Engineering Mechanics I

(CENG-1001)

Instructor: Tenaw Workie

Lecturer, School of Civil & Environmental
Engineering.
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
Addis Ababa University
[email protected]
[email protected]
Office: Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory
Engineering Mechanics I:
Statics

Chapter 1: Introduction to Statics

 Mechanics
 Concerned with the state of rest or motion of
bodies subjected to the action of forces

Statics

Rigid-Body Mechanics -Equilibrium of bodies

Mechanics Deformable-Body Mechanics Dynamics

- Accelerated motion

Fluid Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
 Basic Quantities
 Length – locate position and describe size
 Time – succession of events
 Mass – measure of inertia of a body
resistance to a change in velocity
 Force – “push” or “pull” exerted by one body
on another
• Direct contact
• Remote action (gravitational, electrical,
magnetic forces)
Fundamental Concepts
 Idealizations
 Particle – consider mass but neglect size
 Rigid body
– combination of large number of particles
– neglect material properties
– no deformation
 Concentrated force
– loading area is small compared to overall size
– assumed to act at a point on a body
Scalars and Vectors
 Scalar quantities – with only magnitude
 Examples: time, volume, density, speed,
energy
 Vector – magnitude + direction
 Examples: displacement, velocity,
acceleration, force, moment, and
momentum
 Orientation of Vectors

collinear - same line of action

coplanar - located in the same plane

concurrent - passing through a common point

 Classification of Vectors

1. Free Vector: action in space not associated

with a unique line

e.g. uniform displacement of a body

 Cont’d

2. Sliding Vector: Action in space described by a

unique line

e.g. action of force on rigid body

=
 Cont’d

3. Fixed Vector: Action in space described by a

unique point

e.g. action of force on non rigid body

Vectors
 A vector quantity V, V is represented by a line
segment

• Line = direction (measured by q)

• Arrow head = sense
• Length = magnitude |V |

 -V = same magnitude as V, opposite direction

Cont’d
 Fundamental Principles – Paralellogram Law &
Transmissibility

Vectors must obey the parallelogram

law of combination. This law states that
two vectors A and B, treated as free
vectors, may be replaced by their
equivalent vector (A+B), which is the
diagonal of the parelellogram formed
by A and B as its two sides, as shown in
the figure.
• Principle of Transmissibility
Conditions of equilibrium or motion
are not affected by transmitting a
force along its line of action.
NOTE: F and F’ are equivalent forces.
 Vector operations
 Vector sum (triangle law or parallelogram)

V = V1 + V2

 Vector subtraction

V’ = V1 - V2
 Polygon Rule
can be used for the addition of more than two
vectors. Two vectors are actually summed and
added to the third and so on...

P + Q + S = (P + Q) + S = P + (Q + S)
This is the Aassociative Law of Vector Addition
Cont’d
Cont’d
Cont’d
Vector operations
 A generic triangle of forces, the sine and cosine rules
can be used to determine the magnitude

 Cosine rule:

b
C2  A2  B2  2 AB cos c C A

a c
 Sine rule: B
A  B  C
sin a sin b sin c
Vector operations
 Vector components

 mutually perpendicular = ‘Rectangular components’

 Unit Vector (n )

V  Vn

Magnitude Direction (dimensionless)

Vector operations
 Dot product or scalar product

P  Q  P Q cos q

i  i  j  j  kk
i  j  j  i  i k  k i  j k  k j  0
  
P  Q  Px i  Py j  Pz k  Qx i  Qy j  Qz k  Px Qx  Py Qy  Pz Qz
PQ
cos q 
P Q
Vector operations
 Cross product or vector product

P  Q  P Q sinq

direction is specified by the right-hand rule

i  i  j  j  kk  0
i  j  k, j  i   k , etc.
i j k
P  Q  Px Py Pz
Qx Qy Qz
Fundamental Concepts
 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
 First Law: – A particle originally at rest, or moving in
a straight line with constant velocity , will remain in
this state provided the particle is not subjected to
an unbalanced force.
Fundamental Concepts
 Second Law: – A particle acted upon by an
unbalanced force F experiences an acceleration a
that has the same direction as the force and a
magnitude that is directly proportional to the force

F = ma
Fundamental Concepts
 Third Law: – The mutual forces of action and
reaction between two particles are equal and,
opposite and collinear
Fundamental Concepts
 Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction
F = force of gravitation between two particles
m1 m2
FG G = constant of gravitation
r2 = 6.673x10-11 m3/(kg.s2)
m1,m2 = mass of each of the two particles
r = distance between the two particles

 Weight

mMe , letting g  GMe / r 2 yields W  mg

WG
r2
g = 9.81 m/s2 (see Table D/2 in appendix D)
 Units
 Mass: kilogram, kg -(1Kg=1000g)
Length: meter, m -(1m=1000mm)
Force: Newton, N-(kN=1000N)
Weight: (N) =m (kg) * g (m/s2)
Gravitational Acceleration, g = 9.81 (m/s2)
 SI units – System of International Units

 SI system specifies length in meters (m), time in seconds (s)

and mass in kilograms (kg)
 Unit of force, called Newton (N) is derived from F = ma
N = kg.m/s2

 Therefore, 1 Newton is the force required to give a mass of

1 kg an acceleration of 1 m/s2
CONT’D
 Prefixes
Exponential Form Prefix SI Symbol

Multiple

1 000 000 000 109 Giga G

1 000 000 106 Mega M

1 000 103 Kilo k

Sub-Multiple

0.001 10-3 Milli m

0.000 001 10-6 Micro μ

0.000 000 001 10-9 nano n

EXAMPLES
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SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION:
Most Efficient Way of Learning is To
Solve Problems!!!