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Real Numbers Scan This QR Code

The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic:

‰ Every composite number can be expressed (factorized)
Rational Numbers:
as a product of primes, and this factorisation is unique,
apart from the order in which the prime factors occur. p
It can be expressed as x = , q ≠ 0. where p
Note: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic is q
called a Unique Factorisation Theorem. and q are integers.
Composite number = Product of prime numbers. 1 2
e.g. \ 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 e.g.: , , 2, …
4 3
= 23 ×3, where 2 and 3 are prime numbers

Theorems:
‰ Theorem 1: Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2,
then p divides a, where a is a positive integer.
Integers ‘Z’ or ‘I':
‰ Theorem 2: 2 is an irrational number. Integers include all whole numbers
Note: Square root of any prime number is Real Numbers and negative numbers.
always an irrational number e.g.: … –3, –2, –1, 0,2,3,.......

Irrational Numbers:
p
It cannot be expressed as x = , q ≠ 0. where p
q Negative Integer: Whole Number ‘W’:
and q are integers. e.g.: –1, –2, –3, …
The whole number which includes
all the non-negative integers.
e.g.: 2 , 3 , , 
W: 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Prime Factorisation Method:
Prime Factorisation is a way of
representing a number as a product of
its prime factors. It is also used to find
out the H.C.F and L.C.M. Natural Number ‘N’:
For any two positive integers a and b Zero Natural numbers are all positive integers
we have, N: 1, 2, 3, …
H.C.F (a, b) × L.C.M (a, b) = a × b
e.g.: Find H.C.F of 24 and 36.
Prime factors of 24 : 23 × 31
Prime factors of 36 : 22 × 32
H.C.F = 22 × 31 = 12 Prime Number: Composite Number : Co-prime Number:
e.g.: Find L.C.M of 12 and 18. Prime numbers are Composite numbers are Co-prime numbers are two
Prime factors of 12 : 22 × 31 natural numbers that numbers that have more pairs of numbers which
are divisible by only 1 than two factors. have a common factor of 1.
Prime factors of 18 : 21 × 32 and the number itself.
e.g. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12.... e.g. (14,15), (1,99), (8,15)
L.C.M = 22 × 32 = 36 e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.....
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Polynomials Scan This QR Code

Linear Polynomial: Quadratic Polynomial: Cubic Polynomial:

p(x) = ax + b, a ≠ 0 p(x) = ax + bx + c, a ≠ 0
2
p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ≠ 0

Types of Polynomial
Formation of Quadratic and Cubic
Polynomial:
1. Quadratic polynomial having α
Degree of Polynomial: Polynomial: and β as its zeroes is given by
Highest power of the A polynomial is defined as p(x) = k{x2 – (α + β)x + αβ},
variable is known an expression that includes where k is any non-zero real
as the degree of the variables, constants and number.
polynomial. exponents. 2. Cubic polynomial having α, β,
and γ as its zeroes is given by
p(x) = k{x3 – (α + β + γ)x2 + (αβ +
βγ + γα)x – αβγ}, where k is any
General Form: non-zero real number.
p(x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + a3xn–3 +...+ an-1x1 + an,
where all the powers are non-negative integers and
a0, a1, ......... an, ∈ R

Zeroes of Polynomials:
The value of x where the graph intersect x-axis

Zeroes of Cubic Polynomial:

Zeroes of Linear Polynomial:
If a, b, and g are the zeroes of the cubic
If k is zero of p(x) = ax + b, a ≠ 0
polynomial p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then,
i.e. p(k) = ak + b = 0 Zeroes of Quadratic Polynomial:
If a and b are zeroes of quadratic −b Coefficient of x 2
– b – Constant term a+b+g= = −
\k= = polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 a Coefficient of x3
a Coefficient of x
– b – Coefficient of x c Coefficient of x
a+b= = ab + bg + ga = =
a Coefficient of x 2 a Coefficient of x3
c Constant term
and a·b = = −d Constant term
a Coefficient of x 2 abg= = − .
a Coefficient of x3
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Pair of Linear Equation Scan This QR Code

in Two Variables

Substitution Method: Solution: Elimination Method:

To find the solution using this method we The value of the two To find the solution using this method we
substitute value of one variable (in terms variables which satisfy eliminate one of the variables by adding/
of another variable) from one equation to both the linear equations subtracting both equation after, if necessary,
another equation. multiplying the equation by appropriate numbers.
in the two variables
Example: 7x –15y = 2 …(i) Example: 2x + 3y = 8 … (i)
  x + 2y = 3 …(ii) 4x + 6y = 7 … (ii)
Sol. From equation (ii), x = 3 – 2y…(iii) Sol. From equation (i) × 2 – eq. (ii) × 1, we have
Substitute value of x in eq. (i) Algebraic Method (4x – 4x) + (6y – 6y) = 16 – 7
7(3 – 2y) – 15y = 2 0 = 9, which is a false statement
19 The pair of equation has no solution
–29y = –19 ⇒ y =
29
19  49  Pair of Linear
∴ In eq. (iii) x = 3 – 2   =  
 29   29  Equations in Two General From:
Variables a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Definition: A collection Where, a1, a2, a3, b1, b2 & b3 are real
of two linear equations in numbers such that
the same two variables. a1 & b1 and a2 & b2 can not be equal to
Graphical Representation and
Nature of equations/solutions zero simultaneously.

a1 b1 c1 Compare Algebraic
S. No. Pair of Lines Graphical Representation
a2 b2 c2 the Ratios Interpretation
Y

7
6
P(0,5) Exactly one
x – 2y = 0 1 −2 0 a1 b1 4 0 solution-
≠ 2y =
1. x– Intersecting Lines
3x + 4y – 20 = 0 3 4 −20 a2 b2
3
2
Q(4,2)
3x
consistent
A(0,0) +4
–1
1 B(2,1)
y=
20 (Unique)
X' X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
Y'
Y

5
4x
+6
y=
4
(0,3) Infinitely many
18
2x + 3y –9 = 0 2 3 −9 a1 b1 c1 solutions-
2. = = 2
(3,1) Coincident Lines
4x + 6y – 18 = 0 4 6 −18 a2 b2 c2 1 (4.5,0) consistent
X' X
–1 O
–1
1 2 3 4 2x
+3
6 (Dependent)
y=
Intersecting 9
Y'
Lines
Y

5
4
P(0,3)
x + 2y – 4 = 0 a1 b1 c1 2x No solutions-
3. 1 2 −4 = ≠
+4
y–
12
2x + 4y – 12 = 0 a2 b2 c2 R(0,2)
1
x+2
y–
= 0 Q(6,0) Parallel Lines Inconsistent
2 4 −12 X'
4=0
X
–1 O 1 2 3 5 6
–1 S(4,0)
Y'
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Quadratic Equations Scan This QR Code

Factorisation Method:
In this method (ax2 + bx + c = 0) can be expressible as the product
of two linear expressions, say (px + q) and (rx + s), where p, q, r
Quadratic Formula:
are real numbers such that p ≠ 0, r ≠ 0.
For ax2 + bx + c = 0, D = b2 – 4ac,
Then ax2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒ (px + q) (rx + s) = 0
−q −s −b ± D
(px + q) = 0 or (rx + s) = 0 ⇒ x = or x = x=
p r 2a

Method of
Finding Solution

An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c are real numbers and

a ≠ 0. is called a quadratic equation in x.
Solution of Roots of Quadratic Equation:
A real number a is called a root of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
a ≠ 0 if aa2 + ba + c = 0.

Application:
Distance
‰ Speed =
Time
Quadratic Equation ‰ Area of figures
‰ Volume of water = flow rate × time
‰ Number of ages

Nature of roots: Case III:

ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, where D = (b2 – 4ac) and the roots
When D < 0, roots are
−b + D −b − D imaginary.
are given by α = and β =
2a 2a

Case I:
When D > 0, roots are Case II:
real, distinct and given by
When D = 0, roots are real and equal and roots are
−b + D −b − D −b −b
α= and β = given by α = and β =
2a 2a 2a 2a
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Arithmetic Scan This QR Code

Progressions

Sum of nth term: General form of an A.P. Common difference (d)

‰ When first term (a) and common a, a + d, a + 2d, ..., a + (n – 1)d ‰ The fixed number added in
difference (d) is given, then, an arithmetic progression is
the common difference i.e.,
n
S=
n [2a + (n − 1)d ] difference between the two
2
consecutive terms of an A.P. is
‰ When first term (a) and last term called common difference.
(l) is given, then d = an – an–1
n ‰ It can be positive, negative or
Sn
= [a + l ]
2 zero.

Types of an A.P.:
Finite A.P.: An arithmetic progression nth term from end
(A.P) in which number of terms are finite
an = l – (n – 1) d
is known as finite A.P.
a1, a2, ............... an Arithmetic Here, l is last term and d is common
Infinite A.P.: An arithmetic progression Progressions
difference
(A.P) in which number of terms are
infinite is known as infinite A.P.
a1, a2, a3..............

Definition:
nth term of an A.P.
A sequence of numbers in which each
term is obtained by adding/subtracting an = a + (n – 1) d
a fixed number to the preceding term, Here, a is first term and d is common
except the first term is called an difference
Arithmetic Progression.

Term:
Each number in the sequence of an A.P.
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Triangles Scan This QR Code

Similarity of Triangles Congruent of Triangles

U Corresponding angles are congruent U Corresponding angles are congruent
U Corresponding sides are in same ratio U Corresponding sides are also congruent

Triangles

Criteria for Similarity of Triangles

Theorem

AA (Angle-Angle) Criteria: If two angles

U If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to
of one triangle are respectively equal to
two angles of another triangle, then the two intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other
triangles are similar. two sides are divided in the same ratio.
U If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same
AAA (Angle-Angle-Angle): If in two ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
triangles, corresponding angles are equal, U If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal,
then their corresponding sides are in the same then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or
ratio and hence the two triangles are similar.
proportional) and hence the two triangles are similar.
SSS (Side-Side-Side): If in two triangles, U If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional
sides of one triangle are proportional to (i.e., to (i.e., in the same ratio of) the sides of the other
in the same ratio of ) the sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and
triangle, then their corresponding angles are hence the two triangles are similar.
equal and hence the two triangles are similar. U If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the
other triangle and the sides including these angles are
SAS (Side–Angle–Side): If one angle of proportional, then the two triangles are similar.
a triangle is equal to one angle of the other
triangle and the sides including these angles
are proportional, then the two triangles are Important Terms
similar.

U Scale Factor: The scale factor is the ratio of any two corresponding lengths in similar figures. It determines the
relationship between the corresponding sides of the figures.
U Corresponding Angles: Corresponding angles are angles that occupy the same relative positions in two or more similar
figures
U Corresponding Sides: Corresponding sides are sides that are in the same relative position in two or more similar figures.
U Proportional: Two quantities are proportional if they have a constant ratio. In the context of similar figures, corresponding
sides are proportional, meaning their lengths are in the same ratio.
U Congruent: Two figures are said to be congruent if all the corresponding sides and all the corresponding angles are
equal in measure.
U Similar: Two figures having the same shape but not necessarily the same size is known as similar.
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Coordinate Scan This QR Code

Geometry

A (x1, y1) Y Y

G Ordinate Q (x2, y2)

D
(x2, y2) B C (x3, y3)
X′ X
 x + x + x y + y2 + y2  O
G= 1 2 3, 1 Abscissa (x1, y1) P
3 3  C y2
  M
Example: Determine the centroid of Y′ y1
a triangle whose vertices are (5, 3), Horizontal = x-axis (Abscissa)
X′ X
(6, 1) and (7, 8) Vertical = y-axis (Ordinate) O x1 R S
x2
Sol. Given parameters are,
Y′
(x1, y1) = (5, 3), (x2, y2) = (6,1)
PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
and (x3, y3) = (7, 8)
Example: Find the distance between the point
 x + x + x y + y2 + y2  Coordinate Axis P(–5,7) and Q(–1,3).
G= 1 2 3, 1 
 3 3  Sol. We have,
 5 + 6 + 7 3 +1+ 8  Distance formula: d = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
G= , 
 3 3  Given, x1 = –5, x2 = –1, y1 = 7, y2 = 3
Coordinate
 18 12  So, d = (−1 − (−5)) 2 + (3 − 7) 2 = (4) 2 + (−4) 2
=G = ,  (6, 4) Geometry
 3 3 = 16 + 16 = 32 = 4 2 units

Centroid Section Formula Distance Formula

Mid-point Line Segment The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment
joining the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) internally in the ratio m1 : m2
 m x + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1 
are  1 2 , .
 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 
The mid-point of the line segment joining the points
Example: Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line
x + x y + y2 
P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is  1 2 , 1  . joining of (–1, 7) and (4, –3) in the ratio 2 : 3.
 2 2  Sol. Let P(x, y) be the required point. Thus, we have
Example: Find the coordinates of mid-point of the m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1
= x = and y
line segment joining (4, –1) and (–2, –3). m1 + m2 m1 + m2
Sol. Let the given points be P(4, –1) and Q(–2, –3) Therefore,
Since, the mid-point of the line segment joining 2 × 4 + 3 × (−1) 8 − 3 5
the points P(4, –1) and Q(–2, –3) x= = = = 1
2+3 5 5
4 − 2 −1 − 3 2 −4
=  ,
 
  , =
=

 (1, −2 ) =y
2 × (−3) + 3 × 7 −6 + 21 15
= = = 3
 2 2  2 2  2+3 5 5
So, the coordinates of P are (1, 3).
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Introduction to Scan This QR Code

Trigonometry

A 1 1
sin θ
= ⇒ cosec
= θ
cosec θ sin θ
Hypotenuse
Perpendicular

1 1
cos
= θ ⇒ sec
= θ
sec θ cos θ
1 1
tan
= θ ⇒ cot
= θ
q cot θ tan θ
B Base C

AB Trigonometric Ratios and Angles

sin θ =
AC
BC Right Angled Trigonometric
cos θ = Identities
AC Triangle

tan θ =
AB Introduction to sin2q + cos2q = 1
BC Trigonometry
AC sec2q – tan2q = 1
cosec θ =
AB
cosec2q – cot2q = 1
AC
sec θ =
BC Trigonometric Ratios of some Specific Angles.
BC
cot θ =
AB

q 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 Not Defined
3
2
cosec Not Defined 2 2 1
3
2
sec 1 2 2 Not Defined
3
1
cot Not Defined 3 1 0
3
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Some Applications Scan This QR Code

of Trigonometry

R Distance between Two Points

R

C?
h

90º 30º 60º

P ab Q P B Q
Find length QR x 200 m
Find x and h

Trigonometric ratios can be used to find the

distances and heights of those objects for which
direct measurement of lengths are not possible.

Angle of Elevation: Angle of Depression:

The angle of elevation of the point The angle of depression of a point
viewed is the angle formed by the on the object being viewed is the
line of sight with the horizontal angle formed by the line of sight
when the point being viewed is Some Application with the horizontal when the point
above the horizontal level. of Trigonometry is below the horizontal level.
Horizontal Level
Object M q Angle of Depression
ht
f sig
eo
Lin Angle of elevation
M Object
Horizontal level

Line of Sight:
Line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an
observer to the point in the object viewed by the
observer.
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Circles Scan This QR Code

Number of Tangents Definition

‰ There are no tangent to a circle The locus of a point that is
passing through a point lying inside equidistant from a fixed point is Theorem 1
the circle. known as a circle. The fixed point The tangent at any point of a circle
is called centre and the distance is perpendicular to the radius
between the fixed point and the through the point of contact.
P point on the circle is called radius.
A
r O

O A B
‰ There is one and only one tangent
P
to a circle passing through a point
lying on the circle.
Theorem 2
The lengths of tangents drawn
P from an external point to a circle
are equal.
A

‰ There are exactly two tangents to a Circles

P O
circle through a point lying outside
the circle.
B
T1

P Tangent
A line intersecting a circle at only
T2 one point is known as tangent and
the intersecting point is known as
Secant
point of contact.
A line intersecting a circle at
Terms Related to Circle:
two different points is known P
1. Chord as secant.
2. Arc
P A
3. Sector O
A
4. Segment
(a) Minor segment Q
O
(b) Major segment B
Q
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Areas Related Scan This QR Code

to Circles

Areas Related to Circles

Circle Segment of circle

Sector of circle

Major
Sector O
O B
O r Minor
q Segment
A Minor B A B
Sector

θ 
Length of arc (AB) = × 2πr Length of chord (AB) = 2r sin  
360° Circumference of 2
the circle = 2pr Area of segment = Area of sector (OAB)
Perimeter of sector (OAB) = 2r + length of arc
Area of the circle – Area of D OAB
θ  1 2
Area of sector = × πr 2 = pr2 =  r  r sin 
2

360° 360 2

Semi-Circle

A B
O

Perimeter of the
semi-circle = pr + 2r
Area of the semi-circle
1
= π r2
2
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Surface Areas and Scan This QR Code

Volumes

The capacity occupied

by a 3-D solid shape T.S.A = (C.S.A)Cylinder + (C.S.A)Cone
+ (Base Area)Cylinder

Volume Volume = (Volume)Cone

Combination of Solids
+ (Volume)Cylinder

Surface area is
the space which is Surface T.S.A = (C.S.A)Cone
occupied by a solid + (C.S.A)Hemisphere
Areas
and
Volumes Volume = (Volume)Cone
+ (Volume)Hemisphere
Surface Area Formula

T.S.A = (T.S.A)Cube
+ (C.S.A)Hemisphere
– (Base Area)Hemisphere
Volume Curved Surface Total Surface
Name of Solid
(V) Area (C.S.A) Area (T.S.A) Volume = (Volume)Cube
Cube a 3
4a2
6a2 + (Volume)Hemisphere

Cuboid l×b×h 2h (l+b) 2 (lb+bh+hl)

4 3
Sphere πr 4pr2 4pr2 T.S.A = (T.S.A)Cube + (T.S.A)Cylinder
3
– (Base Area)Cylinder
2 3
Hemisphere πr 2pr2 3pr2
3 Volume = (Volume)Cube
Right Circular + (Volume)Cylinder
pr2h 2prh 2pr (h+r)
Cylinder
Right Circular T.S.A = (T.S.A)Cube
2p(R+r)
Hollow p(R2–r2)h 2p(R+r)h + (C.S.A)Cone
(h+R–r)
Cylinder (R > r)
– (Base Area)Cone
1 2
Cone πr h prl pr (l+r)
3 Volume = (Volume)Cone
+ (Volume)Cube
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Statistics Scan This QR Code

Grouped Data:
Data:
Grouped data is a data given in the form of class
Facts, observations and information that come
intervals 0–5, 5–10, 10–15,...etc.
from investigations are known as data.
Mode:
Mode is the value of the observation
Lower limit + Upper limit having the maximum frequency.
Class width =
2

Modal Class:
Mean: Class having maximum frequency
called modal class.
The arithmetic mean is the sum of the
values of all the observations divided
by total number of observations.  f1 − f 0 
Statistics Mode =
l + × h
x + x + x + ... + xn  2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
x= 1 2 3
n
f1 = frequency of the modal class
Median: f0 = frequency of the class
preceding the modal class
The middle most value of the given
U Direct Method data set when it is arranged in either f2 = frequency of the class
n
ascending or descending order of succeeding the modal class
∑fx i i magnitude is called median. h = size of class internal
Mean x = i =1
n l = lower limit of the modal class
∑f i
i =1 Median:
U Assumed Mean Method U If total number of observations is odd, say n. Then,
th
∑fd  n +1 
x= a +
i i Median = value of   observation.
 2 
∑f i
U If total number of observations is even, say n. Then,
U Step-deviation Method n
th
n 
th
Value of   term + Value of  + 1 term
x=
a+
∑fu i i
×h Median =
2
  2 
∑f i
2

N 
 − Cf 
l + 2
Median = × h
 f 
Median Class:
 
N
Median class is just greater than is called l = lower limit of median class interval
2 Cf = Cumulative frequency preceding to the median
median class where N is sum of frequencies i.e. f = frequency of the class interval to which median belongs.
N = Σfi h = size of class internal
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Probability Scan This QR Code

Complementary Event Compound Event

Impossible Event
When there are two events such that one An event which has more than
one elementary event is called a The events whose probability is
event can occur if and only if the other zero are called impossible events.
does not take place then such events compound event.
For example, the event of drawing
are known as complementary events in For example, the probability of
a black ball from a bag containing
probability. The sum of the probability rolling an even number on a die,
three red and four white balls is an
of complementary events will always then tossing a head on a coin.
impossible event.
be equal to 1. The complement of A is
denoted by A .

Elementary Event Event Sure or Certain Event

An event having only one outcome or A desired outcome of the random
any single outcome of an experiment The events whose probability
experiment is known as an event of
is called an elementary event. is one are called sure/certain
the random experiment e.g., Getting
events.
For example, the probability of a tail on tossing a coin, getting a red
getting a 3 when a die is tossed. card when a card is drawn from a For example, the event of
pack of 52 cards. drawing a black ball from a bag
U Sum of probability of all
containing ninety red balls is a
elementary events is 1.
sure event.

Experiment: An experiment Definition: Probability is the

refers to a specific action branch of mathematics that deals
or process that produces an with the study of random events
outcome. For example, tossing Probability or outcomes. It is the measure of
a coin, rolling a die, or selecting the likelihood or chance that an
a card from a deck. event will occur.

Theoretical Probability Experimental Probability

The theoretical (or classical) probability of an event E is The experimental (or empirical) probability of an
given by event E is given by
Number of outcomes favourable to E Number of trials in which the event happened
P(E) = P(E) =
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment Total number of trials