Lecture (2)

Terminology In Physiotherapy
(Lab.)
What is Physiotherapy
• Physiotherapists study the science of
movement. They learn how to pinpoint an
injury’s root causes.
• Physiotherapy is treatment to restore,
maintain, and make the most of a patient’s
mobility, function, and well-being.
• Physiotherapy helps through physical
rehabilitation, injury prevention, and health
and fitness.

Physiotherapists
• Physiotherapists focus on both prevention and
rehabilitation. Treatment can be for problems
 caused by injury, disease or disability. Here are
some examples:
Physiotherapists
• Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: Neck and back
pain caused by problems in the muscles and
skeleton.
• Sports Rehabilitation: Sports Injuries Problems in
the bones, joints, muscles and ligaments, such as
arthritis and the after-effects of amputation.
• Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation: Lung problems
such as asthma.
• Disability as a result of heart problems.
• Women's Health: Pelvic issues, such as bladder
and bowel problems related to childbirth.
Physiotherapists
• Neurological Rehabilitation: Loss of mobility
because of trauma to the brain or spine, or
due to diseases such as Parkinson’s disease
and multiple sclerosis. Fatigue, pain, swelling,
stiffness and loss of muscle strength, for
example during cancer treatment.
• Paediatric Rehabilitation: Treat children with
Cerebral Palsy, with growth deficiencies.
Medical terms
• Musculoskeletal: Musculoskeletal Medicine (MSK medicine) is
the diagnosis and treatment of problems arising from the
musculoskeletal system. affecting the muscles, bones and
joints of the limbs and spine.
• Therapy: Defined as the prescription of and assistance with
specific physical, cognitive, social, and spiritual activities to
increase the range, frequency, or duration of an individual's
(or group's) activity.
• Precautions: A measure taken in advance to prevent
something dangerous, unpleasant, or inconvenient from
happening.
• Contraindication: is a specific situation in which a drug,
procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may be
harmful to the person.
 Anatomical position
• Anatomical position: Defined as a position
used as a reference when describing parts of
the body in relation to each other.
• Anatomical terms: such as anterior and
posterior, medial and lateral, abduction and
adduction, and so on apply to the body when
it is in the anatomical position
 Anatomical position
• Anterior: the front surface/direction of the
body
 Anatomical position
• Posterior: the back
surface/direction of
the body
• Superior: meaning
'above' is used to
refer to what is above
something
 Anatomical position
• Inferior: (from Latin, meaning 'below') to what
is below it.
• Lateral: is the side of the body or part of the
body that is away/furthest from the middle.
• Medial: side of a part of the body is the inside
part or side nearest to the centre of the body.
Anatomical position
 Anatomical position
• Proximal: Closer to the trunk or closer to the
point of origin. The shoulder is proximal to the
elbow.
• Distal: Farther from the trunk or from the
point of origin. The elbow is
distal to the shoulder.
 Anatomical position
• Superficial: Closer to the surface. For instance,
the skin is superficial to the muscles.
• Intermediate: In between. The abdominal
muscles are intermediate between the skin
and the small intestines.
• Deep: Farther from the surface. The
abdominal muscles are deep to the skin.
Anatomical position
 Anatomical position
• Unilateral: On only one side of the body, like
the stomach and liver.
• Bilateral: On both the left and right sides of
the body, such as
the eyes, the
kidneys, and the
arms and legs
 Anatomical position
• Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body. For
example, the right ear and the right eye are
ipsilateral.
 Anatomical position
• Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body.
The right ear is contralateral to the left ear.
 Anatomical position
• Midline: It's an imaginary line that divides the
body into two equal halves.
• The spine is in the body's midline

Movements
• Range of Motion: the ability of a joint to move
over a given distance (measured in degrees) and
in a particular direction (ex: flexion or extension).
• Passive Range of Motion : when a PT or special
device moves the joints or limbs without effort or
help.
• Active Assisted Range of Motion: contraction of
muscles along with a PT or device that is also
assisting with the movement.
• Active Range of Motion: movement of joints
without help from anyone or anything.

Movements
• Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two
bones.
• Extension: Increasing the angle between two
bones.
• Dorsiflexion: Moving the top of the foot toward
the shin (only at the ankle).
• Plantarflexion: Moving the sole of the foot
downward (pointing the toes). spine or limbs

Movement
• Adduction: Motion toward the midline.
• Abduction: Motion away from the midline of the
body.
• Elevation: Moving to a superior position (only at
the scapula).
• Depression: Moving to an inferior position (only
at the scapula).
• Inversion: Lifting the medial border of the foot.
• Eversion: Lifting the lateral border of the foot.
Movement
• Rotation: Internal (inward) or external (outward)
turning about the vertical axis of the bone.
• Pronation: Rotating the hand and wrist medially from
the bone.
• Supination: Supination-Rotating the hand and wrist
laterally from the bone.
• Horizontal Flexion (adduction): From the 90-degree
abducted arm position, the humerus is flexed
(adducted) in toward the midline of the body in the
transverse plane.
• Horizontal Extension (abduction): Return of the
humerus from horizontal flexion.
Movements
• Internal rotation - An inward turning of the
limb toward the body
• External rotation - An outward turning of the
limb away from the body
Movements
• Hypermobility: the ability of a joint to move
beyond the typical range or demonstrate
excessive motion.
• Hypomobility: a decrease in the ability of a joint
to move within its typical range
• Genu Valgum - Angling of the knees inward as in
“knock kneed”
• Genu Varum - Angling of the knees outward as in
“bow legged”
Movement
• Active Movement: The patient performs the
movement
• Passive movements: produced entirely by an
external force):
 Movement
• Circumduction: is the movement of a body
region in a circular manner
• Thumb Opposition: refers to the ability to
turn and. rotate the thumb so that it can
touch each fingertip
• Scapular retraction: refers to moving the
shoulder blades (scapula) towards the spine.
The opposite is protraction
 Terms Associated with Movement
• Balance
• Cardiopulmonary fitness
• Coordination
• Flexibility
• Mobility
• Muscle performance
• Neuromuscular
• Stability
 Body PLANES
• Sagittal plane : a vertical plane that divides
the body into left and right sides
• Transverse(horizontal) plane: divides into
body into top&bottom half
• Frontal plane: divides body into anterior and
posterior halves
 Axial Skeleton
• Skull – (cranium)including the jawbone.
• Spine – Divides into four parts
Cervical(neck),Thoracic (chest),Lumbar
vertebrae (waist),Cacrum and tailbone
(coccyx)Chest – ribs and breastbone (sternum)
• Pelvis – hip bones, femur

Major Bones of the Appendicular

 Skeleton
• Arms – shoulder blade (scapula), collar bone
(clavicle), humerus, radius and ulna.
• Hands – wrist bones (carpals), metacarpals
and phalanges.
• Legs: femur, Patella, Tibia, Radius
• Feet- ankle bones(talus), metatarsals

Body Joints
• Synovial Joints
1- Ball and socket joint: Permitting movement in all directions
2- Pivot joint: is characterized by one bone that can swivel in a
ring formed from a second bone
3- Hinge joint: opening and closing in one direction, along one
plane
4- Condyloid joint: The condyloid joint allows movement, but
no rotation.
5- Gliding joint: It only permits limited movement
6- Saddle joint: Although the saddle joint does not allow
rotation
 Body Joints
• Uniaxial Joints: (one degree of motion):
flexion and extension.
• Biaxial Joints: (two degree of motion)
radiocarpal joint: wrist flexion and extension
as well as ulnar and radial deviation.
• Multi-axial joints: three degrees of motion:
shoulder joint: flexion/extension,
abduction/adduction, internal
rotation/external rotation
Abbreviations for PT Assistive Devices
& Equipment
• CTx - Cervical traction
• PUW - Pick-up walker
• SW - Standard walker
• SLR - Straight leg raise
• QC - Quad cane
• TM – Treadmill
• Trxn – Traction
• WC (or w/c) – Wheelchair
• WW - Wheeled walker
• 4WW - Four-wheeled walker

Exercise & Treatment Abbreviations

• CP - Cold pack
• HP - Hot pack
• ES - Electrical stimulation
• MMT - Manual muscle test
• NMES - Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
• US - Ultrasound
Thank You