IT 304 COMPUTER NETWORKS

END-SEM,AUTUMN 2022

Instructions:
• Total marks are 25
• UseCHAPTER
468 5 • THE LINK
only supplement LAYER:
sheets andLINKS,
WriteACCESS NETWORKS,
your student ID AND LANSof them
in each
• All questions are self-explanatory, no further questions will be entertained.

a host becomes disconnected from the subnet, its entry is eventually deleted from
the other ARP tables in the subnet.
Data Link layer: Students often wonder if ARP is a link-layer protocol or a network-layer pro-
tocol. As we’ve seen, an ARP packet is encapsulated within a link-layer frame
1. Consider the 5-bit and
generator, G=10011, and suppose that D has the value 1010101010.
thus lies architecturally above the link layer. However, an ARP packet has
fields
What is the value of R?containing link-layer addresses and thus is arguably a link-layer protocol,
( 2 points)
but it also contains network-layer addresses and thus is also arguably a network-
layer protocol. In the end, ARP is probably best considered a protocol that strad-
dles the boundary between the link and network layers—not fitting neatly into
2. An administrator the
creates
simplealayered
8-node localstack
protocol areawenetwork
studied inwhich
Chapter runs the
1. Such areCarrier Sense
the complex-
ities of real-world protocols!
Multiple Access (CSMA) MAC protocol. The maximum data rate of the network is 30
Mbps. Each node sends traffic
Sending according
a Datagram at an
off the average rate of 2 Mbps node. The admin
Subnet
It should now be clear how ARP operates when a host wants to send a datagram to
observes that the network’s utilization is 75%. No packets get dropped in the network
another host on the same subnet. But now let’s look at the more complicated situa-
tion when
except due to collisions. a host onwhat
Estimate a subnet wants toofsend
fraction a network-layer
packets datagram
sent by the nodesto (including
a host off
the subnet (that is, across a router onto another subnet). Let’s discuss this issue in
retries) experiencethe
a collision? (3 points)
context of Figure 5.19, which shows a simple network consisting of two subnets
interconnected by a router.
There are several interesting things to note about Figure 5.19. Each host has
exactly one IP address and one adapter. But, as discussed in Chapter 4, a router has
3. Consider the topology shown
an IP address below.
for each of its There are
interfaces. Fortwo subnets
each router 111.111.111.xxx
interface and
there is also an ARP
module (in the router) and an adapter. Because the router in Figure 5.19 has two
222.222.222.xxx. interfaces,
The MAC it hasaddresses are assigned
two IP addresses, for theandinterface
two ARP modules, of Ofeach
two adapters. host
course,
each adapter in the network has its own MAC address.
including the router (which has two interfaces). Consider a scenario when a host
Also note that Subnet 1 has the network address 111.111.111/24 and that Sub-
net 2 hastothe
111.111.111.111 wants network
send address 222.222.222/24.
a network-layer datagramThusto
allaofhost
the interfaces connected
222.222.222.221.
to Subnet 1 have addresses of the form 111.111.111.xxx and all of the interfaces
Answer the questions that follow
connected to Subnet 2 have addresses of the form 222.222.222.xxx.

74-29-9C-E8-FF-55 88-B2-2F-54-1A-0F

IP:111.111.111.111 IP:111.111.111.110 IP:222.222.222.221

E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B

CC-49-DE-D0-AB-7D 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
IP:222.222.222.220
IP:111.111.111.112 IP:222.222.222.222

Figure 5.19 ! Two subnets interconnected by a router

a) What are the Source and Destination MAC address that the sending host’s
adapter will use to forward the datagram? (1 point)
b) What are the Source and Destination MAC address that the receiving host’s
adapter will use to reply to the datagram? (1 point)
 4. In the topology given below, answer the questions that follow.
a) How many broadcast and collisions domains are there. Justify your answers
briefly. (2 points)
2 broadcast domains
b) If a broadcast packet 255.255.255.255 is sent, will all devices receive the
broadcast? Justify your answer. ( 1 point)

IP layer:
5. BGP:
ANS: eBGPConsider the network shown. Suppose AS3 and AS2 are running OSPF and AS1,
d. Router
AS41dare
learns about
running RIPxfor
from
theirwhich routing
intra-AS protocol?
routing protocol. Which of the routing protocols
ANS: iBGP
(OSPF, RIP, eBGP, or iBGP) do the mentioned routers learn the routes?.

a) Router 3c learns about prefix y from which routing protocol? (1 point)

b) Router 3a learns about y from which routing protocol? (1 point)
4. VLSM (text and numbers
c) Router 1c learnsbased):
about y from which routing protocol? (1 point)
You are assigned the class
d) Router C address
1d learns about y192.168.15.0 and you
from which routing must support
protocol? (1 point)the network below. Use
VSLM to assign IP addresses. Specifically you must show for each subnet,
e) Lets say 1d uses 1a over 1b. Why would it use that interface the following:
and what policy is
i. Subnet network and using
this router broadcast
as peraddress
BGP? (2( points)
7 points)
ii. Usable host address range ( 7 points)
6. NAT
Consider two hosts connected to a router which is connected to a web server. The router
is NAT enabled. Ipconfig on host A and host B shows 192.168.1.1 and 192.168.1.2
respectively. The IP address retrieved from “what is my IP” is 14.14.5.1. Answer the
following questions in the format:
(SourceIP, DestinationIP, SourcePort#, DestinationPort#)
 a) If host A wants connect to the server, what will be the packet contents from host
A to router? (1 point)
b) What will be the packet contents from router to the server? (1 point)
c) If host A wants connect to the server, what will be the packet contents from host
B to router? (1 point)
d) What will be the packet contents router to the server? (1 point)

Application layer:

7. DNS: Consider the DNS topology in the figure below, in which different DNS zones
are indicated with a dashed line. There is only one DNS server per each zone namely
yale.edu, cs.yale.edu, rutgers.edu, cs.rutgers.edu, and root-servers.net. The name
servers cs.yale.edu and cs.rutgers.edu support recursive querying.

root-
servers.net

edu
gov net

rutgers

yale
bio

eng

cs
cs

For each of the queries below, list in order all the DNS servers contacted by the resolver
(located in the OS of the machine running the query). Assume there is no caching
performed at any level of the hierarchy.
a) Which query method adds additional load on the root or any other name server?
(1 point)
b) A user on cs.rutgers.edu launches this query: "nslookup lab1.bio.yale.edu". (2
points)
c) On lab1.bio.yale.edu somebody queries: "nslookup paul.cs.rutgers.edu". (2
points)
********************************GOOD LUCK*******************************