(1).

Difference between Hardware and Software:-

Hardware Software

The physical components of the computer Software is a set of programs used to

system are termed as Hardware. perform certain tasks(logical
component)

The components include keyboard, floppy Software includes compliers, loaders,

drive, hard disk, monitor, CPU, Banking s/w, library s/w, payroll s/w
etc.
printer, wires, transistors, circuits etc.

Hardware works based on instructions Software tell the hardware what to do

(2)Differences between Primary Memory and Secondary Memory:

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

Also called as Main memory. Also called as Auxiliary memory.

Accessing the data is faster. Accessing the data is slow.

CPU can access directly CPU cannot access directly

Semiconductor memory. Magnetic memory.

Data storage capacity is less. Data storage capacity is more or huge.

Expensive. Not expensive.

It is Internal memory. It is External memory.

Examples : RAM, ROM Examples: hard disk, floppy disk,

magnetic tape etc.

(3).Difference Between RAM and ROM

RAM ROM
 Random Access Memory. Read Only Memory.

Volatile memory. Non-volatile memory.

The contents of the RAM are lost when The contents of the ROM are not lost when
power is turned off. power is turned off.

Temporary storage medium. Permanent storage medium.

The data can be read and written. The data can only be read, but the data
cannot be written.

The programs are brought into RAM just BIOS and monitor programs are stored.
before execution.

(5).Main memory: - it is Temporary memory; because data and instructions are lost when the
computer is switched off .It is also referred to as primary memory.
It is Internal to the computer system.CPU can access directly. it is Volatile memory. it is also
called as Semiconductor memory. it is very expensive as compared to secondary memory.
Primary memory has less storage capacity
e.g.: ROM(non volatile), RAM (Volatile), etc.
(6).Internet:-The Internet is a global network of computer networks. Each of these networks
contains anywhere from two to thousands of computers that are linked together using special
rules called protocols. When computers are connected to the Internet they are able to
communicate and share information.
Internet is a network of networks that are
i).interconnected physically
ii).capable of communicating and sharing data with each other
iii).Able to act together as a single network
(7).Cache Memory:- it is High Speed and small Memory, placed between the CPU and the
main memory. Frequently used instructions are stored in Cache memory. Data & instructions
stored in it are accessed at a higher speed as compared to the main memory. Users cannot
access this memory. It stores data and instructions that are currently to be executed .it improves
the efficiency of whole computer system.

(8).Difference between Data and Information.

Output of the computer is also known as information. Information is processed form of

data. The term data refers to any collection of raw facts which may not convey any
meaning. for example, Marks obtained in different subjects in a particular examination of a
student acts as Data. By processing this data, Result is obtained. The result is the information,
teacher uses to declare a student pass or fail.

Difference between LAN and WAN

LAN WAN

Limited geographical area Unlimited geographical area

 LAN is under the complete control of the WAN needs the involvement of another
owner authority like telephone company

Data transmission speed is high Data transmission speed is low

Data transmission cost is low Data transmission cost is high

Less errors during transmission More errors during transmission

Less complex More complex

More reliable Less reliable

Common star,bus,and ring topologies are Commonly hybrid topology is used

used

Communication medium is Co-axial cables Communication medium is satellite

LAN operates on the principle of LAN operates on the principle of switching

broadcasting

13).ROM and its type:-

ROM: Read-only memory chip: Information written when manufactured and cannot be erased.
It is non-volatile memory. It can read but write on it. The information is stored permanently in
ROM.
PROM: Programmable read-only memory: Information written when manufactured and cannot
be erased or re-written.
EPROM: Erasable programmable read-only memory: Information written AFTER chip is
manufactured and can be erased with exposure to a UV light.
EEPROM: Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory: Information is written AFTER
manufactured and can be erased and re-written without removal from computer.

14).Floppy Drive: a storage device that uses removable 3.5-inch floppy disks that can store
720 KB or 1.44 MB of data. In a computer, the floppy drive is usually configured as the A: drive.
The floppy drive can be used to boot the computer if it contains a bootable floppy disk. A 5.25-
inch floppy drive is older technology and is seldom used.

15).Hard Drive: a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the computer. The hard
drive is used as permanent storage for data. In a computer, the hard drive is usually configured
as the C: drive and contains the operating system and applications. The hard drive is usually
configured as the first drive in the boot sequence. The storage capacity of a hard drive is
measured in billions of bytes, or gigabytes (GB). The speed of a hard drive is measured in
revolutions per minute (RPM). Multiple hard drives can be added to increase storage capacity.
16).Optical Drive
An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. There are
two types of optical drives:
CD: Compact disc
DVD: Digital Versatile Disc
CD and DVD media can be pre-recorded (read-only), recordable (write once), or re-recordable
(read and write multiple times). CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 700 MB.
DVDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 8.5 GB on one side of the disc.
There are several types of optical media:
CD-ROM – CD read-only memory media that is pre-recorded.
CD-R –CD-recordable media that can be recorded once.

CD-RW – CD-rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and re-recorded.

DVD-ROM – DVD read-only memory media that is pre-recorded.
DVD-RAM – DVD-random access memory media that can be recorded, erased, and re-
recorded.
DVD+/-R – DVD-recordable media that can be recorded once.
DVD+/-RW – DVD-rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and re-recorded.
17).Flash Drive: is a removable storage device that connects to a USB port. A flash drive
uses a type of memory that requires no power to maintain the data. It ia plug and play device.
These drives can be accessed by the operating system in the same way other types of drives
are accessed. It enables easy transport of data from one computer to other.

18). Transmission media

Path through which information are transmitted fl-nm one place to another is called
communication channel. It is also referred to as communication medium or link. In network
communication, the communication media’ are wires, cables arid other means through which
information travels from its source to its destination. The examples of communication media are
twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable and wireless links.
19). Difference between Complier and interpreter
Compiler Interpreter

Translate the whole program Translate the program line by line

Requires more main memory Requires less main memory

Converts the entire program to machine Each time the program is executed. Every
code, when the syntax errors are removed line is checked for syntax errors and then
then converted into the machine code converted equivalent machine code directly

Neither source code nor the compiler are source code and the interpreter are required
required for execution for execution

Slow debugging and testing Good for debugging and testing

 Execution time is less Execution time is more

Security of source code No Security of source code

20).Operating System
It is an integrated set of programs that controls, manages the resources of a computer
system. It acts an interface between computer and user. It acts as resource manager of
a computer system.
Goal of the OS is to make a computer convenient to use. Also to manage all the
resources of a computer system.

21).Computer Virus:-

A small program that gets into your computer and disturbs the normal functions of the computer and
destroys the important data stored in the computer is called computer virus. The computer virus
cannot damage hardware, only data or software is corrupted. The computer file (data or program) to
which a virus is attached is called infected file.

A program, which is infected by a virus, is known as infected program. When an infected program is
loaded for execution, the virus automatically loaded into memory and attaches to all those programs
that are in memory or loaded into memory.

22)’Causes of Viruses:-

(i) E-Mail:-Now-a-days, most of the viruses spread due to receiving e-mail messages that contains
viruses. When a user opens such an infected message, the virus is also loaded into the computer
memory and attaches copies of it-self with many other program files loaded into the memory. This
virus is also transferred to other computers when e-mail messages are sent from the infected
computer to them.

(ii) Networks:-Another way of spreading virus is by using Internet and other networks. For example,
when you download some executable file or data on the Internet or from a shared disk on the Network,
the infected files may be attached with the downloaded data that ultimately infects the computer.

(iii) Removable Storage Media:-One important means of exchanging data is through the use of
removable media like floppy disks, CDs and flash devices. So, when you copy the data from one
computer to another by using a removable media, the infected files can be transferred to your
computer.

(iv) Pirated Software:-The virus can also infect your computer by using pirated software. The
software, which is installed into your computer without license is referred to as pirated software. Some
companies may intentionally attach some virus programs into their software. This program will only
activate when it does not find some special file like license file on your computer.

23).Browser:-A web browser or simply a browser is application software that allows the Internet user
to access and view web pages on the Internet. The process to receive the information of web page
from server on the Internet is called downloading. The download process takes few seconds. This time
depends on the speed of your Internet connection and the size of graphics that a web page contains.
Many web browsers are available but the most commonly used web browsers are Microsoft Internet
Explorer and Netscape Navigator.

24).World Wide Web :-The World Wide Web is simply referred to as Web. It is the latest addition to
the Internet to exchange information. The Web is vast network of HTTP servers (Web servers ) that
store documents called Web pages and these are accessible on the Internet. It is abbreviated as www
or 3w. It is the easiest way to search and to get information on the Internet.

25).E-mail :-

E-mail stands for electronic mail. It is the most popular service or facility provided by the Internet
through which we can electronically send and receive messages anywhere in the world. E-mail is a fast
and efficient method of communication. It is almost free of cost. The e-mail reaches to the destination
in a few seconds. You can also send documents, pictures, audio and video files via e-mail by
attaching .the file with email. It is also possible to send or receive e-mail messages through a mobile
phone.

E-mail or Electronic mail is a paperless method of sending messages, notes or letters from one
person to another or even many people at the same time via the Internet. E-mail is very fast
compared to the normal post. E-mail messages usually take only few seconds to arrive at their
destination. One can send messages anytime of the day or night and it will get delivered
immediately. You need not to wait for the post office to open and you don’t have to get worried
about holidays. It works 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

(i) Features of E-mail:

 One-to-one or one-to-many communications

 Instant communications
 Physical presence of recipient is not required
 Most inexpensive mail service, 24-hours a day and seven days a week
 Encourages informal communication