Of the following molecules & macromolecules, which one(s) would cross a membrane freely down its/their concentration gradient if this membrane were composed of ONLY a phospholipid bilayer (no proteins)? Circle the appropriate letter(s).
A. Oxygen E. CO2 B. Glucose F. Cholesterol C. Testosterone G. Glycogen D. A polar amino acid H. Omega-6 FA
1. Circle the correct answer.
a) If membrane fluidity is not maintained when the temperature drops, the membrane’s structure becomes MORE or LESS rigid.
b) If membrane fluidity is not maintained when the temperature drops, transport across the membrane INCREASES or DECREASES.
c) If correct membrane fluidity is not maintained when the temperature increases, the integrity of the membrane’s structure (how intact it is) INCREASES or DECREASES . As a result, the functional & structural differences between the inside of the cell & its environment will INCREASE or DECREASE .
2. Which component of glycoproteins & glycolipids is directly involved in cell-to-cell recognition?
_________________________________
3. Complete the following table by using a check mark (ⱱ) when the description matches the type of transport.
Type of transport Description
Requires an integral Requires energy Moves with protein [gradient] Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport
4. Using the appropriate LETTER(s) (only) for the terms below, complete the following table. Note that some letters can be used more than once. Some answers have the # of correct letters required.
A. Active transport D. Osmosis
B. Exocytosis E. Phagocytosis C. Facilitated diffusion F. Simple diffusion
1 LETTER(S) Description (3 letters) Require ATP
(3 letters) Follow concentration gradient
Always proceeds against a concentration gradient
A means of secreting cell products into the ECM Transports hydrophilic molecules through the plasma membrane with their concentration gradient Provides for cellular uptake of large &/or solid particles from the ECM Moves very small or hydrophobic molecules through the membrane
5. People who are heterozygous for the disease familial hypercholesterolemia have levels of LDLs & cholesterol in their blood that are higher than normal i.e., higher than in people who are homozygous dominant & live a healthy lifestyle. Keeping in mind how cholesterol is transported into human cells, provide TWO (2) plausible explanations why LDLs accumulate in the blood of people with familial hypercholesterolemia. (This explanation is regarding transport, NOT the cardiovascular diseases that result from excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the blood.) Write legibly!
A) __________________________________________________________________________________
6. List TWO (2) ways in which the membrane composition differs b/w two subspecies of fish if one lives in a cold mountain lake & the other in warm ponds in the valley. Write legibly!
i. ____________________________________________________
ii. ____________________________________________________
2 7. Hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic? Explain the situation in figure 3 A then the situation in figure 3 B using the letter (ONLY) for the terms indicated below. Remember: the terms are relative! a) Hypotonic b) Hypertonic c) Isotonic
3A 3B
Solution
Figure 3: Fate of red blood cells in various RBC
solutions
8. A red blood cell (RBC) has an osmolarity of 0.3 M. It is placed in a beaker in a solution of n-propanol, CH3CH2CH2OH. The concentration of n-propanol is 0.3 M. It is important to note that n-propanol is not a solute normally found in red blood cells. In the space below EXPLAIN IN POINT FORM why, as time elapses, the solution of n-propanol becomes hypotonic to the RBC & the RBC becomes hypertonic & hemolyzes. In your explanation you must refer to: i. the structure of n-propanol & if it’s hydrophilic or hydrophobic; ii. If it’s a penetrating solute or not; iii. the relative osmolarities of the solutions at the beginning and near the end of the observation; iv. the relative tonicities of the solutions. Write legibly!
9. This exercise is like the one in your PPT lecture. Without looking at your notes answer the questions below. Figure 4 represents an artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane. It has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution. The membrane is permeable to water & to monosaccharides but completely impermeable to disaccharides.
3 0.004M glucose 0.08M glucose
0.07M lactose 0.05M sucrose
0.006M fructose
Figure 4: Experiment regarding tonicity using an artificial cell
a) Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion into the cell from the environment? Circle the correct answer(s). i. Sucrose ii. Glucose iii. Fructose iv. Lactose v. None
b) Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion out of the cell into the environment? Circle the correct answer(s). i. Sucrose ii. Glucose iii. Fructose iv. Lactose v. None
c) Which solution is hypertonic to the other? Circle the correct answer.
i. The solution inside the cell ii. The solution in the environment
d) In which direction will there be a net movement of water? Circle the correct answer. i. Into the cell from the environment ii. Into the environment from the cell iii. No net movement of water
e) After the cell is placed in the beaker, which change(s) to the artificial cell might occur? Circle the correct answer. i. It will swell & burst ii. It will shrivel & shrink iii. No change iv. In the following space you MUST indicate your calculations for:
Osmolarity BEFORE diffusion:
Osmolarity AFTER diffusion:
4 10. A live fish is removed from a lake contaminated with a particular toxin. You determine that this toxin is present in the cells of the fish at a concentration of A ([level A]). You place the fish in a tank full of clean water, & several days later you measure the toxin concentration in the cells ([level B]). a) You hypothesize that the toxin is fat-soluble (hydrophobic) – see note on the right. If the hypothesis is valid, what relationship would you expect to see when you compare the toxin levels in the fish before - [level A] - & in the fish after several days in the tank (level B)? Circle the correct answer.
i. [level A] > [level B] NOTE: It’s not because a solute is hydrophobic
ii. [level B] > [level A] that it won’t diffuse into an aqueous medium. It iii. [level A] = [level B] just won’t dissolve in that medium.
b) After formulating your hypothesis, you test to see if it’s correct. You measure the toxin levels in the fish at various times during several days in the tank. You observe that the level of the toxin in the fish drops from [level A] to [level B] & then stabilizes at [level B]. You test the water in the tank & find that after the levels of toxins stabilize, the toxin is present in the water at [level B] as well (see NOTE below). Do you think that your hypothesis has a good chance of being correct? Circle the correct answer. YES NO
c) Which of the following processes is most likely eliminating the toxin from the fish? Circle the correct answer. i. simple diffusion only ii. first diffusion then active transport iii. active transport only EXPLAIN your answer – there are TWO (2) reasons. Write legibly!
d) Given the situation in parts B & C, what should you do, in the short term, to reduce the toxin level in the fish below level B? Circle the correct answer. i. Add another fish to the tank; the first one needs company! ii. Add ATP to the tank, to increase the level of active transport iii. Add salt to the tank, to increase the level of osmosis (& dry up the fish?!) iv. Change the water in the tank v. Call an environmental agency & have the whole situation regarding the lake investigated.
