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Topic 7
7.0 Control Structures
A realistic program may require that a logical test be carried out at some particular point within the program. There are two broad categories of control statements: Decisions/branching/selection Loops/repetitions Recall relational operators and logical expressions To form logical expressions, relational operators (<, <=, >, >=) and the two equality operators (== and !=) are required. Example of logical expressions count <= 100 sqrt (a+b+c) 0.0005 answer == 0 balance >= cutoff ch1 < ‘T’ letter != ‘x’ The logical connectives /logical operators (&& (AND) and || (OR)) and the unary negation operator ! are also used in the construction of relational expressions Example (count <= 100) && (ch1 != ‘*’) (balance < 1000.0) || ( status ==’M’) !((pay >= 20000.0) && (status ==’S’)) The conditional ?: also makes use of an expression that is either true or false eg status = (balance == 0)? (discount =1000.0) : (rate =0.6)
7.1 Decisions When one of several possible actions is carried out depending on the outcome of the logical test (Branching) or when one group of statements is selected from several available groups (selection). Major decision statement and general syntax : if statement if(expression) statement or
switch statement causes a particular group of statements to be chosen from several available choices (groups) the selection is based upon the current value of an expression which is included within the switch statement. switch (expression) { statements; } switch(expression) { case expression 1: { statements;} break; case expression 2:{statements;} break; . . . break; case expression n:{ statements;} break; default:{statements;}
break statement break statement is used to terminate loops or exit from a switch.
