. With the facility
as 12 of parameter changes this rule can also provide an understanding
At the time of filling the credits there is a calling stored function to the user associated with the rules that have been planted in the
based on R8 rules. The stored function is shown in the following database software.
script:
6.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of the System
ALTER FUNCTION getJatahCREDIT
( The system developed using this active database system has sev-
@vips AS decimal(9,2)
eral advantages among others :
)
RETURNS int 1. Some rules that are embedded in the active database system
AS can be changed and adjusted to the business rules applied
BEGIN without dissecting the program code in the application. This
RETURN CASE will also make writing the program code on the application
WHEN @vips>=3.00 AND @vips<=4.00 THEN 24 – side/front-end to be simpler.
maximum credit 2. If at any time the application on the front-end side will be
WHEN @vips>=2.50 AND @vips<=2.99 THEN 21 –
developed with other programming languages, then the rules
maximum credit
WHEN @vips>=2.00 AND @vips<=2.49 THEN 18 – that have been planted in the database software can be reused
maximum credit by the application.
WHEN @vips>=1.50 AND @vips<=1.99 THEN 15 – 3. In the use of active database system, the database not only acts
maximum credit as a container of data but also to apply reactive changes in da-
ELSE 12 ta on the database.
END
END In addition to the advantages possessed by the system developed,
this system also has disadvantages, namely:
The stored function will then be used to validate the number of 1. Implementation of active database system in this case take the
credits taken based on the previous semester achievement index. If case of academic information system based on this rule that
at any time the rule the maximum number of credits that the sys- have consequences to make programming in database side
tem will use change due to policy changes in its business rules become more complex.
then there is no need to re-open the front-end application script, 2. The development of the system is limited by following the
simply change the value stored in the stored function. business rules embedded in the database software.

6.4 Migration to Different Development Tools

7. Conclusion
The rules that have been planted in an active database system can
be used by other development tools, noting that the development From the results of research that has been done, researchers can be
tools can connect to the database and execute stored procedures. concluded some conclusions. The existence of ECA Rules can be
This is happened if one day the front-end application that will be used to translate the business rules of an information system and
developed with different programming languages. To use the ac- produce an active database system which is capable to monitor the
tive database system in the form of trigger, stored procedure, and application which in this study take the case of academic infor-
stored function features, it is necessary to know what triggers are mation systems. The existence of an active database system can
attached to a table, what procedure name is in the database and its help in developing an information system, because business rules
input parameters, then what function name and what parameters implemented in logic and program algorithms are stored in the
database, not fully stored in each application. So when a develop-
 International Journal of Engineering & Technology 101

ment tool can access the database, then the development tools can [21] Yadav, M.; Kumari, S. 2016. A Paradigm for Active Database
directly use the rules that are planted in the active database system. Management Systems. International Journal of Engineering and
The application environment serves as an input and output control Computer Science, vol.5, no.1, pp.15572-15577.
mechanism of data going in and out of the database, whereas pro-
gram logic and business rules are stored in the database software
to monitor the entire system and ensure that data processing runs
correctly.

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