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The Binomial Theorem - FSC114 Lecture Notes

Chemistry biology

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29 views11 pages

The Binomial Theorem - FSC114 Lecture Notes

Chemistry biology

Uploaded by

upworkmail543
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Binomial Theorem

• Factorial and Combination


• Some Properties of Binomial expansion
• Expansion with positive integral power
• Combination approach in Binomial expansion
• Expansion with Rational numbers
• Expansion with negative integral powers
Factorial, Permutation and Combination
• Factorial
Define n! (n factorial) to be
n! n  (n  1)  (n  2)    2 1
• Combination
n n!
Define   
 r  (n  r )!r!
 
Notice expansion of the following:
( a  b)  a  b
1

(a  b)  a  2ab  b
2 2 2

(a  b)  a  3a b  3ab  b
3 3 2 2 2

• Pascal’s Triangle (1  x) n , n  1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1 Blaise Pascal
(19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662)
   • French Mathematician
Properties of the Pascal’s triangle:
• Each number is the sum of the two numbers
diagonally above it (with the exception of the 1’s).
• Each row is symmetric.
• We can use the Pascal’s triangle to compute (1  x) n , n  1
• Example
Expand (1  2 x) 6 In ascending power of x, using the
Pascal’s triangle.
Solution
(1  2 x)  (1  y )  1  6 y  15 y  20 y  15 y  6 y  y
6 6 2 3 4 5 6

y  2x, therefore,
(1  2 x) 6  1  6(2 x)  15(2 x) 2  20(2 x)3  15(2 x) 4  6(2 x)5  (2 x) 6
1  12 x  60 x 2  160 x 3  240 x 4  192 x 5  64 x 6
Example
Expand ( x  y )5 In ascending power of y, using the
Pascal’s triangle.
Solution
( x  y )  1x y  5 x y  10 x y  10 x y  5 x y  1x y
5 5 0 4 1 3 2 2 3 1 4 0 5

Remark:
Observe that the power of x and y in each term added
up to 5, and the number of terms is one more than the
power. It can be seen from the example that as the
power of x decreases by one the power of y increases
by one.

• Now Imagine when n is very large


Lemma (Pascal’s Identity)
 n   n   n  1
       ,  n  1 and all r  1  r  n
 r   r  1  r 
Theorem (The Binomial Theorem). For positive integer n,
 n  n 1  n  n2 2  n  nr r  n  n 1
( a  b) n  a n  
1  a b  
 2 a b    
r  a b    
 n  1
ab  bn ,
       
nn
   a b nr r

r 0  r 
Proof: The proof follows by induction:
• Show it is true for n  1
• Assume it is true for n  k
• Lastly, show that it is true for n  k  1, that is
k 1
(a  b)  (a  b)(a  b) Apply the above Lemma
k
Properties of Binomial Expansion
• The number of terms in the expansion is n  1
• The first term a of the binomial enters the first term
of the expansion with exponent n, the second term
with exponent (n-1), the third term with exponent
(n-2), and so on.
• The second term b of the binomial enters the
second term of the expansion with exponent 1, the
third term with exponent 2, the fourth term with
exponent 3, and so on
• The sum of the exponents of a and b in any term is n
• The coefficient of the first term is 1, of the second
n(n  1)
term is n/1, of the third term is , of the fourth
1 2
n(n  1)(n  2)
, etc.
1 2  3
Example: Expand (3x  2 y 2 )5 and simplify term by term
Solution
5 5 4 5 4
(3x  2 y )  (3x)  (3x) (2 y ) 
2 5 5 4 2
(3x) (2 y ) 
3 2 2
(3x) 2 (2 y 2 ) 3
1 1 2 1 2
5
 (3x)(2 y 2 ) 4  (2 y 2 ) 5 ,
1
 35 x 5  5  34 x 4  2 y 2  10  33 x 3  2 2 y 4
 10  32 x 2  23 y 6  5  3x  2 4 y 8  25 y10
 243x 5  810 x 4 y 2  1080 x 3 y 4  720 x 2 y 6  240 xy 8  32 y10
Class-work:
6
 1
• Find the term independent of x in expansion of  2x  
 x

 5
• Evaluate 3  2 without the use of electronic calculator
Expansion of rational and negative integral powers
Consider (1  x) , where n is a fraction or a negative number,
n

we write the binomial expression as a series form given by,


n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)  (n  r  1) r
(1  x)  1  nx 
n
x  x 
2! r!
Example
4
Find the Binomial expansion of (1  2 x ) up to order 3
4 (4)(5) (4)(5)(6)
(1  2 x)  1  (4)(2 x)  (2 x) 
2
(2 x) 3  
2! 3!
20 120
 1  8x   4 x  2
 8x3  
2 6
 1  8 x  40 x 2  160 x 3
Class work: Expand 3
1  2 x up to order 4
Applications of Binomial theroem
• Find the coefficient of x 3 4
z in the expansion of ( x  3 z 2 5
)
 5  5 r r  5  5 r 2 r
Solution: The general term is   x (3z )  (3)    x z
2 r

r r
Therefore, we have that 5r  3 or 2r  4  r  2
5
Thus the coefficient of x z  (3)    90.
2 4 2

 2 6
 2 1 
• Find the constant term in the expansion of x  2 
 x 
6 2    6  12 2 r  2 r  6  12 4 r
r

The general term is   x   6 r 1


 2     x  x    x
r  x  r r
For constant, 12  4r  0 r 3
6
Thus the constant tem in the expansion is  3   20.
What is the seventh term in the expansion ( a  b) 15

Solution
The r-th term (r  n  1) in the expansion of (a  b) is
n

 n  n ( r 1) r 1 n(n  1)(n  2)  (n  r  2) n ( r 1) r 1


Tr   a b  a b
 r  1 1 2  3    (r  1)

Therefore, for r  7
15 14 13 12 1110 15( 7 1) 7 1
a b  5005a b
9 6

1 2  3  4  5  6

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