1.

0 TRANSFORMER

Transformers provide us with a means of coupling AC power or signals from one circuit to

another. Voltage may be stepped-up (secondary voltage greater than primary voltage) or stepped-

down (secondary voltage less than primary voltage). Since no increase in power is possible

(transformers are passive components like resistors, capacitors and inductors) an increase in

secondary voltage can only be achieved at the expense of a corresponding reduction in secondary

current, and vice versa (in fact, the secondary power will be very slightly less than the primary

power due to losses within the transformer). Typical applications for transformers include

stepping-up or stepping-down mains voltages in power supplies, coupling signals in AF

amplifiers to achieve impedance matching and to isolate DC potentials associated with active

components. Figure 1.0 shows a selection of various transformers.

Fig.fff

1
The electrical characteristics of a transformer are determined by a number of factors including

the core material and physical dimensions. The specifications for a transformer usually include

the rated primary and secondary voltages and current the required power rating (i.e., the

maximum power, usually expressed in volt-amperes, VA) which can be continuously delivered

by the transformer under a given set of conditions, the frequency range for the component

(usually stated as upper and lower working frequency limits), and the regulation of a transformer

(usually expressed as a percentage of full-load). This last specification is a measure of the ability

of a transformer to maintain its rated output voltage under load.

The photo in Figure 1.2 shows the parts of a typical iron-cored power transformer, and Figure

1.3 shows the construction of a typical iron-cored power transformer.

1.1 Voltage and Turns Ratio

The principle of the transformer is illustrated in Figure 1.4. The primary and secondary windings

are wound on a common low-reluctance magnetic core. The alternating flux generated by the

primary winding is therefore coupled into the secondary winding (very little flux escapes due to

leakage). A sinusoidal current flowing in the primary winding produces a sinusoidal flux.

Finally, it is sometimes convenient to refer to a turns-per-volt rating for a transformer.

www.newnespress.com

2
 Figure 1.4: The transformer principle

Example 1.0

A transformer has 2,000 primary turns and 120 secondary turns. If the primary is connected to a

220V r.m.s. AC mains supply, determine the secondary voltage.

3
Solution

Recall that,

𝑉𝑃 ∗ 𝐼𝑃 = 𝑉𝑆 ∗ 𝐼𝑆 … … … … … . (1)

𝑁𝑃 ∗ 𝐼𝑃 = 𝑁𝑆 ∗ 𝐼𝑆 … … … … … . (2)

𝑉𝑃 𝐼
i.e = 𝐼 𝑆 … … … … … … … … . . (3)
𝑉𝑆 𝑃

𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑆
= … … … … … … . . (4)
𝑁𝑆 𝐼𝑃

From equations (3 and (4),

𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃
= … … … … … … . . (5)
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆

Given 𝑉𝑃 = 220 𝑉, 𝑁𝑃 = 2000, 𝑁𝑆 = 120 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑆 =?

Using equation (5),

220 ∗ 120
𝑉𝑆 = (𝑉𝑃 ∗ 𝑁𝑆 /𝑁𝑃 ) = = 13.2 𝑉
2000

Connection of three-phase transformer

(1) Star/Delta

(2) Delta/Star

(3) Star/Star

(4) Delta/Delta

4
Star/Delta

5
Delta/Star

6
Star/Star

7
Delta/Delta

Homework

A transformer has 1,200 primary turns and is designed to operate with a 200 V AC supply. If the

transformer is required to produce an output of 10 V, determine the number of secondary turns

required. Assuming that the transformer is loss free, determine the input (primary) current for a

load current of 2.5 A.

8
 2.0 ROTATING MACHINE (DC)

The direct current rotating machine is classified into two aspects, namely, separately excited dc

machine and self excited dc machine. It has two sets of windings, the field winding and the

armature winding.

Separately excited dc machine

The excitation of the armature is different from the excitation of the field. The winding

arrangement is as shown in fig. 2.3. The load characteristic curve is as shown in fig.2.4.

9
Self excited dc machine

The excitation of the armature winding and field winding is common. Examples are shunt

winding, series winding and compound winding.

Shunt machine

The armature winding is parallel to the field winding. The winding arrangement is as shown in

fig. 2.0. The load characteristics curve is as shown in fig. 2.5.

10
Series machine

The armature winding is in series with the field winding. The winding arrangement is as shown

in fig. 2.1. The load characteristic curve is as shown in fig. 2.6.

Compound machine

The armature winding is interconnected with series and parallel fields as shown in fig. 2.2.

11
The idea is for the two field windings is to compensate for the major limitation of shunt and

series machines. In other word compound machine combines the characteristics of both shunt

and series machines. The load characteristics could be level compound, under compound or over

compound. This is shown in fig. 2.4

The generated EMF (E) is given as

𝐸 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 … … … … … … … … … … … . (2.0) (Generator effect)

Where

𝐸 = 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑀𝐹, 𝑉 = 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝐼𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑎

= 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Equation (2) is the generated EMF when the machine is acting as generator.

𝐸 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 … … … … … … … … … … … . (2.1) (Motor effect)

Where

𝐸 = 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑀𝐹, 𝑉 = 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝐼𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑎

= 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

12
Example 2.0

The armature of a d.c. machine has a resistance of 0.1Ω and is connected to a 230 V supply.

Calculate the generated emf when it is running (a) as a generator given 80 A and (b) as a motor

taking 60 A.

Solution

(a) From eqn. (2.0)

𝐸 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

𝐸 = 230 + 80 ∗ 0.1 = 238 𝑉

i.e the generated emf is 238 V.

(b) from eqn. (2.1)

𝐸 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

𝐸 = 230 − 60 ∗ 0.1 = 224 𝑉

SPEED OF A DC MOTOR

The generated emf is related to the speed of the motor as shown in equation (2.2)

2𝑍𝑁𝑝Φ
𝐸= … … … … … … … … … (2.2)
60𝑐

Where

E=generated emf, Z=number of conductors, p=pair of poles, c=number of parallel path and Φ =

flux

Equation 2.2 depicts that the generated emf is directly proportional to the speed (N) of the motor.

Hence increasing the emf will increase the speed of the motor proportionately.

Direct current machines are energy transfer devices. These machines can function as either a

motor or a generator. DC motors and generators have the same basic construction, differing

13
primarily in the energy conversion. To better understand the operation and construction of DC

machines, a few basic terms must be understood.

The purpose of each of the following components of a DC machine:

a. Armature

b. Rotor

c. Stator

d. Field

Armature

The purpose of the armature is to provide the energy conversion in a DC machine. In a DC

generator, the armature is rotated by an external mechanical force, such as a steam turbine.

This rotation induces a voltage and current flow in the armature. Thus, the armature converts

mechanical energy to electrical energy. In a DC motor, the armature receives voltage from an

outside electrical source and converts electrical energy into mechanical energy in the form of

torque.

Rotor

The purpose of the rotor is to provide the rotating element in a DC machine In a DC generator,

the rotor is the component that is rotated by an external force. In a DC motor, the rotor is the

component that turns a piece of equipment. In both types of DC machines, the rotor is the

armature.

DC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION DC Generators

Stator

The stator is the part of a motor or generator that is stationary. In DC machines, the purpose of

the stator is to provide the magnetic field.provided by a permanent magnet.

14
Field

The purpose of the field in a DC machine is to provide a magnetic field for producing either a

voltage (generator) or a torque (motor). The field in a DC machine is produced by either a

permanent magnet or an electromagnet. Normally, electromagnets are used because they have an

increased magnetic strength, and the magnetic strength is more easily varied using external

devices.

Voltage Production

Recall from Module 3, DC Circuits, that there are three conditions necessary to induce a voltage

into a conductor.

1. A magnetic field

2. A conductor

3. Relative motion between the two

A DC generator provides these three conditions to produce a DC voltage output.

Theory of Operation

A basic DC generator has four basic parts: (1) a magnetic field; (2) a single conductor, or loop;

(3) a commutator; and (4) brushes (Figure 3). The magnetic field may be supplied by either a

permanent magnet or an electromagnet. For now, we will use a permanent magnet to describe

a basic DC generator.

DC GENERATOR THEORY DC Generators

Basic Operation of a DC Generator

15
A single conductor, shaped in the form of a loop, is positioned between the magnetic poles. As

long as the loop is stationary, the magnetic field has no effect (no relative motion). If we rotate

the loop, the loop cuts through the magnetic field, and an EMF (voltage) is induced into the loop.

When we have relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor in that magnetic field,

and the direction of rotation is such that the conductor cuts the lines of flux, an EMF is induced

into the conductor. The magnitude of the induced EMF depends on the field strength and the rate

at which the flux lines are cut. The stronger the field or the more flux lines cut for a given period

of time, the larger the induced EMF.

Eg = generated voltage

K = fixed constant

= magnetic flux strength

N = speed in RPM

The direction of the induced current flow can be determined using the "left-hand rule" for

generators. This rule states that if you point the index finger of your left hand in the direction of

the magnetic field (from North to South) and point the thumb in the direction of motion of the

conductor, the middle finger will point in the direction of current flow (Figure 4). In the

generator shown in Figure 4, for example, the conductor closest to the N pole is traveling upward

across the field; therefore, the current flow is to the right, lower corner. Applying the left-hand

rule to both sides of the loop will show that current flows in a counter-clockwise direction in the

loop.

16
DC Generators DC GENERATOR THEORY

Field Excitation

The magnetic fields in DC generators are most commonly provided by electromagnets. A current

must flow through the electromagnet conductors to produce a magnetic field. In order for a DC

generator to operate properly, the magnetic field must always be in the same direction.

Therefore, the current through the field winding must be direct current. This current is known as

the field excitation current and can be supplied to the field winding in one of two ways. It can

come from a separate DC source external to the generator (e.g., a separately excited generator) or

it can come directly from the output of the generator, in which case it is called a self-excited

generator.

In a self-excited generator, the field winding is connected directly to the generator output. The

field may be connected in series with the output, in parallel with the output, or a combination of

the two. Separate excitation requires an external source, such as a battery or another DC source.

It is generally more expensive than a self-excited generator. Separately excited generators are,

therefore, used only where self-excitation is not satisfactory. They would be used in cases where

the generator must respond quickly to an external control source or where the generated voltage

must be varied over a wide range during normal operations.

Terminal Voltage

DC generator output voltage is dependent on three factors (1) the number of conductor loops in

series in the armature, (2) armature speed, and (3) magnetic field strength. In order to change the

generator output, one of these three factors must be varied. The number of conductors in the

armature cannot be changed in a normally operating generator, and it is usually impractical to

change the speed at which the armature rotates. The strength of the magnetic field, however, can

17
be changed quite easily by varying the current through the field winding. This is the most widely

used method for regulating the output voltage of a DC generator (Figure 7).

DC GENERATOR THEORY DC Generators

DC Generator Ratings

A DC generator contains four ratings.

Voltage: Voltage rating of a machine is based on the insulation type and design of the machine.

Current: The current rating is based on the size of the conductor and the amount of heat that can

be dissipated in the generator.

Power: The power rating is based on the mechanical limitations of the device that is used to turn

the generator and on the thermal limits of conductors, bearings, and other components of the

generator.

Speed: Speed rating, at the upper limit, is determined by the speed at which mechanical damage

is done to the machine. The lower speed rating is based on the limit for field current (as speed

increases, a higher field current is necessary to produce the same voltage).

Internal Losses

There are four internal losses that contribute to lower efficiency of a DC generator.

Copper losses

Eddy-current losses

Hysteresis losses

Mechanical losses

Each of these is described in the paragraphs that follow.

Copper Losses

18
Copper loss is the power lost as heat in the windings; it is caused by the flow of current through

the coils of the DC armature or DC field. This loss varies directly with the square of the current

in the armature or field and the resistance of the armature or field coils.

Armature: Ia

2 Ra

Field: If

2 Rf

Eddy-Current Losses

As the armature rotates within the field, it cuts the lines of flux at the same time that the copper

coils of wire that are wound on the armature cut the lines of flux. Since the armature is made of

iron, an EMF is induced in the iron, which causes a current to flow. These circulating currents

within the iron core are called eddy-currents.

To reduce eddy-currents, the armature and field cores are constructed from laminated (layered)

steel sheets. The laminated sheets are insulated from one another so that current cannot flow

from one sheet to the other.

Hysteresis Losses

Hysteresis losses occur when the armature rotates in a magnetic field. The magnetic domains of

the armature are held in alignment with the field in varying numbers, dependent upon field

strength. The magnetic domains rotate, with respect to the particles not held in alignment, by one

complete turn during each rotation of the armature. This rotation of magnetic domains in the iron

causes friction and heat. The heat produced by this friction is called magnetic hysteresis loss.

To reduce hysteresis losses, most DC armatures are constructed of heat-treated silicon steel,

which has an inherently low hysteresis loss. After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed to the

19
desired shape, the laminations are heated to a dull red and then allowed to cool. This process,

known as annealing, reduces hysteresis losses to a very low value.

Mechanical Losses

Rotational or mechanical losses can be caused by bearing friction, brush friction on the

commutator, or air friction (called windage), which is caused by the air turbulence due to

armature rotation. Careful maintenance can be instrumental in keeping bearing friction to a

minimum. Clean bearings and proper lubrication are essential to the reduction of bearing friction.

Brush friction is reduced by assuring proper brush seating, using proper brushes, and maintaining

proper brush tension. A smooth and clean commutator also aids in the reduction of brush

friction.

DC GENERATOR THEORY DC Generators

Summary

DC generator theory is summarized below.

DC Generator Theory Summary

The three conditions necessary to induce a voltage into a conductor are:

- Magnetic field

- Conductor

- Relative motion between the two

The left-hand rule states that if you point the index finger of the left hand in the

direction of the magnetic field and point the thumb in the direction of motion of the conductor,

the middle finger will point in the direction of current flow.

The terminal voltage of a DC generator is adjusted by varying the field strength.

The voltage rating of a DC generator is based on the insulation type and design of the machine.

20
The current rating of a DC generator is based on the size of the conductor and the amount of heat

that can be dissipated in the generator.

The power rating of a DC generator is based on the mechanical limitation of the device that is

used to turn the generator.

The upper speed rating of a DC generator is determined by the speed at which mechanical

damage is done to the machine. The lower speed rating is based on the limit for field current.

There are four internal losses that contribute to lower efficiency of a DC generator.

- Copper losses

- Eddy-current losses

- Hysteresis losses

- Mechanical losses

DC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION

A DC generator may be constructed in a variety of ways depending upon the relationship and

location of each of the fields. Each type of construction contains certain advantages.

Shunt-Wound DC Generators

When the field winding of a generator is connected in parallel with the generator armature, the

generator is called a shunt-wound generator (Figure 8).

The excitation current in a shunt-wound generator is dependent upon the output voltage and the

field resistance. Normally, field excitation is maintained between 0.5 and 5 percent of the total

current output of the generator.

21
DC Generators DC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION

Series-Wound

DC Generators

When the field winding of a DC generator is connected in series with the armature, the generator

is called a series-wound generator (Figure 10).

The excitation current in a series-wound generator is the same as the current the generator

delivers to the load.

If the load has a high resistance and only draws a small amount of current, the excitation current

is also small. Therefore, the magnetic field of the series field winding is weak, making the

generated voltage low.

Conversely, if the load draws a large current, the excitation current is also high. Therefore, the

magnetic field of the series field winding is very strong, and the generated voltage is high.

As you can see in Figure 11, in a series generator, changes in load current drastically affect the

generator output voltage. A series generator has poor voltage regulation, and, as a result, series

generators are not used for fluctuating loads. As is the case for the shunt-wound generator, a

series-wound generator also exhibits some losses due to the resistance of the windings and

armature reaction. These losses cause a lower terminal voltage than that for an ideal

magnetization curve.

DC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION DC Generators

DC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION DC Generators

22
Compounded DC Generator
Compound Generators

Series-wound and shunt-wound generators have a disadvantage in that changes in load current

cause changes in generator output voltage.

Many applications in which generators are used require a more stable output voltage than can be

supplied by a series-wound or shunt wound generator. One means of supplying a stable output

voltage is by using a compound generator.

The compound generator has a field winding in parallel with the generator armature (the same as

a shunt-wound generator) and a field winding in series with the generator armature (the same as a

series-wound generator) (Figure 12).

The two windings of the compounded generator are made such that their magnetic fields will

either aid or oppose one another.

If the two fields are wound so that their flux fields oppose one another, the generator is said to be

Differentially-compounded. Due to the nature of this type of generator, it is used only in special

cases and will not be discussed further in this text. If the two fields of a compound generator are

wound so that their magnetic fields aid one another, the generator is said to be cumulatively-

compounded. As the load current increases, the current through the series field winding

increases, increasing the overall magnetic field strength and causing an increase in the output

voltage of the generator. With proper design, the increase in the magnetic field strength of the

series winding will compensate for the decrease in shunt field strength. Therefore, the overall

strength of the combined magnetic fields remains almost unchanged, so the output voltage will

remain constant. In reality, the two fields cannot be made so that their magnetic field strengths

23
compensate for each other completely. There will be some change in output voltage from the no-

load to full-load conditions.

DC Generators DC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION

Voltage-vs-Current for a Compounded DC Generator

In practical compounded generators, the change in output voltage from no-load to full-load is

less than 5 percent. A generator with this characteristic is said to be flatflat-compounded

For some applications, the series winding is wound so that it overcompensates for a change in

the shunt field. The output gradually rises with increasing load current over the normal

operating range of the machine. This type of generator is called an over-compounded generator.

The series winding can also be wound so that it undercompensates for the change in shunt field

strength. The output voltage decreases gradually with an increase in load current. This type of

generator is called an under-compounded generator torque until a stall condition is reached.

Shunt-Wound Motor Applications

The characteristics of a shunt-wound motor give it very good speed regulation, and it is classified

as a constant speed motor, even though the speed does slightly decrease as load is increased.

Shunt-wound motors are used in industrial and automotive applications where precise control of

speed and torque are required.

TYPES OF DC MOTORS DC Motors

Series-Wound Motor

Torque-vs-Speed for a Series-Wound Motor

Since the armature and field in a series-wound motor are connected in series, the armature and

field currents become identical, and the torque can be expressed as shown

in Equation (6-8).

24
T KI (6-8) 2

The torque-vs-speed characteristics of a series-wound motor with a constant voltage source As

the speed decreases, the torque for a series wound motor increases sharply. As load is removed

from a series motor, the speed will increase sharply. For these reasons, series-wound motors

must have a load connected to prevent damage from high speed conditions.

Series-Wound Motor Applications

The advantage of a series-wound motor is that it develops a large torque and can be operated at

low speed. It is a motor that is well-suited for starting heavy loads; it is often used for industrial

cranes and winches where very heavy loads must be moved slowly and lighter loads moved more

rapidly.

Compounded Motor

The compounded motor is desirable for a variety of applications because it combines the

characteristics of a series-wound motor and a shunt-wound motor. The compounded motor has a

greater torque than a shunt motor due to the series field; however, it has a fairly constant speed

due to the shunt field winding. Loads such as presses, shears, and reciprocating machines are

often driven by compounded motors.

DC Motors TYPES OF DC MOTORS

Summary

The types of DC motors are summarized below.

Types of DC Motors Summary

In a shunt-wound motor, the field is in parallel, or "shunts" the armature.

In a series-wound motor, the field is in series with the armature.

25
A compounded DC motor is constructed so that it contains both a shunt and a series field.

A shunt-wound DC motor has a decreasing torque as speed increases.

The characteristics of a shunt-wound motor give it very good speed regulation, and it is classified

as a constant speed motor, even though the speed does slightly decrease as load is increased.

A series-wound motor has a rapidly increasing torque when speed decreases. As load is removed

from a series-wound motor, the speed will increase sharply.

The advantages of a series-wound motor are that it develops a large torque and can be operated

at low speed. It is a motor that is well-suited for starting heavy loads.

The power transformer

Power transformers can be categorized as step-down or step-up. As you remember, the output, or

secondary, voltage of a step-down unit is lower than the input, or primary, voltage. The reverse is

true for a step-up transformer.

Step-down

Most solid-state electronic devices, such as radios, need only a few volts. The power supplies for

such equipment use step-down power transformers. The physical size of the transformer depends

on the current.

Some devices need only a small current and a low voltage. The transformer in a radio receiver,

for example, can be quite small physically. A ham radio transmitter or hi-fi amplifier needs much

more current. This means that the secondary winding of the transformer must be of heavy-gauge

wire, and the core must be bulky to contain the magnetic flux. Such a transformer is massive.

Step-up

Some circuits need high voltage. The picture tube in a TV set needs several hundred volts. Some

ham radio power amplifiers use vacuum tubes working at kilovolts dc. The transformers in these

26
appliances are step-up types. They are moderate to large in size because of the number of turns in

the secondary, and also because high voltages can spark, or arc, between wire turns if the

windings are too tight.

If a step-up transformer needs to supply only a small amount of current, it need not be big. But

for ham radio transmitters and radio/TV broadcast amplifiers, the transformers are large and

heavy—and expensive.

Transformer ratings

Transformers are rated according to output voltage and current. For a given unit, the volt-ampere

(VA) capacity is often specified. This is the product of the voltage and current.

A transformer with a 12-V output, capable of delivering 10 A, would have

𝑉𝐴 = 12 × 10 = 120.

The nature of power-supply filtering makes it necessary for the power-transformer VA rating to

be greater than just the wattage needed by the load.

Power supplies

A high-quality, rugged power transformer, capable of providing the necessary currents and/or

voltages, is crucial in any power supply. The transformer is usually the most expensive

component to replace. When designing a power supply, it’s wise to spend a little extra to get a

reliable transformer. Engineers might call this “maintenance insurance.”

The diode

Rectifier diodes are available in various sizes, intended for different purposes. Most rectifier

diodes are made of silicon and are therefore known as silicon rectifiers. A few are fabricated

from selenium, and are called selenium rectifiers.

27
Two important features of a power-supply diode are the average forwvard current (Io) rating and

the peak inverse voltage (PIV) rating. There are other specifications that engineers need to know

when designing a specialized power supply, but in this course, you only need to be concerned

about Io and PIV.

28
 AC MOTORS

There are two major types of ac motors. They are often referred to as Synchronous and

Asynchronous motors. The synchronous machine is often constructed as generator. The major

reason is that it has the ability to maintain a constant speed as a result of variation on the load to

certain level that is referred to as pull out torque. This pull out torque is the maximum toque that

takes the machine out of synchronism when exceeded.

Synchronous Generators

Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current (AC) generators. They

supply the electric power used by all sectors of modern societies: industrial, commercial,

agricultural, and domestic.

Synchronous generators usually operate together (or in parallel), forming a large power

system supplying electrical energy to the loads or consumers.

Synchronous generators are built in large units, their rating ranging from tens to

hundreds of megawatts.

Synchronous generator converts mechanical power to ac electric power. The source of

mechanical power, the prime mover, may be a diesel engine, a steam turbine, a water

turbine, or any similar device.

29
 For high-speed machines, the prime movers are usually steam turbines employing

fossil or nuclear energy resources.

Low-speed machines are often driven by hydro-turbines that employ water power for

generation.

Smaller synchronous machines are sometimes used for private generation and as standby

units, with diesel engines or gas turbines as prime movers.

Types of Synchronous Machine

According to the arrangement of the field and armature windings, synchronous machines may

be classified as rotating-armature type or rotating-field type.

Rotating-Armature Type: The armature winding is on the rotor and the field system is on the

stator.

Rotating-Field Type: The armature winding is on the stator and the field system is on the rotor.

According to the shape of the field, synchronous machines may be classified as cylindrical-rotor

(non-salient pole) machines and salient-pole machines

Construction
The poles are bolted to the shaft, each of the poles has a dc winding. The dc winding is

connected to the slip rings. A dc source supplies the winding with dc through brushes pressed

into the slip ring.

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A fan is installed on the shaft for circulation of air. Low speed, large hydro-generators may have

more than one hundred poles. These types of generators are often mounted vertically.

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