Chapter 1 Introduction to WANs

CCNA Exploration 4.0

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Introduction

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What is a WAN?

A WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond the geographic scope of a LAN. WANs generally carry a variety of traffic types, such as voice, data, and video. Here are the three major characteristics of WANs: 1. Connect devices that are separated by a broader geographical area. 2. Use the services of carriers, such as telephone companies 3. Use serial connections

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Why Are WANs Necessary?

There are business needs that require communication among remote sites, including the following: People in the regional or branch offices of an organization need to be able to communicate and share data with the central site. Organizations often want to share information with other organizations across large distances. Employees who travel on company business frequently need to access information that resides on their corporate networks. It is now common in many households for consumers to communicate with banks, stores, and a variety of providers of goods and services via computers. Students do research for classes by accessing library indexes and publications located in other parts of their country and in other parts of the world.
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The Evolving Enterprise

Businesses and Their Networks As companies grow, they hire more employees, open branch offices, and expand into global markets. These changes also influence their requirements for integrated services and drive their network requirements. Small Office (Single LAN)

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The Evolving Enterprise

Campus (Multiple LANs) As the business has expanded, the network has also grown. Instead of a single small LAN, the network now consists of several subnetworks, each devoted to a different department. These multiple LANs are joined to create a company-wide network, or campus, which spans several floors of the building.

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The Evolving Enterprise

Branch (WAN) Another five years later, Span Engineering has been so successful with its patented process that demand for its services has skyrocketed, and new projects are now being built in other cities. To ensure that all parts of the business are able to access the same services and applications regardless of where the offices are located, the company now needs to implement a WAN.

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The Evolving Enterprise

Distributed (Global)

Span Engineering has now been in business for 20 years and has grown to thousands of employees distributed in offices worldwide. The company is also encouraging teleworking and virtual teams. Web-based applications, including web-conferencing, e-learning, and online collaboration tools, are being used to increase productivity and reduce costs. Site-to-site and remote access Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) enable the company to use the Internet to connect easily and securely with employees and facilities around the world.

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The Evolving Network Model

The Hierarchical Design Model The hierarchical network model is a useful high-level tool for designing a reliable network infrastructure. It provides a modular view of a network, making it easier to design and build a scalable network.

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The Evolving Network Model

The Hierarchical Network Model As you may recall from CCNA Exploration: the hierarchical network model divides a network into three layers: 1. Access layer-Grants user access to network devices. 2. Distribution layer-Aggregates the wiring closets. 3. Core layer (also referred to as the backbone) - A high-speed backbone that is designed to switch packets as fast as possible.

The figure represents the Hierarchical Network Model in campus environments.

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The Evolving Network Model

The Enterprise Architecture This architecture is designed to provide network planners with a roadmap for network growth as the business moves through different stages The following are some examples of the modules within the architecture that are relevant to the Span Engineering scenario described earlier: 1. Campus Architecture 2. Branch Architecture 3. Data Center Architecture 4. Teleworker Architecture

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The Enterprise Architecture

The Cisco Enterprise Architecture consists of modules representing focused views that target each place in the network. Each module has a distinct network infrastructure with services and network applications that extend across the modules. The Cisco Enterprise Architecture includes the following modules: 1. Enterprise Campus Architecture 2. Enterprise Edge Architecture 3. Enterprise Branch Architecture 4. Enterprise Data Center Architecture 5. Enterprise Teleworker Architecture
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The Topology

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1. Enterprise Campus Architecture

A campus network is a building or group of buildings connected into one enterprise network that consists of many LANs.

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Extra: Campus Infrastructure Module

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2. Enterprise Edge Architecture

This module offers connectivity to voice, video, and data services
outside the enterprise. This module enables the enterprise to use Internet, partner resources, and provide resources for its customers

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Extra: Enterprise Edge Module

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3. Enterprise Branch Architecture

This module allows businesses to extend the applications and services
found at the campus to thousands of remote locations and users or to a small group of branches.

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4. Enterprise Data Center Architecture

Data centers are responsible for managing and maintaining the many
data systems that are vital to modern business operations. Employees, partners, and customers rely on data and resources in the data center to effectively create, collaborate, and interact

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5. Enterprise Teleworker Architecture

Many businesses today offer a flexible work environment to their
employees, allowing them to telecommute from home offices.

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WAN Technology Overview

WANs and the OSI Model As described in relation to the OSI reference model, WAN operations focus primarily on Layer 1 and Layer 2. WAN access standards typically describe both physical layer delivery methods and data link layer requirements, including physical addressing, flow control, and encapsulation.

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WAN Physical Layer Concepts

WAN Physical Layer Terminology The figure illustrates the terminology commonly used to describe physical WAN connections, including:
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) Data Communications Equipment (DCE) Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Demarcation Point Local Loop Central Office (CO)

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WAN Physical Layer Concepts

WAN Devices WANs use numerous types of devices that are specific to WAN environments, including:
Modem CSU/DSU Access server WAN switch Router Core router

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Extra: Network Access Server

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WAN Physical Layer Concepts

WAN Physical Layer Standards WAN physical-layer protocols describe how to provide electrical, mechanical, operational, and functional connections for WAN services. The WAN physical layer also describes the interface between the DTE and the DCE.

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WAN Physical Layer Concepts

WAN Physical Layer Standards

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WAN Switching Concepts

Data Link Protocols Data link layer protocols define how data is encapsulated for transmission to remote sites and the mechanisms for transferring the resulting frames. A variety of different technologies, such as ISDN, Frame Relay, or ATM, are used. The most common WAN data-link protocols are: HDLC PPP Frame Relay ATM

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WAN Switching Concepts

WAN Encapsulation Data from the network layer is passed to the data link layer for delivery on a physical link, which is normally point-to-point on a WAN connection. The data link layer builds a frame around the network layer data so that the necessary checks and controls can be applied.

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WAN Switching Concepts

WAN Frame Encapsulation Formats The frame always starts and ends with an 8-bit flag field. The bit pattern is 01111110. The address field is not needed for WAN links, which are almost always point-to-point. The control field is protocol dependent, but usually indicates whether the content of the data is control information or network layer data.

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WAN Switching Concepts

WAN Frame Encapsulation Formats

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WAN Switching Concepts

Circuit Switching A circuit-switched network is one that establishes a dedicated circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate. The internal path taken by the circuit between exchanges is shared by a number of conversations. Time division multiplexing (TDM) gives each conversation a share of the connection in turn. TDM assures that a fixed capacity connection is made available to the subscriber.

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WAN Switching Concepts

Packet Switching In contrast to circuit switching, packet switching splits traffic data into packets that are routed over a shared network. Packet-switching networks do not require a circuit to be established, and they allow many pairs of nodes to communicate over the same channel. There are two approaches to this link determination, connectionless or connection-oriented.

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WAN Link Connection Options

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Dedicated Connection Link Options

Leased Lines When permanent dedicated connections are required, a point-to-point link is used to provide a pre-established WAN communications path from the customer premises through the provider network to a remote destination. Point-to-point lines are usually leased from a carrier and are called leased lines.

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Dedicated Connection Link Options

Line Types and Bandwidth

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Extra: Leased Line Services over ATM and SHDSL

RADs LA-110 integrated access devices and ACE-2002E ATM multiservice access concentrator support structured AAL1 over a V.35 interface.

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Extra: 64 kbps Leased Lines Services

RAD's ASM-31 2-wire multi-rate short range modem provides cost-effective remote access, operating in fullduplex mode over 2-wire twisted pair lines, at selectable data rates from 1.2 kbps to 128 kbps (or 38.4 kbps in asynchronous mode) over distances up to 5.4 kilometers (3.4 miles).

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Circuit Switched Connection Options

Analog Dialup When intermittent, low-volume data transfers are needed, modems and analog dialed telephone lines provide low capacity and dedicated switched connections. Traditional telephony uses a copper cable, called the local loop, to connect the telephone handset in the subscriber premises to the CO. The physical characteristics of the local loop and its connection to the PSTN limit the rate of the signal to less than 56 kb/s.

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Circuit Switched Connection Options

Integrated Services Digital Network Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a circuit-switching technology that enables the local loop of a PSTN to carry digital signals, resulting in higher capacity switched connections. SDN cahnges the internal connections of the PSTN from carrying analog signals to time-division multiplexed (TDM) digital signals. There are two types of ISDN interfaces: 1. Basic Rate Interface (BRI) 2. Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

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Packet Switched Connection Options

Common Packet Switching WAN Technologies The most common packet-switching technologies used in today's enterprise WAN networks include Frame Relay, ATM, and legacy X.25. X.25 X.25 is a legacy network-layer protocol that provides subscribers with a network address. Virtual circuits can be established through the network with call request packets to the target address. X.25 link speeds vary from 2400 b/s up to 2 Mb/s. Multiple channels can be active on a single connection.

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Packet Switched Connection Options

Frame Relay Frame Relay differs from X.25 in several ways. Most importantly, it is a much simpler protocol that works at the data link layer rather than the network layer. Frame Relay implements no error or flow control. Frame Relay offers data rates up to 4 Mb/s, with some providers offering even higher rates.

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Packet Switched Connection Options

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology is capable of transferring voice, video, and data through private and public networks. It is built on a cell-based architecture rather than on a frame-based architecture. ATM cells are always a fixed length of 53 bytes. ATM was designed to be extremely scalable and can support link speeds of T1/E1 to OC-12 (622 Mb/s) and higher.

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Internet Connection Options

Broadband Services Broadband connection options are typically used to connect telecommuting employees to a corporate site over the Internet. These options include cable, DSL, and wireless. DSL DSL technology is an always-on connection technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, and provides IP services to subscribers

The ADSL spectrum

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Extra: DSL Technology Options

Family
ADSL ADSL2 ADSL2plus ADSL2-RE SHDSL (updated 2003) VDSL VDSL2 -12 MHz long reach VDSL2 - 30 MHz Short reach

ITU
G.992.1 G.992.3 G.992.5 G.992.3 G.991.2 G.993.1 G.993.2 G.993.2

Name
G.dmt G.dmt.bis ADSL2plus Reach Extended G.SHDSL Very-high-data-rate DSL Very-high-data-rate DSL 2 Very-high-data-rate DSL 2

Ratified
1999 2002 2003 2003 2003 2004 2005 2005

Maximum Speed capabilities

7 Mbps down 800 kbps up 8 Mb/s down 1 Mbps up 24 Mbps down 1 Mbps up 8 Mbps down 1 Mbps up 5.6 Mbps up/down 55 Mbps down 15 Mbps up 55 Mbps down 30 Mbps up 100 Mbps up/down

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Internet Connection Options

Cable Modem Coaxial cable is widely used in urban areas to distribute television signals. Network access is available from some cable television networks. This allows for greater bandwidth than the conventional telephone local loop.

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Internet Connection Options

Broadband Wireless Wireless technology uses the unlicensed radio spectrum to send and receive data. The unlicensed spectrum is accessible to anyone who has a wireless router and wireless technology in the device they are using. The following new developments in broadband wireless technology are changing this situation:
Municipal WiFi WiMAX Satellite Internet

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Internet Connection Options

VPN Technology A VPN is an encrypted connection between private networks over a public network such as the Internet. Instead of using a dedicated Layer 2 connection such as a leased line, a VPN uses virtual connections called VPN tunnels, which are routed through the Internet from the private network of the company to the remote site or employee host. VPN Benefits Cost savings Security Scalability Compatibility with broadband technology

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Internet Connection Options

Site-to-site VPNs Site-to-site VPNs connect entire networks to each other, for example, they can connect a branch office network to a company headquarters network, as shown in the figure.

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Internet Connection Options

Remote-access VPNs Remote-access VPNs enable individual hosts, such as telecommuters, mobile users, and extranet consumers, to access a company network securely over the Internet.

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Internet Connection Options

Metro Ethernet Metro Ethernet is a rapidly maturing networking technology that broadens Ethernet to the public networks run by telecommunications companies. IP-aware Ethernet switches enable service providers to offer enterprises converged voice, data, and video services such as IP telephony, video streaming, imaging, and data storage. Benefits of Metro Ethernet include: Reduced expenses and administration Easy integration with existing networks Enhanced business productivity

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Internet Connection Options

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Choosing a WAN Link Connection

Choosing a WAN Link Connection The figure compares the advantages and disadvantages of the WAN connection options that we have discussed in this chapter.

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Choosing a WAN Link Connection

Choosing a WAN Link Connection The figure compares the advantages and disadvantages of the WAN connection options that we have discussed in this chapter.

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Choosing a WAN Link Connection

In addition, to help in the decision-making process, here are some questions to ask yourself when choosing a WAN connection option. What is the purpose of the WAN? What is the geographic scope? What are the traffic requirements? Should the WAN use a private or public infrastructure? For a private WAN, should it be dedicated or switched?

For a public WAN, what type of VPN access do you need? Which connection options are available locally? What is the cost of the available connection options?

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Extra: Steps in WAN design

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Extra: WAN Topologies

Star or Hub-and-Spoke

Full-Mesh

Partial-Mesh
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Chapter Lab

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Summary

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