Medical Latin Course

Author: Małgorzata Budzowska

English version authorized by G. Laskowska,

K. Studzińska-Pasieka

Medical University of Łódź

2007
Class 1

I. Pronunciation in Latin

Vowels
Latin Vowel Pronunciation
a a (father)
e e (pet)
i ee (need)
o o (drop)
u oo (soon)
y y (youth)

Remember: A few vowel combinations, called diphthongs, are read as one letter.
Latin Diphthong Pronunciation
ae* e (red)
au ow (how)
ei ey (they)
eu eu (leucocyte)
oe e (red)
* If over the e in diphthong ae or oe there are, so called, puncta diaeresis – points of separate, eg. word aër (air), we
read letters separately.

Remember: Most Latin consonants have the same sounds as in English but with the
exceptions listed below.

Consonants
Latin Consonant Pronunciation
c si (before e, i, y, ae, oe) (cinema)
k (before a, o, u, before consonants, in the end of a word)
(computer)
g g (good; never as in ginger)
j y (young)
r r (grill)
s s (softly)
v v (vinegar)
x ks (tax)
z dz (adze)
bs bs (obsession)
bt bt (obtuse)
cc kk (book-keeping)
ch ch (character; never as in chapel)
 ngu ngv (before vowel) (linguistics)
ngju (before consonant) (angular)
ph ph (microphone)
th t (turn)
rh r (grill)
ti ti (patio; never as in motion)
qu kv (quota)

Exercise 1

Please read the following words correctly:

1 cancer, medicamentum, auris, abortus, articulatio, lingua

2 ventriculus, res, oculus, sanguis, pectus, thorax
3 corpus, dens, fel, epiphysis, caries, oesophagus
4 hemispherium, ichthyismus, thrombus, scarlatina, angulus, olfactus
5 intestinum, incisura, rhinitis, series, aqua, pharmacon
6 oedema, musculus, vena, cytoplasma, defectus, dolor
7 rabies,sutura, causa, medicus, cellula, os
8 curatio, visus, homo, lapis, cutis, abductor
9 diaphysis, processus, sulcus, scabies, epicondylus, fascia
10 punctum, insertio, ictus, cranium, epithelium, cavum
11 encephalon, colon, metacarpus, bacterium, plexus, vitium
12 rubeola, exophthalmia, diphtheria, migraena, costa, tactus

II. Glossary of Latin grammatical terms

Latin Nouns

* Latin nouns have gender: they’re masculinum (masculine), femininum (feminine), or neutrum
(neuter). Each of gender has own suffix attached to the word.

* Latin nouns have five basic cases that determine what function the noun serves in the sentence.
The word’s suffix determines the noun’s case.

* Latin has five declensions (noun groups that use the same suffix for each case).

* Latin nouns are declined in two numerals: singularis (singular) and pluralis (plural).

Declining Nouns
* A noun can have a wider range of uses just by changing its suffix (or the letters attached to the end
of the word). What follows are the most commonly used cases:
 Nominativus (Nominative): indicates Subject

Remember: Latin doesn’t have articles (such a, an, the), so when you translate a
sentence from Latin to English, you’ll have to add those yourself.

Genetivus (Genitive): indicates Possesion

Remember: When you translate Genetive into English, use of before noun

Dativus (Dative): indicates Indirect object

Accussativus (Accusative): indicates Direct object

Ablativus (Ablative): Expresses how sth happens – by, with or from

* Vocativus (Vocative): Used only in adressing or calling someone.

Declension is a group of nouns that form their cases the same way – that is, use the same
suffix. Every noun has two basic forms: Nominativus and Genetivus (always in this order),
that have to be presented in dictionary. In what declension a noun is declined we recognize
by the suffix of Genetivus:

1st decl. 2nd decl. 3rd decl. 4th decl. 5th decl.

Genetivus: - ae -i - is - us - ei

Exercise 2

Please read and determine a declension of the following nouns (presented in two basic forms):

1 cancer, cancri; medicamentum, medicamenti; auris, auris; abortus, abortus; articulatio,

articulationis; lingua, linguae;
2 ventriculus, ventriculi; res, rei; oculus, oculi; sanguis, sanguinis; pectus, pectoris; thorax,
thoracis;
3 corpus, corporis; dens, dentis; fel, fellis; epiphysis, epiphysis; caries, cariei; oesophagus,
oesophagi;
4 hemispherium, hemispherii; ichthyismus, ichtyismi; thrombus, thrombi; scarlatina, scarlatinae;
angulus, anguli; olfactus, olfactus;
5 intestinum, intestini; incisura, incisurae; rhinitis, rhinitidis; series, seriei; aqua, aquae;
pharmacon, pharmaci;
6 oedema, oedematis; musculus, musculi; vena, venae; cytoplasma, cytoplasmatis; defectus,
defectus; dolor, doloris;
7 rabies, rabiei; sutura, suturae; causa, causae; medicus, medici; cellula, cellulae; os, ossis;
8 curatio, curationis; visus, visus; homo, hominis; lapis, lapidis; cutis, cutis; abductor, abductoris;
9 diaphysis, diaphysis; processus, processus; sulcus, sulci; scabies, scabiei; epicondylus, epicondyli;
fascia, fasciae;
10 punctum, puncti; insertio, insertionis; ictus, ictus; cranium, cranii; epithelium, epithelii; cavum,
cavii;
11 encephalon, encephali; colon, coli; metacarpus, metacarpi; bacterium, bacterii; vitium, vitii;
plexus, plexus;
12 rubeola, rubeolae; exophthalmia, exophthalmiae; diphtheria, diphtheriae; migraena, migraenae;
tactus, tactus; costa, costae.

Class 2

I. The meaning of Latin Cases.

Singularis

Nominativus Who/What is doing? – The friend is reading a book.

Genetivus Whose is it? (this case shows the owner) – This is the friend’s book.

Dativus For whom is it? – This is a book for the friend.

Accussativus Who/What (for example - are you/is he/are they etc. watching?) - I’m
watching the friend.

Ablativus With/by whom (for example - are you/is he/are they etc. read?) – A book
is read by the friend.

Vocativus Calling someone – Oh, friend, let’s go!

Pluralis

Nominativus Friends are reading a book.

Genetivus This is friends’ book

Dativus This book is for friends.

Accussativus I’m watching friends.

Ablativus A book is read by friends.

Vocativus* Oh, friends, let’s go!

  Vocativus is not used in medical Latin.

II. Declension.

In English we use prepositions or we change the word order to express the meaning of noun.
In Latin we attach the suffix to the end of the word instead. Declension consists in changing
the suffix in every case.

III. First declension.

In the first declension we decline nouns, that are of femininum (feminine gender) and have
the suffix – a in Nominativus, and the suffix – ae in Genetivus.

Noun of femininum: Nom. – a, Gen. – ae

1. In dictionaries we can find following information concerning noun: its two basic forms (Nom.,
Gen.) and its gender. For example:

amica, amicae (f.) – girlfriend

2. From the suffix of the second basic form (Gen.) we recognize that it is the noun of the first
declension (see: the table on page 4).

3. And now we can start decline this noun:

Singularis

Nom. amic – a (a girlfriend)

Gen. amic – ae (girlfriend’s)

(and now we have to cut off this characteristic suffix of Genetivus and then
we have stem of noun, that is the base for other forms of cases)

Dat. amic – ae (for a girlfriend)

Acc. amic – am ([you are watching] a girlfriend)
Abl. amic – a (by/with a girlfriend)

Pluralis

Nom. amic – ae (girlfriends)

Gen. amic – arum (girlfriends’)
Dat. amic – is (for girlfriends)
Acc. amic – as ([you are watching] girlfriends)
Abl. amic – is (by/with girlfriends)
Exercise 1

Please read the following nouns and determine their declension. If you find the noun of the first
declension, please decline it.

1 tetanus, tetani; gangrena, gangrenae; collum, colli; pulsus, pulsus; contusio, contusionis.
2 atrium, atrii; derma, dermatis; neonatus, neonati; exitus, exitus; tibia, tibiae.
3 icterus, icteri; functio, functionis; orbita, orbitae; sternum, sterni; partus, partus.
4 serum, seri; vertebra, vertebrae; gradus, gradus; botulismus, botulismi; operatio, operationis.
5 signum, signi; fractura, fracturae; pulmo, pulmonis; status, status; bronchus, bronchi.
6 coxa, coxae; nervus, nervi; duodenum, duodeni; cortex, corticis; fetus, fetus.
7 digitus, digiti; spatium, spatii; infarctus, infarctus; haemorrhagia, haemorrhagiae; ren, renis.
8 septum, septi; lapara, laparae; spasmus, spasmi; larynx, laryngis; usus, usus.

IV. Nouns of the 1st declension, which derive from the Greek
language.

In the first declension are also declined nouns, which derive from the Greek language, that
have the feminine gender and in Nominativus have the suffix – e and in Genetivus have the
suffix – es.
Nouns of femininum derive from the Greek language: Nom. – e
Gen. – es

And also in the first declension are declined nouns, which derive from the Greek language,
that have the masculine gender and in Nominativus have the suffix – es and in Genetivus have
the suffix – ae.
Nouns of masculinum derive from the Greek language: Nom. – es
Gen. – ae

Declension of the nouns, which derive from Greek:

1. Group of the nouns of feminine gender: raphe, raphes (f.) – suture

Singularis Pluralis

Nom. raph – e raph – ae

Gen. raph – es raph – arum
Dat. raph – ae raph – is
Acc. raph – en raph – as
Abl. raph – e/a raph – is

Examples of these nouns:

chole, choles – bile

systole, systoles – contraction of heart
phlegmone, phlegmones – phlegmon (inflammation of connective tissue, leading to ulceration)
haemoptoë, haemoptoës – bloody sputum
acne, acnes – acne
syncope, syncopes – fainting
diastole, diastoles – diastole (decontraction of heart)
gonorrhoë, gonorrhoës – gonorrhoe, clap (a sexually transmitted disease, caused by the bacterium
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, that affects the genital mucous membranes of either sex)
diarrhoë, diarrhoës – diarrhoea

2. Group of the nouns of masculine gender: diabetes, diabetae (m.) – diabetes

Singularis Pluralis – in this group of nouns pluralis

doesn’t exist
Nom. diabet – es
Gen. diabet – ae
Dat. diabet – ae
Acc. diabet – en
Abl. diabet – a/e

In medical Latin we also have one more example of such nouns: ascites, ascitae –
hydroperitoneum.

PATHOLOGICAL STATES
(nouns of the first declension)

allergia, allergiae – allergy: a disorder in which the body becomes hypersensitive to particular
antigens
anaemia, anaemiae – anaemia, oligocytosis: a reduction in the quantity of the oxygen – carrying
pigment haemoglobin in the blood
angina, anginae – angina: a sense of suffocation or suffocating pain
ataxia, ataxiae – ataxia: the shaky movements and unsteady gait that result from the brain’s failure
to regulate the body’s posture and the strength and direction of limb movements
atrophia, atrophiae – atrophy, wasting: the wasting away of a normally developed organ or tissue
due to degeneration of cells
cataracta, cataractae – cataract: any opacity in the lens of the eye, resulting in blurred vision
colica, colicae – colic: severe abdominal pain, usually of fluctuating severity, with waves of pain
seconds or a few minutes apart
diphtheria, diphtheriae – diphtheria: an acute highly contagious infection, caused by the
bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, generally affecting the throat but occasionally other
mucous membranes and the skin
dysenteria, dysenteriae – dysentery, bloody flux: an infection of the intestinal tract causing severe
diarrhoea with blood and mucus
embolia, emboliae – embolism: the condition in which an embolus becomes lodged in an artery
and obstructs its blood flow
exophthalmia, exophthalmiae – exophthalmos: protrusion of the eyeballs in their sockets
fractura, fracturae – fracture, break
hysteria, hysteriae – hysteria, pithiatism: a neurosis characterized by emotional instability,
repression, dissociation, some physical symptoms, and vulnerability to suggestion.
influenza, influenzae – influenza, flu, grippe
leucaemia, leucaemiae – leukemia: any disease from a group of malignant diseases in which the
bone marrow and other blood – forming organs produce increased numbers of certain types of white
blood cells
lyssa, lyssae – rabies: an acute viral disease of the central nervous system that affects all warm –
blooded animals and is usually transmitted to man by a bite from an infected dog
pneumonia, pneumoniae – pneumonia: inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria, in which the
air sacs become filled with inflammatory cells and the lung becomes solid
scarlatina, scarlatinae – a highly contagious disease, mainly of childhood, caused by bacteria of
the genus Streptococcus
varicella, varicellae – chickenpox: a mild highly infectious disease caused by a herpsvirus
transmitted by airborne droplets
variola, variolae – smallpox: an acute infectious viral disease causing high fever and a rash
scaring the skin
rubeola, rubeolae – a mild highly contagious viral infection, mainly of childhood, causing
enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck and a widespread pink rash
English definitions adapted from: Oxford Medical Dictionary, Oxford – New York 1994.

Class 3

I. Latin – Greek synonyms in medical therminology:

English Latin Greek

pain dolor algos, odyne
disease morbus pathos, nosos
body corpus soma
man homo anthropos
head caput kephale
glandule glandula aden
tumour tumor onkos
intestine intestinum enteron
tongue lingua glossa
calculus lapis lithos
chest pectus thorax
woman femina gyne
cell cellula kytos
bone os osteon
blood sanguis haima
vertebra vertebra spondylos
shape, form forma morphe
cure curatio therapeia
drug, medicine medicamentum pharmakon
doctor medicus iatros
muscle musculus mys
brain cerebrum enkephalos
vessel vas angeion
kidney ren nephros
nerve nervus neuron
nose nasus rhis
eye oculus ophthalmos
finger digitus daktylos
lung pulmo pneumon
cause causa aitia
cancer cancer karkinos
wound vulnus trauma
heart cor kardia
skin cutis derma
joint articulatio arthron
suture sutura raphe
ear auris us
mouth os stoma
liver iecur hepar
tooth dens odus
stomach ventriculus gaster
bile fel chole
life vita bios
Adapted from: A. Kołodziej, S. Kołodziej, Lingua Latina medicinalis, Katowice 2003, s. 10-11.

Exercise 2

Please complete the table like in example.

English Latin Greek

head caput kephale
glandula
enteron
lingua
chest
kytos
os
haima
vertebra
medicus
mys
brain
man
odyne
tooth
vulnus
lapis
aitia
nosos
forma
woman
angeion
ren
neuron
eye
daktylos
pulmo
cancer
heart
cutis
joint
raphe
stoma
tumor
cure
soma
nose
us
fel
life
iecur
drug

II. Some useful suffixes, which make medical nouns of the 1st
declension:

suffix meaning of suffix example meaning of example

- clasia mobilization arthroclasia arthroclasia
- ectomia excision, resection gastrectomia gastrectomy
cystectomia cystectomy
- plastica reconstruction otoplastica otoplasty
rhinoplastica rhinoplasty
- pexia fixation, pexis gastropexia gastropexy
- rrhaphia suturing colorrhaphia colorrhaphy
- scopia endoscopy gastroscopia gastroscopy
- stomia fistula – a pathologic sinus colostomia colostomy
or channel leading to a
hollow viscus or abscess
- tomia incision lobotomia lobotomy
tracheotomia tracheotomy
- aemia presence in blood calcaemia calcemia
- algia pain myalgia myalgia
- dynia odontodynia odontodynia
- cele hernia,swelling cystocele cystocele
- ectopia dislocation cardiectopia cardiectopy
- graphia recording urographia urography
- ia state, condition, process dementia dementia
- malacia softening, emollition osteomalacia osteomalacia
- mania morbid attraction to sth erotomania erotomania
- metria measurement craniometria craniometry
- opsia the looking at autopsia autopsy
- pathia disease osteopathia osteopathy
myopathia myopathy
- penia deficiency leucopenia leucopenia
- philia disposition, tendency haemophilia hemophilia
- phobia morbid fear agoraphobia agoraphobia
- plegia paralysis glossoplegia glossoplegia
- rrhagia pouring out haemorrhagia hemorrhage
- rrhoë flowing out diarrhoë diarrhea
- rrhoea diarrhoea
- uria presence in urine bacteriuria bacteriuria
Adapted from: A. Kołodziej, S. Kołodziej, Lingua Latina medicinalis, Katowice 2003, s. 24.

Exercise 3

Please write definition to each of the procedure and diagnosis:

glossorrhaphia – ………………………………………………………………………………

ophthalmoscopia – ……………………………………………………………………………

ventriculotomia – ……………………………………………………………………………..

neurotomia – ………………………………………………………………………………….

rhinoplastica – ………………………………………………………………………………..

glossalgia – ……………………………………………………………………………………..

anthropophobia – ……………………………………………………………………………...

enteropathia – ………………………………………………………………………………….

adenoctomia – ………………………………………………………………………………….

thoracotomia – …………………………………………………………………………………

osteoctopia – ................................................................................................................................

encephalocele – ...........................................................................................................................

nephrotomia – .............................................................................................................................

ophthalmoplegia – ......................................................................................................................
Class 4

I. The second declension

In the second declension are declined nouns, which:

A are of masculine (m.) gender and in Nominativus have suffix –us, and in Genetivus
have suffix –i;

B are of neuter (n.) gender and in Nominativus have suffix –um, and in Genetivus
have suffix –i.

Group A

amicus, amici (m.) – boyfriend

Sing. English

Nom. amicus a boyfriend

Gen. amici a boyfriend’s
(now we cut off the suffix –i and we get stem of the noun to which we attach
another suffixes to create form for each case)
Dat. amic – o for a boyfriend
Acc. amic – um (I’m watching) a boyfriend
Abl. amic – o by/with a boyfriend

Plur.

Nom. amic – i boyfriends

Gen. amic – orum boyfriends’
Dat. amic – is for boyfriends
Acc. amic – os (I’m watching) boyfriends
Abl. amic – is by/with boyfriends

Exercise 1

Please decline the following nouns:

bronchus, bronchi – bronchus, bronchial tube

bulbus, bulbi – eyeball
carpus, carpi – wrist, carpus
morbus,morbi – disease
cubitus, cubiti – elbow, cubitus
humerus, humeri – humeral bone
oculus, oculi – eye
organismus, organismi – organism
radius, radii – radial bone, ray

In group A are also declined the nouns of masculine (m.) gender, which have suffix
-er in Nominativus and suffix –i in Genetivus, for example:

magister, magistri – a teacher

These nouns are declined in the same way like those nouns with suffix –us in Nominativus (see:
declension of amicus, amici)

Exercise 2

Please decline the following nouns:

magister, magistri – teacher

cancer, cancri – cancer
puer, pueri – boy
liber,libri – book

In group A are also declined the nouns of feminine (f.) gender, which have suffix –us or –er in
Nominativus and suffix –i in Genetivus, for example:

diameter, diametri – dimension, size

methodus, methodi – method
periodus, periodi – period
alvus, alvi – abdomen, stool

These nouns are declined in the same way like the nouns of masculine gender.

In group A are also declined the nouns of neuter (n.) gender, which have suffix –us in
Nominativus and suffix –i in Genetivus.

Remember: These nouns have their own declension:

virus, viri (n.) – virus

Sing. Plur.

Nom. virus vir -a

Gen. viri vir -orum
(we cut off the suffix –i and we have stem of the noun)
Dat. vir –o vir -is
 Acc. vir –us vir -a
Abl. vir –o vir -is

Group B

cranium, cranii – a skull

Sing. English

Nom. cranium a skull

Gen. cranii a skull’s
(we cut off the suffix –i and we get stem of the noun)
Dat. crani – o for a skull
Acc. crani – um (I’m watching) a skull
Abl. crani – o by/with a skull

Plur.

Nom. crani – a skulls

Gen. crani – orum skulls’
Dat. crani – is for skulls
Acc. crani – a (I’m watching) skulls
Abl. crani – is by/with skulls

Remember: The rule of neuter gender nouns: in every declension nouns of neuter gender have
the same form in Nominativus and in Accusativus Singularis and the same form in Nom. and Acc.
Pluralis.

Exercise 3

Please decline the following nouns in your notebook.

hospitalium, hospitalii – hospital

membrum, membri – extremity, limb
remedium, remedii – drug
cerebrum, cerebri – brain
cerebellum, cerebelli – cerebellum
labium, labii – lip
septum, septi – dividing wall

In group B are also declined the nouns of neuter gender, which derive from Greek. These
nouns have suffix –on in Nominativus and suffix –i in Genetivus.

ulon, uli – a gingiva

 Sing. Plur.

Nom. ulon ul -a
Gen. uli ul -orum
Dat. ul –o ul -is
Acc. ul –on ul -a
Abl. ul –o ul –is

Exercise 4

Please decline the following nouns in your notebook.

skeleton, skeleti – skeleton

encephalon, encephali – brain

and please mark also these nouns:

colon,coli – colon

amnion, amnii – amnion (the membrane that forms initially over the dorsal part of the embryo but
soon expands to enclose it completely within the amniotic cavity)

hydramnion, hydramnii – hydramnion, hydramnios (the presence of an abnormally large amount

of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus from about the 20th week of pregnancy)

ganglion, ganglii – ganglion (in neurology: any structure containing a collection of nerve cell
bodies and often also numbers of synapses; in orthopaedics: an abnormal but harmless swelling
(cyst) that sometimes forms in tendon sheaths, especially at the wrist)

acromion, acromii – acromion (an oblong process at the top of the spine of the scapula, part of
which articulates with the clavicle to form the acromio – clavicular joint)

PATHOLOGICAL STATES
(nouns of the 2nd declension)

botulismus, botulismi – botulism (a serious form of food poisoning from foods containing the
toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum)
grippus, grippi – flu
icterus, icteri – jaundice (a yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, indicating excess of
bilirubin (a bile pigment) in the blood)
morbilli, morbillorum (only in Plural) – measles (a highly infectious virus disease that tends to
appear in epidemics every 2-3 years and mainly affects children)
spasmus, spasmi – contraction, spasm
strabismus, strabismi – squint, strabismus (any abnormal alignment of the two eyes)
tetanus, tetani – tetanus, lockjaw (an acute infectious disease, affecting the nervous system, caused
by the bacterium Clostridium tetani)
thrombus, thrombi – thrombus, intravascular clot
typhus, typhi – typhus, spotted fever (any one of a group of infection caused by Rickettsiae)
English definitions adapted from: Oxford Medical Dictionary, Oxford – New York 1994.

Class 5

I. Latin adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension

1. Latin adjective looks like in this example:

longus (form of masculine gender) – long

longa (form of feminine gender) – long
longum (form of neuter gender) – long

Remember: So we recognize the gender by suffixes. All adjective forms are always
presented in Nominativus Singularis.

2. Adjectives are declined in the same way as nouns:

 form of masculine gender we decline in the 2nd declension (see: amicus, amici)
 form of feminine gender we decline in the 1st declension (see: amica, amicae)
 form of neuter gender we decline in the 2nd declension (see: cranium, cranii)

Remember: Masculine form can have suffix –er, for example:

niger (m.) – black
nigra (f.) – black
nigrum (n.) – black

Remember: Between the noun and the adjective that describes this noun, there has to be
compatibility with regard to the case, numeral and especially gender.

cellula, cellulae – cell we know that this is the noun of feminine gender, so from
the list:

elasticus, elastica, elasticum – elastic we should choose the feminine form

and we have cellula elastica – elastic cell and these words are declined in the same
declension (1st )

But if we have an exception, we have a different situation:

methodus, methodi (exception to feminine in the 2nd declension) - method

bonus, bona, bonum – good

good method – methodus bona and these words are declined in different
declension: methodus in 2nd , bona in 1st, so we
have different declension but we keep
compatibility for the case, numeral and gender

Exercise 1

Please choose the correct form of adjective and decline noun – adjective expressions:

Example: organismus, organismi (m.) humanus, humana, humanum

raphe, raphes planus, plana, planum

fascia, fasciae profundus, profunda, profundum
periodus, periodi longus, longa, longum

Dictionary:

organismus, organismi – organism

humanus, humani – human
raphe, raphes – suture
planus, plana, planum – plane
fascia, fasciae – band on muscle
profundus, profunda, profundum – deep
periodus, periodi – period

Class 6

I. Third declension – nouns

Nouns of the 3rd declension are declined in three types:

1. Type of consonant – in this group are declined nouns of all gender, that are not monosyllables*
and that have one consonant at the end of the stem.

* monosyllable – noun which has the same number of syllables in Nominativus

and in Genetivus

Example: rex (Nom.), reg – is (Gen.) (m.) [king]

2. Type of vowel – in this group are declined nouns:

a) of neuter gender, that have Nominativus ends with – e, - al, - ar.

Example: animal (Nom.), animalis (Gen.) (n.) [animal]

mare (Nom.), maris (Gen.) (n.) [sea]
exemplar (Nom.), exemplaris (Gen.) (n.) [example]

b) of feminine gender, that are monosyllables and that have Nominativus ends with
- sis.

Example: dosis (Nom.), dosis (Gen.) (f.) [dose]

3. Mixed type – in this group are declined nouns of all gender:

a) that are not monosyllables and that have stem ended with two or more consonants.

Example: urbs (Nom.), urb – is (Gen.) (f.) [town]

b) that are monosyllables and that have Nominativus ended with – is, -es.

Example: canalis (Nom.), canalis (Gen.) (m.) [canal]

fames (Nom.), famis (Gen.) (f.) [hunger]

Exercise 1

Please determine the type of declension of the following nouns:

paries, parietis (m.) [wall]

os, ossis (n.) [bone]
trauma, traumatis (n.) [trauma]
diagnosis, diagnosis (f.) [diagnosis]
pars, partis (f.) [part]
ulcus, ulceris (n.) [ulcer]
pes, pedis (m.) [foot]
dens, dentis (m.) [tooth]
rete, retis (n.) [omentum]

Suffixes of the 3rd declension

Singularis

Nom. different (always given)

Gen. - is
Dat. -i
Acc. - em (m., f.); like Nom. (n.)
Abl. - e (type of consonant and mixed type); - i (type of vowel)

Pluralis

Nom. - es (m., f.); (n.): - a (type of consonant and mixed type), - ia (type of vowel)
Gen. - um (type of consonant); - ium (type of vowel and mixed type)
Dat. - ibus
Acc. like Nom. Pl.
Abl. - ibus

Exceptions:

Nouns of feminine, that have suffix –sis in Nom. and in Gen. (type of vowel, group b), have
different suffix in Acc. Sing.: –im. (not –em).
Nouns of neuter, that have in Nom. Sing. suffix –ma, have different suffix in Dat. and Abl. Pl.:
–is (not –ibus).
The noun: vas, vasis (n.) in Sing. is declined in the 3rd declension, but in Pl. is declined in the
2nd declension.

Exercise 2

Please decline the nouns from the 1st exercise.

Exercise 3

Please translate and decline the following expressions:

coronary vessel - …………………………………

deep trauma - …………………………………….
good diagnose - ………………………………….
respiratory system - ……………………………..
malignant melanoma - …………………………..
venous omentum - ………………………………

Class 7

Inflammation

When you want to describe an inflammation of some organ in Latin, you can use two
possibilities:

inflammatio + name of organ in Gen.

example: inflammatio renum [inflammation of kidneys]

 to the stem of the noun (which is the name of an organ) you attach suffix – itis (in Nom.)
and suffix – itidis (in Gen.)

example: * ren, renis (noun = name of organ)

* in the form of Gen. you find the stem by cutting off – is:
ren – is
* to this stem you attach suffixes:
ren – itis (Nom.) [inflammation of kidneys]
ren – itidis (Gen.)

Remember: This form is always of feminine gender and is declined in the third declension,
in the type of consonant:

Sing. Pl.

Nom. renitis renitid – es

Gen. renitid – is renitid – um
Dat. renitid – i renitid – ibus
Acc. renitid – em renitid – es
Abl. renitid – e renitid – ibus

Exercise 1

Please describe in Latin inflammation of the following organs:

ovarium, ovarii – ovary

endocardium, endocardii (n.) – endocardium (the lining of the heart cavity)
gingiva, gingivae (f.) – gingiva, gum
larynx, laryngis (f.) – larynx
tendo, tendinis (m.) – tendon
tonsilla, tonsillae (f.) – tonsil

Class 8

Adjectives of the 3rd declension

Adjectives of the 3rd declension are divided into three groups:

a) adjectives, that have three suffixes (in Nom.Sing.), one to each gender:

- er (masculine): celeber famous (he)

- is (feminine): celebris famous (she)
- e (neuter): celebre famous (it)

Form of Gen.Sing. to each gender is feminine form with suffix -is.

 b) adjectives, that have two suffixes (in Nom.Sing.), one to masculine et feminine, and one
to neuter:

- is (masculine et feminine): facilis easy (he, she)

- e (neuter): facile easy (it)

Form of Gen.Sing. to each gender is masculine/feminine form with suffix -is.

c) adjectives, that have one suffix (in Nom.Sing) to each gender; usually it is:

- x (masculine, feminine, neuter): felix happy (he, she, it)

or
- ns (masculine, feminine, neuter): sapiens wise (he, she, it)

Form of Gen.Sing., different for each adjective, is always given, so:

Nom. felix Gen. felicis

Nom. sapiens Gen. sapientis

Remember: Adjectives of the 3rd declension are declined in the type of vowel.

Exercise 1

Please decline the following adjectives:

acer, acris, acre [acute]

centralis, centrale [central]
desinficiens, desinficientis [disinfecting]

Exercise 2

Please complete the table with the correct forms of nouns, which depend on case, that is connected
with prepositions.

sub + Abl. kidney heart skin right foot

(where?)
under
sub + Acc. liver rib eye left breast
(where to?)
under
propter + tuberculosis of lesion malignant chronic swelling
Acc. skin neoplasm
because of
contra + Acc. measles disease of lungs fibrosis bacterial
against infection

post + Acc. procedures puncture of a renitis infarct

after joint

in + Abl. tooth stomach blood oral cavity

(where?)
in, at

in + Acc. lobes joint internal organs bone

(where to?)
to

intra + Acc. skull vein eyes atrium

inward

inter + Acc. margins teeth lungs sides

between

a/ab + Abl. left ear temporal lobe ventricle valves

by, from

Class 9

The 4th declension

In the 4th declension are declined nouns:

- of masculine gender, that have suffix – us in Nom.Sing. and suffix – us in Gen.Sing.

ductus, ductus – duct

Sing. Pl.

Nom. duct –us duct –us

Gen. duct –us duct –uum
Dat. duct –ui duct –ibus
Acc. duct –um duct –us
Abl. duct –u duct –ibus
 - of neuter gender, that have suffix – u in Nom.Sing. and suffix – us in Gen.Sing.

genu, genus – knee.

Sing. Pl.

Nom. gen –u gen –ua

Gen. gen –us gen –uum
Dat. gen –u gen –ibus
Acc. gen –u gen –ua
Abl. gen –u gen –ibus

Exercise 1

Please decline the following nouns in your notebook:

sensus, sensus – sense

cornu, cornus – cornu, pl. cornua (horn)
visus, visus – sight, vision

The 5th declension

In the 5th declension are declined nouns of feminine gender, that have suffix – es in
Nom.Sing. and suffix – ei in Gen.Sing.

dies, diei – day

Sing. Pl.

Nom. di –es di –es

Gen. di –ei di –erum
Dat. di –ei di –ebus
Acc. di –em di –es
Abl. di –e di –ebus

Exercise 2

Please decline the following nouns in your notebook:

caries, cariei – caries (decay and crumbling of the substance of a tooth or a bone)
 res, rei – thing
series, seriei – row, series

Class 10

Numerals

Latin numerals are divided into two groups:

cardinal numbers (how many?)

ordinal numbers (which?)

cardinal numbers ordinal numbers

1 I unus, una, unum primus, a, um

2 II duo, duae, duo secundus, a, um
3 III tres, tria tertius, a, um
4 IV quattuor quartus, a, um
5 V quinque quintus, a, um
6 VI sex sextus, a, um
7 VII septem septimus, a, um
8 VIII octo octavus, a, um
9 IX novem nonus, a, um
10 X decem decimus, a, um
11 XI undecim undecimus, a, um
12 XII duodecim duodecimus, a, um
13 XIII tredecim tertius, a, um decimus, a, um
14 XIV quattuordecim quartus, a, um decimus, a, um
15 XV quindecim quintus, a, um decimus, a, um
16 XVI sedecim sextus, a, um decimus, a, um
17 XVII septendecim septimus, a, um decimus, a, um
18 XVIII duodeviginti duodevicesimus, a, um
19 XIX undeviginti undevicesimus, a, um
20 XX viginti vicesimus
21 XXI viginti unus (unus et viginti) vicesimus, a, um primus, a, um
22 XXII viginti duo vicesimus, a, um secundus, a, um
28 XXVIII duodetriginta duodetricesimus, a, um
29 XXIX undetriginta undetricesimus, a, um
30 XXX triginta tricesimus, a, um
40 XL quadraginta quadragesimus, a, um
50 L quinquaginta quinquagesimus, a, um
60 LX sexaginta sexagesimus, a, um
70 LXX septuaginta septuagesimus, a, um
80 LXXX octoginta octogesimus, a, um
90 XC nonaginta nonagesimus, a, um
100 C centum centesimus, a, um
200 CC ducenti, ae, a ducentesimus, a, um
300 CCC trecenti, ae, a trecentesimus, a, um
400 CD quadringenti, ae, a quadringentesimus, a, um
500 D quingenti, ae, a quingentesimus, a, um
600 DC sescenti, ae, a sescentesimus, a, um
700 DCC septingenti, ae, a septingentesimus, a, um
800 DCCC octingenti, ae, a octingentesimus, a, um
900 CM nongenti, ae, a nongentesimus, a, um
1000 M mille millesimus, a, um
2000 MM duo milia bis millesimus, a, um

Cardinal numbers

Remember: In the group of Latin cardinal numbers are only declined:

m. f. n.
Nom. unus una unum
Gen. unius unius unius
Dat. uni uni uni
Acc. unum unam unum
Abl. uno una uno

m. f. n.
Nom. duo duae duo
Gen. duorum duarum duorum
Dat. duobus duabus duobus
Acc. duos duas duo
Abl. duobus duabus duobus

m. f. n.
Nom. tres tres tria
Gen. trium trium trium
Dat. tribus tribus tribus
Acc. tres tres tria
Abl. tribus tribus tribus

Hundreds (200 – 900) are also declined in the 1st and 2nd declension, of course only in Plural.

Ordinal numbers

Latin ordinal numbers are declined in the 1st and 2nd declension, like the
adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension

primus (m.) (2nd declension)

prima (f.) (1st declension)
primum (n.) (2nd declension)
Class 11

The structure of medical diagnosis

The main parts of medical diagnosis:

* nomen morbi (name of disease), that can be expressed by means of:

- proper noun of disease, if aetiology and pathogenesis is known and homogenous,

for example: hepatitis, morbilli

- noun: morbus, morbi (disease) or syndroma, syndromae (syndrome):

with the name of man, who described these symptoms as the first, for
example: morbus Creutzfeldt – Jakobi (subacute spongiform
encephalopathy) or syndroma MAS (Morgagni’s, Adams’, Stokes’
syndrome – paroxysmal brain ischaemia)

with etiopathogenesis, for example: syndroma fragilitatis ossium

hereditariae (fragility of bones’ hereditary syndrome)

with anatomical location, for example: syndroma arteriae cerebri

arterioris (anterior cerebral artery syndrome)

* sedes morbi (location of disease)

* causa morbi (cause of disease)

The additional parts of medical diagnosis:

* stadium morbi (stage of disease)

* forma morbi (form of disease)
*consecutiones et complicationes morbi primarii (consequences and complications of
primary disease)
* nomina morborum synchronicorum (name of concomitant disease)
Example

nomen sedes causa stadium forma consecutio

morbus
synchron
icus
Pneumonia pulmonis viralis in stadio sub forma cum Herpes
lobaris sinistri exacerbationis infilitrationis empyemate facialis
lobi inferioris pleurae. et
labialis
Lobar viral pneumonia of the left lung in exacerbation stage, in the form of inferior lobe
infiltration with pyothorax. Facial and labial herpes.

Remember: Not every diagnosis must include each of these parts. We can connect
consequences and complications of primary disease with the names of concomitant diseases
and with description of the disease’s stage and form.

Examples

nomen sedes causa stadium forma

consecutio:
morbus
synchronicus
Angina pectoris ex ischaemia paroxysmalis sub forma cum
cordis anginae insufficientia
nocturnae acuta
coronaria
Angina pectoris paroxysmal due to cardiac ischaemia in the form of nocturnal angina with
acute coronary failure
Aortitis partis propter in stadio terminali cum insufficientia
ascendentis aneurysma valvularum semilunarium aortae
Aortitis of descending part because of aneurysm in the terminal stage with aortic semilunar
valve insufficiency
Dacryoadenitis oculi sinistri in decursu cum oedemate palpebrae superioris sinistrae
acuta morbillorum
Acute inflammation of the lacrimal gland of the left eye in the course of measles with the
oedema of the left upper eyelid
Adapted from: A. Kołodziej, S. Kołodziej, Lingua Latina medicinalis, Katowice 2003, s. 61-62.
 General expressions in medical diagnosis

Suspicion of disease

suspicio + Gen. - suspicion of sth

suspicio quoad + Acc. - suspicion for
suspectus,a,um – suspected
observatio + Gen. - observation of sth
observatio quoad + Acc. - observation for sth
ad observationem – for observation
exploratio – examination
ad explorationem – for exploration

Duration of disease

recens, recentis – recent

vetus, veteris – old
inveteratus,a,um – inveterate
periodicus,a,um – periodic
chronicus,a,um – chronic
transitorius,a,um – temporary
protrahens, protrahentis – prolonging
ab anno – since f.ex. 1988
ab annis – for years
a mense – since f.ex. last month
a mensisbus – for months
ab hebdomade – since f.ex. last week
ab hebdomadibus – for weeks
a die – since f.ex. Monday
a diebus – for days
ab hora – since f.ex. 5 a.m.
ab horis – for hours

Range and location of disease

diffusus,a,um – diffused
disseminatus,a,um – disseminated
extensus,a,um – extensive
localis,e – local
circumscriptus,a,um – limited
universalis,e; generalisatus,a,um – generalized
totalis,e – total
partialis,e – partial
completus,a,um – complete
incompletus,a,um - incomplete
ad dextram – right – sided
ad sinistram – left – sided
lateris sinistri – left side
lateris dextri – right side
regionis – of region
in regione – in the region
partis – of part
in parte – in the part
loco + Gen. - in the place of sth
loco typico – in the typical place
metastasis ad – metastasis into sth (into different organ)
metastasis + Gen. - metastasis in the same organ
metastasis in + Abl. - metastasis in the same organ

Aetiology of disease

congenitus,a,um – congenital
acquisitus,a,um – acquired
hereditarius,a,um - hereditary
originis + adjective (in Gen.) - derivation
origine + adjective (in. Abl.) - derivation

Dynamics, intensity of disease

stabilis,e – stable
continuus,a,um – continuous
acutus,a,um – acute
subacutus,a,um – subacute
completus,a,um – complete
exacerbans, exacerbantis – exacerbating
exacerbatus,a,um – exacerbated
paroxysmalis,e – paroxysmal
progressivus,a,um – progressive
latens, latentis – latent
transitorius,a,um – transitory
compensatus,a,um – compensated
decompensatus,a,um – decompensated

Degree, scale of disease

gradus + primi, secundi etc. (in Gen.) - first, second etc. degree
gradu + primo, secundo etc. (in Abl.) - first, second etc. degree
gradus maioris – of significant degree
gradus minoris – of insignificant degree
secundum + Acc. - according to sb
 Reccurence of disease

recurrens, reccurentis – recurrent

recidivans, recidivantis – returning
reveniens, revenientis – repeated

Regression of disease

regrediens, regredientis – regressing

in stadio remissionis – in the stage of regression

Disease of evenumber organ

noun of organs in Gen. Pl.

noun of organs in Gen. Sing. + utriusque

Suffered diseases and undergone operations

status post + Acc. - state after sth

peractus,a,um – suffered
factus,a,um – undergone

Synchronism of disease

cum – with
et – and

Form of disease

morbus + Gen. - disease of sb

sub forma + Gen. - in the form of sth
syndroma,ae + Gen. - syndrome of sth
 Cause and effect of disease

subsequens, subsequentis – subsequent

Nom. (cause) + subsequente + Abl.Sing. (effect) – sth resulting in sth; sth progressing into sth
Nom. (cause) + subsequentibus + Abl.Pl. (effect) – sth resulting in sth; sth progressing into sth
consecutivus,a,um – following
secundarius,a,um - secondary
propter + Acc. - because of
e,ex + Abl. - because of

Form of therapy

modo + Gen. – according to sb

modo proprio – by the own method

Adapted from: A. Kołodziej, S. Kołodziej, Lingua Latina medicinalis, Katowice 2003, s. 53-57.

Exercise 1

Please complete the table.

observatio quoad cancer thrombosis anaemia cirrhosis

+ Acc.
nephrotic syndrome cancerous metastases

suspicio pneumonia hydrothorax atherosclerosis ulcers of stomach

+ Gen.
brain stroke ventricular hypertrophy

propter complete anorexia sterility bilateral

+ Acc. obstruction hypolplasia

ischaemic wound rupture infarct

necrosis

congenital defect gingivitis

sub forma inhibitions cyst stenosis lesions

+ Gen.
postoperative adhesions papilloma
status post removal of foreign body procedure
+ Acc.
cholecystectomy bacterial prostatitis

cum inflammation abscesses colic shock

+ Abl.
embolism of the trachea cardiac infarction

subsequente coma fibrosis exophtalmos vomitus

+ Abl.Sing.
subsequentibus hysterectomy amyloidosis
+ Abl.Pl.
ulceration food poisoning

myocarditis varices of oesophagus

Class 12

Please translate the following diagnoses.

Haematology and oncology

Acute posthaemorrhagic anaemia because of bleeding after delivery.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Clotting disturbances after acute hepatitis.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
Chronic leukaemia with anaemia and thrombocytopenia.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
Aleucocytosis after cytostatic drugs therapy.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
Carcinoma of colon in the stage B according to Duke’s scale.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
Observation for hypophysial tumour because of carcinoma of the right breast.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
State after operation of brain tumour of the left occipital region.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Squamous cell carcinoma of the left lung of upper lobe with proliferative retinitis.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Cardiology

1. Recent myocardial infarction of the right ventricle and of inferior wall of the left ventricle.
Temporary complete atrioventricular block with bradycardia of significant degree. Insertion
of endocavitary electrode USCI and temporary heart electrostimulation.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Sinoatrial node failure syndrome in the form of sinusal inhibitions with MAS syndrome in
anamnesis. Insertion of endocavitary electrode and temporary heart electrostimulation.
…......................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

Circulatory system

1. Observation for embolism of middle cerebral artery.

............................................................................................................................................
2. State after transfusion of blood: circulatory and respiratory failure.
............................................................................................................................................
3. Supraventricular tachycardia with ventricular fibrillation.
............................................................................................................................................
4. Atrioventricular block third degree.
............................................................................................................................................
5. Infarction in region of anterior wall and ventricular septum.
............................................................................................................................................
6. Chronic cor pulmonale with hypertrophy of right ventricle of the heart.
............................................................................................................................................
7. Lesion of carotid artery. Lethal outcome because of exsanguination.
............................................................................................................................................
8. Pulmonary artery stenosis without ventricular septal defect.
............................................................................................................................................
9. Pain in the chest because of unknown derivation with symptoms of coronary disease.
............................................................................................................................................
10. Superficial venous thrombus of lower left limb.
............................................................................................................................................

posthaemorrhagic – after bleeding

clotting – coagulation
hepatitis – inflammation of the liver
thrombocytopenia – a reduction in the number of platelets in the blood
aleucocytosis – a reduction in the number of white blood cells in the blood
squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) – the form of skin cancer, caused by the sunlight or
evironmental carcinogens
retinitis – inflammation of kidneys
myocardial infarction – death of a segment of heart muscle, which follows interruption of its
blood supply
(heart) block – a condition in which conduction of the electrical impulses generated by the
natural pacemaker of the heart (the sinoatrial node) is impaired, so that the pumping action of
the heart is slowed down
bradycardia – slowing of the heart rate to less than 50 beats per minute
endocavitary – inside the ventricle
arrhythmia – any deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart
atrial fibrillation – a common type of arrhythmia, results in rapid and irregular heart and pulse
rates
inhibition – the prevention or reduction of the functioning of an organ, muscle etc., by the
action of certain nerve impulses
MAS syndrome – Morgagni’s, Adams’, Stoke’s syndrome: paroxysmal brain ischaemia
anamnesis – memory, particularly the recollection by a patient of the symptoms that he noticed
at the time when his disease was first contracted
embolism – the condition in which an embolus becomes lodged in an artery and obstructs its
blood flow
tachycardia – an increase in the heart rate above normal
cor pulmonale – hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart
stenosis – the abnormal narrowing of a passage or opening , such as a blood vessel or heart
valve
septal defect (SD) – a hole in the partiton between the left and right halves of the heart. It may
be found between the two atria (atrial septal defect; ASD) or between the ventricles (ventricular
septal defect; VSD). This abnormal communication is congenital due to aabnormality of heart
development in the fetus.
Source: Oxford Medical Dictionary, Oxford – New York 1994.
Class 13

Please translate the following diagnoses into Latin.

Respiratory system

1. Bronchial infectious asthma with pneumothorax.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Pneumonia in the course of varicellae.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Acute respiratory failure syndrome after operation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Congenital deformity of the nasal septum. Nasal polyps.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Venous thrombosis resulting in infarction of the lung.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Microcellular carcinoma bronchogenic of the right lung.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Contusion of the chest followed by extensive swelling of the lungs.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Purulent tuberculotic pleurisy after resection of a part of the lung because of tuberculosis.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Airlessness of the middle lobe of the right lung after attack of bronchial asthma.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
10.Chronic severe pneumonia resulting in bronchiectasia.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Digestive system

1. State after resection of the stomach because of carcinoma.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Neoplastic metastases into liver and lymphatic nodes.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
 3. Ulcerous disease in the form of ulcer of the duodenal bulb.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Drug poisoning after consumption of alcohol. Suspicion of suicide attempt.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Observation for appendicitis.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Negative result of the observation for mushroom poisoning.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Digestive tract bleeding probably because of gastric erosion.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
8.Dyspepsia, vomiting, nausea probably psychogenic.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Surgical abdomen syndrome. Suspected gastric peptic ulcer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
asthma – a condition of subjects with widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways, which changes in
severity over short periods of time and leads to cough, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing
pneumothorax – air in the pleural cavity
polyp – a growth, usually benign, protruding from a mucous membrane
pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura, often due to pneumonia in the underlying lung
purulent – forming, consisting of, or containing pus
bronchiectasia – widening of the bronchi or their branches
appendicitis – inflammation of the vermiform appendix
erosion – an eating away of surface tissue by physical or chemical processes, including those associated
with inflammation
dyspepsia – disordered digestion
surgical (acute) abdomen – an emergency surgical condition caused by damage to one or more
abdominal organs following injury or disease
peptic ulcer – a breach in the lining of the digestive tract produced by digestion of the mucosa by pepsin
and acid
Source: Oxford Medical Dictionary, Oxford – New York 1994.

Class 14

Please translate the following diagnoses:

Diseases of the liver and bile ducts

1. Viral hepatitis progressing into intrahepatic retention.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Fibrosis of the marginal part of the liver of significant degree. Atresia of the choledochal
duct.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Chronic active hepatitis following in cirrhosis.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Thrombotic occlusion of the hepatic artery resulting in ischaemic infarction of the liver.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Cirrhosis of the liver probably primary.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. State after cholecystectomy because of cholecystolithiasis.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Diffused fatty liver due to drug poisoning.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Metastatic carcinoma of the liver probably bronchogenic.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Chronic cholecystitis with recurrent colic.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Gynecology and obstetrics

1. Transperitoneal caesarean section in the lower uterine segment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. State after hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Postoperative rupture of the uterus in the scar after caesarean section.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Congenital defect in the form of congenital stenosis of the Fallopian tube.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Fibrosclerotic degeneration of the ovaries with polycystic ovaries syndrome.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. False pregnancy. Psychogenic amenorrhoea with anorexia nervosa.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Hyperanteflexion of the uterus with hypertrophy of the uterine cervix.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Lesion of the fetus because of complications concerning placenta praevia.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
 9. Residues after pelveoperitonitis in the form of postoperative adhesions.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

fibrosis – thickening and scarring of connective tissue

atresia – congenital absence or abnormal narrowing of a body opening
cirrhosis – a condition in which the liver responds to injury or death of some of its cells by producing
interlacing strands of fibrous tissue between which are nodules of regenerating cells
occlusion – the closing or obstruction of a hollow organ or part
cholecystolithiasis – stones within the gall bladder
Caesarean section – a surgical operation for delivering a baby through the abdominal wall
hysterectomy – the surgical removal of the uterus
fibrosclerotic – affected with sclerosis and fibrosis
false pregnancy – a condition in which a nonpregnant woman exhibits symptoms of pregnancy
amenorrhoea – the absence or stopping of the menstrual periods
anorexia – loss of appetite
hyperanteflexion – the bendig forward of an organ of significant degree
placenta praevia – a placenta situated wholly or partially in the lower and noncontractile part of the
uterus
adhesion – the union of two normally separated surfaces by fibrous connective tissue developing in an
inflammed or damaged region
dilatation – the enlargement or expansion of a hollow organ or cavity
Source: Oxford Medical Dictionary, Oxford – New York 1994.

Class 15

Necropsy protocol

Diffused atheroslerosis of significant degree, especially of the heart coronary arteries and of the
cerebral basilar arteries. Fibrosis of the heart muscle. State after once performed operation of the
right breast because of carcinoma. Probably carcinomatous metastases of the left – sided
supraclavicular lymph nodes. Right fibrothorax. Focuses of hyalinization of the parietal and
right visceral pleura. Chronic calculous cholecystitis.

................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
Congenital heart disease in the form of stenosis of the pulmonary trunk. Lesion of the membranous
wall of the interventricular septum. Right – sided location of the artery. Right – ventricular
hypertrophy. State after recently undergone operation by the method of Waterstoni. Embolism of
the trachea and bronchi because of aspiration of food. Complete atelectasis of the right lung and
partial (atelectasis) of the left lung. Passive hyperaemia of the internal organs. Mesenteric
lymphodenopathy. State after resuscitation and after recently performed venotomy. Emaciation
of the organism.

................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................

Procedures

1. Right mastectomy with resection of the local lymph nodes.

.......................................................................................................................................................

2. Reconstruction of the cutaneous part of the external acoustic duct of each ear.

.......................................................................................................................................................

3. Intercostal introduction of the drain into the peritoneal cavity.

.......................................................................................................................................................

4. Diagnostic investigation of the maxillary sinus by anterior rhinoscopy.

.......................................................................................................................................................

5. Lymphangiectomy of the neck because of neoplastic tumour.

.......................................................................................................................................................
6. Resection of the intestinal segment because of occlusion.

.......................................................................................................................................................

atherosclerosis – a disease of the arteries in which fatty plaques develop on their inner walls, with
eventual obstruction of blood flow
fibrosis – thickening and scarring of connective tissue
focus – the principal site of an infection or other disease
cholecystitis – inflammation of the gall bladder
atelectasis – failure of the part of the lung to expand
hyperaemia – the presence of excess blood in the vessels supplying a part of the body
mesenteric – concerning mesentery
resuscitation – the restoration of a person who appears to be dead
emaciation – wasting of the body
laparotomy – a surgical incision into the abdominal cavity
amyloidosis – infiltration of the liver, kidneys, spleen, and other tissues with amyloid, a starchlike
substance
polyadenoma – poly- : many; adenoma – a benign tumour of epithelial origin that is derived from
glandular tissue or exhibits clearly defined glandular structures
mastectomy – surgical removal of a breast
drain – a device, usually a tube or wick, used to draw fluid from an internal body cavity to the surface
rhinoscopy – examination of the interior of the nose
Source: Oxford Medical Dictionary, Oxford – New York 1994.
 Suffixes of the 1st and 2nd declensions

1st declension 2nd declension

Singularis
Regular Greek Greek Regular Regular Greek (n.)
(f.) (f.) (m.) (m.) (n.)
Nom. -a -e - es - us,-er - um - on
Gen. - ae - es - ae -i -i -i
Dat. - ae - ae - ae -o -o -o
Acc. - am - en - en - um - um - on
Abl. -a - e/- a - e/- a -o -o -o
Pluralis
Nom. - ae -i -a
Gen. - arum - orum - orum
Dat. - is - is - is
Acc. - as - os -a
Abl. - is - is - is
Exceptions

Names of specialists with Nouns of feminine gender:

feminine suffixes are of diameter, diametri [size]
masculine gender, f.ex. methodus, methodi [method]
oculista, oculistae periodus, periodi [period]
[ophthalmologist] alvus, alvi [abdomen]
dentista, dentistae
[dentist] Nouns of neuter gender:
virus, viri [virus]
 Suffixes of the 3rd declension

Singularis

Nom. different (always given)

Gen. - is

Dat. - i

Acc. 3.em (m.,f.)

4.like Nom. (n.)
Abl. e (type of consonant and mixed type)
i (type of vowel)
Pluralis

Nom. es (m., f.)

a (type of consonant and mixed type) (n.)
ia (type of vowel) (n.)
Gen. um (type of consonant)
ium (type of vowel and mixed type)
Dat. - ibus

Acc. = Nom. Pl.

Abl. - ibus

About exceptions look at class 6.

Suffixes of the 4th and 5th declensions

4th declension 5th declension

Singularis

(m.) (n.) (f.)

Nom. - us -u - es

Gen. - us - us - ei

Dat. - ui -u - ei

Acc. - um -u - em

Abl. -u -u -e

Pluralis

Nom. - us - ua - es

Gen. - uum - uum - erum

Dat. - ibus - ibus - ebus

Acc. - us - ua - es

Abl. - ibus - ibus - ebus

ENGLISH – LATIN DICTIONARY

abdomen – abdomen, abdominis (n.)

abdominal – abdominalis,e
ablation – ablatio, ablationis (f.)
abortion – abortus,us
abscess – abscessus,us
absorption – absorptio, absorptionis (f.)
accidental – accidentalis,e
accommodative – accomodativus,a,um
acoustic – acusticus,a,um
actinomycosis – actinomycosis, actinomycosis (f.)
active – activus,a,um
acute – acutus,a,um
ad – into
adhesion – adhaesio, adhaesionis (f.)
adiposity – adiposis, adiposis (f.)
adnexectomy – adnexectomia,ae
adrenal – adrenalis,e
aetiology – aetiologia,ae
airlessness – atelectasis, atelectasis (f.)
alcohol – alcoholum,i
aleucocytosis – leucopenia,ae
alveolar – alveolaris,e
amblyopia – amblyopia,ae
amenorrhoea – amenorrhoea,ae
amyloidosis – amylosis, amylosis (f.)
anaemia – anaemia,ae
anamnesis – anamnesis, anamnesis (f.)
anorexia – anorexia,ae
anoxia – anoxia,ae
anterior – anterior, anterioris
antitoxin – antitoxinum,i
appendicitis – appendicitis, appendicitidis (f.)
arrhythmia – arrhythmia,ae
arterial – arteriosus,a,um
arteriosclerosed – arterioscleroticus,a,um
artery – arteria,ae
artificial – artificialis,e
aspiration – aspiratio, aspirationis (f.)
asthma – asthma, asthmatis (n.)
astigmatism – astigmatismus,i
atelectasis – atelectasis, atelectasis (f.)
atherosclerosis – atherosclerosis, atherosclerosis (f.)
atresia – atresia,ae
atrial fibrillation – fibrillatio, fibrillationis (f.) atriorum
atrioventricular – atrioventricularis,e
atrophy – atrophia,ae
attack – paroxysmus,i
bacterial – bacteriosus,a,um
bad (sick) – aegrotus,a,um
basilar – basalis,e
bilateral – bilateralis,e
bladder – vesica,ae
bleeding – sanguinatio, sanguinationis (f.), exsanguinatio, exsanguinationis (f.)
block – dissociatio, dissociationis (f.)
blood – sanguis, sanguinis (m.)
body – corpus , corporis (n.)
bone – os, ossis (n.)
bradycardia – bradycardia,ae
brain – cerebrum,i
breast – mamma,ae
bronchial – bronchialis, e
bronchiectasia – bronchiectasia,ae
bronchitis – bronchitis, bronchitidis (f.)
bronchogenic – bronchogenes (is not declined)
bronchopneumonia – bronchopneumonia,ae
bronchospasm – bronchospasmus,i
bronchus – bronchus,i
bulb – bulbus,i
cachexy – cachexia,ae
caesarean – caesareus,a,um
calculous – calculosus,a,um
canal – canalis, canalis (m.)
cancerous – neoplamaticus,a,um
carcinoma – carcinoma, carcinomatis (n.)
carcinomatous – carcinomatosus,a,um
cardiac infarction – infarctus,us of heart
caries – caries, cariei
carotid – carotis,e
cavity – cavum,i
cerebral – of the brain
cervical – carvicalis,e
cervicofacial – cervicofacialis,e
cervix – cervix, cervicis (f.)
cessation – cessatio, cessationis (f.)
chest – thorax, thoracis (m.)
cholecystectomy – cholecystectomia,ae
cholecystitis – cholecystitis, cholecystitidis (f.)
cholecystolithiasis – cholecystolithiasis, cholecystolithiasis (f.)
choledochal – choledochus,a,um
choroidoretinitis – choroidoretinitis, choroidoretinitidis
circulation – circulatio, circulationis (f.)
circulatory – circulatorius,a,um
cirrhosis – cirrhosis, cirrhosis (f.)
closing – occlusio, occlusionis (f.)
clotting – coagulatio, coagulationis (f.)
colic – colica,ae
collim – collum,i
colon – colon,i
coma – coma, comatis (n.)
complex – compositus,a,um
complication – complicatio, complicationis (f.)
congelation – congelatio, congelationis (f.)
congenital – congenitus,a,um
congenital heart disease – vitium cordis congenitum
conjunctivitis – coniunctivitis, coniunctivitidis(f.)
consumption – assumptio, assumptionis (f.)
contact – contactus,us
contusion – contusio, contusionis (f.)
cor pulmonale – cor pulmonale (n.)
coronary – coronarius,a,um
cortex – cortex, corticis (m.)
craniotomy – craniotomia,ae
crus (pl. crura) – crus, cruris (n.)
cutaneous – cutaneus,a,um
cyst – cystis, cystis (f.)
cytostatic – cytostaticus,a,um
death – mors, mortis (f.)
decubitus ulcer – decubitus,us
deep – profundus,a,um
defect – defectus,us; vitium,i
defective – defectivus,a,um
deformity – deformatio, deformationis (f.)
degeneration – degeneratio, degenerationis (f.)
degenerative – degenerativus,a,um
delivery – partus,us
dermatic – dermaticus,a,um
diabetes – diabetes,ae
diabetes mellitus – diabetes mellitus
diagnostic – diagnosticus,a,um
diarrhoea – diarrhoea,ae
digestive – digestorius,a,um
dilation – dilatation, dilatationis (f.)
disease – morbus,i
disturbance – perturbatio, perturbationis (f.)
dose – dosis, dosis (f.)
drain – exsuctor, exsuctoris (m.)
drug – medicamentum,i
drug poisoning = poisoning by drugs
duct – ductus,us
duodenal bulb – bulbus duodeni
dysfunction – dysfunctio, dysfunctionis (f.)
dyspepsia – apepsia,ae
dyspnoea – asthma, asthmatis (n.)
ear – auris, auris (f.)
electrode – electroda,ae
electrostimulation – electrostimulatio, electrostimulationis (f.)
emaciation – emaciatio, emaciationis (f.)
embolism – embolia,ae
empyema – empyema, empyematis (n.)
endocavitary – endocavitarius,a,um (inside ventricle of heart)
endocrinopathy – endocrinopathia,ae
endomyocardial – endomyocardialis,e
erosion – erosio, erosionis (f.)
especially – praecipue (adverb, is not declined)
exsanguination – exsanguinatio, exsanguinationis (f.)
extensive – diffusus,a,um; extensus,a,um
external – externus,a,um
eye – oculus,i
eyeball – bulbus (-i) oculi
failure – insufficientia,ae
fainting – syncope,es
Fallopian tube – tuba,ae
false pregnancy – pseudogravitas, pseudogravitatis (f.)
fatty – adiposus,a,um
fetus – foetus,i
fibrillation – fibrillatio, fibrillationis (f.)
fibrinous – crouposus,a,um
fibrosclerosed – fibroscleroticus,a,um
fibrosis – fibrosis, fibrosis (f.)
fibrothorax – fibrothorax, fibrothoracis (m.)
fixed – continuus,a,um
flat – planus,a,um
focus – focus,i
food – alimentum,i
foot – pes, pedis (m.)
foramen (pl. foramina) – foramen, foraminis (n.)
foreign – alienus,a,um
gastrectomy – gastrectomia,ae
gastric erosion = erosion of the stomach
gastric ulcer = ulcer of the stomach
gastroenterostomy – gastroenterostomia,ae
gland – glandula,ae
glomerulonephritis – glomerulonephritis, glomerulonephritidis (f.)
haemorrhagic – haemorrhagicus,a,um
hard – durus,a,um
head – caput, capitis (n.)
heart – cor, cordis (n.)
heart disease – vitium (-i) cordis
heart muscle – myocardium,i
hemisphere – hemispherium,i
hepatic – hepaticus,a,um
hepatitis – hepatitis, hepatitidis (f.)
hiperanteflexion – hyperanteflexio, hyperanteflexionis (f.)
histologic – histologicus,a,um
hyalinization – hyalinisatio, hyalinisationis (f.)
hyperaemia – hyperaemia,ae
hypercholesterolaemia – hypercholesterolaemia,ae
hypertension – hypertonia,ae
hypertrophy – hypertrophia,ae
hypervitaminosis – hypervitaminosis, hypervitaminosis (f.)
hypocalcaemia – hypocalcaemia,ae
hypolpasia – hypolpasia,ae
hypoparaphyroidism – hypoparathyreosis, hypoparathyreosis (f.)
hypophysial tumour – tumor, tumoris (m.) of hypophysis
hysterectomy – hysterectomia,ae
immunodeficiency – defectus immunitatis
immunosuppressive – immunosuppressivus,a,um
incised – incisivus,a,um
incision – sectio, sectionis (f.)
infarction – infarctus,us
infection – infectio, infectionis (f.)
infectious – infectiosus,a,um
inferior – inferior, inferioris
infiltration – infiltratio, infiltrationis (f.)
inhibition – pausa,ae
injection – iniectio, iniectionis (f.)
insertion – implantatio, implantationis (f.)
intercostal – intercostalis,e
internal – internus, a,um
interventricular – interventricularis,e
intestinal segment = segment of the intestine
intestine – intestinum,i
into = in
intoxication – intoxicatio, intoxicationis (f.)
intrahepatic – intrahepaticus,a,um
intravenous – intravenosus,a,um
introduction – introductio, introductionis (f.)
investigation – examinatio, examinationis (f.)
ischaemic – ischaemicus,a,um
ketose – ketosis, ketosis (f.)
kidney – ren, renis (m.)
laesion – laesio, laesionis (f.)
laparotomy – laparotomia,ae
latent – latens, latentis
left – sinister,a,um
lesion – affectio, affectionis (f.)
lethal – letalis,e
leukaemia – leucaemia,ae
limb – extremitas, extremitatis (m.)
lithiasis – lithiasis, lithiasis (f.)
liver – hepar, hepatis (n.)
lobe – lobus,i
local – localis,e
location – locatio, locationis (f.)
long – longus,a,um
lower – inferior, inferioris
lung – pulmo, pulmonis (m.)
luxated – luxatus,a,um
lymph node – lymphonodus,i
lymphadenopathy – lymphadenia,ae
lymphangienoctomy – lymphangienoctomia,ae
lymphatic node – lymphonodus,i
malignant – malignus,a,um
margin – margo, marinis (m.)
marginal – marginalis,e
mastectomy – mastectomia,ae
material – materia,ae
maxillary – maxillaris,e
media – medius,a,um
medicinal – medicatus,a,um
membranous – membranaceus,a,um
meningitis – meningitis, meningitidis (f.)
mesenteric – mesentericus,a,um
metabolism – metabolismus,i
metastasis – metastasis, metastasis (f.)
metastatic – metastaticus,a,um
microcellular – microcellularis,e
middle – medius,a,um; centralis,e
multifocal – multifocalis,e
multiple – multiplex, multiplicis
mushroom poisoning – muscarinismus,i
myocardial infarction – infarctus,us myocardii
myocardiopathy – myocardiopathia,ae
myocardosis – myocardosis, myocardosis (f.)
myopia – myopia,ae
narrowing of artery – arteriostenosis, arteriostenosis (f.)
nasal – nasalis,e
nausea – nausea,ae
neck – collum,i
necrosis – necrosis, necrosis (f.)
negative – negativus,a,um
neoplasm – neoplasma, neoplasmatis (n.)
neoplastic - neoplasmaticus,a,um
nephrolithotripsy – nephrolithoclasis, nephrolithoclasis (f.)
nephrosclerosis – nephrosclerosis, nephrosclerosis (f.)
nephrotic – nephroticus,a,um
nerve – nervus,i
nervosa – nervosus,a,um
node – nodus,i
obesity – obesitas, obesitatis (f.)
obstruction - occlusio, occlusionis (f.)
occipital – occipitalis,e
occlusion – occlusio, occlusionis (f.)
oedema – oedema, oedematis (n.)
oesophagus – oesophagus,i
omentum – rete, retis (n.)
once – olim (adverb, is not declined)
operation – operatio, operationis (f.)
optic – opticus,a,um
organ – organon,i
organism – organismus,i
osseous – osseus,a,um
otitis – otitis, otitidis (f.)
outcome – exitus,us
ovary – ovarium,i
pain – dolor, doloris (m.)
paresis – paresis, paresis (f.)
parietal – parietalis,e
part – pars, partis (f.)
partial – partialis,e
passive – passivus,a,um
pelveoperitonitis – pelveoperitonitis, pelveoperitonitidis (f.)
peptic – pepticus,a,um
perforation – perforatio, perforationis (f.)
peritoneal – peritoneus,a,um
perpetual – completus,a,um
placenta praevia – placenta,ae praevia,ae
pleura – pleura,ae
pleural – pleuralis,e
pleurisy – pleuritis
pleuropneumonia – pleuropneumonia,ae
pneumoconiosis – pneumoconiosis, pneumoconiosis (f.)
pneumonia – pneumonia,ae
pneumothorax – pneumothorax, pneumothoracis (m.)
poisoning – intoxicatio, intoxicationis (f.)
polyadenoma – polyadenoma, polyadenomatis (n.)
polycystic – polycysticus,a,um
polyp – polypus,i
posthaemorrhagic – posthaemorrhagicus,a,um
postoperative – postoperativus,a,um
primary – primarius,a,um
probably – probabiliter
profound – profundus,a,um
proliferative – proliferans, proliferantis
prostatitis – prostatitis, prostatitidis (f.)
psychogenic – psychogenes (is not declined)
pulmonary – pulmonalis,e
puncture – ictus,a,um
purulent – purulentus,a,um
radiation – radiatio, radiationis (f.)
recently – recenter
reconstruction – reconstructio, reconstructionis (f.)
removal – extractio, extractionis (f.)
renal – renalis,e
resection – resectio, resectionis (f.)
residue – relictum,i
respiratory – respiratorius,a,um
result – effectus,us
resuscitation – reanimatio, reanimationis (f.)
retention – retentio, retentionis (f.)
retina – retina,ae
retinitis – retinitis, retinitidis (f.)
rhinoscopy – rhinoscopia,ae
right – dexter, dextra, dextrum
right – ventricular = of the right ventricle
root – radix, radicis (f.)
rupture – ruptura,ae
scar – cicatrix, cicatricis (f.)
section – sectio, sectionis (f.)
segment – segmentum,i
separation – ablatio, ablationis (f.)
septal – interventricularis,e
septic – septicus,a,um
septum – septum,i
severe – gravis,e
sexual – sexualis,e
shock – commotus,us
sick – aegrotus,a,um
sinoatrial – sinuatrialis,e
sinus – sinus,us
sinusal – sinusalis,e
sinusitis – sinusitis, sinusitidis (f.)
small – parvus,a,um
snake – serpens, serpentis (m.)
spinal cord – medulla (-ae) spinalis
spleen – splen, splenis (n.)
splenectomy – splenectomia,ae
spring – fons, fontis (m.)
squamous cell – planocellularis,e
squint – strabismus,i
stenosis – stenosis, stenosis (f.)
sterility – impotentia,ae
stomach – ventriculus,i
stroke – ictus,us
subphrenic – subphrenicus,a,um
sudden – subitus,a,um
superficial – superficialis,e
supraclavicular – supraclavicularis,e
supraventricular – supraventricularis,e
surgical – acutus,a,um
swelling – oedema, oedematis (n.)
symptom – symptoma, symptomatis (n.)
synthetic – synteticus,a,um
system – systema, systematis (n.)
tachycardia – tachycardia,ae
temporal – temporalis,e
tendon – tendo, tendinis (m.)
tetralogy – tetralogia,ae
therapy – curatio, curationis (f.)
thick – crassus,a,um
third – tertius,a,um
thrombocytopenia – thrombocytopenia,ae
thrombosis – thrombosis, thrombosis (f.)
thrombotic – thromboticus,a,um
thrombus – thrombosis, thrombosis (f.)
thyroidectomy – thyroidectomia,ae
tooth – dens, dentis (m.)
toxoplasmosis – toxoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis (f.)
trachea – trachea,ae
tracheobronchitis – tracheobronchitis, tracheobronchitidis (f.)
tract – canalis, canalis (m.)
transfusion – transfusio, transfusionis (f.)
transperitoneal – transperitoneus,a,um
transversal – transversus,a,um
trauma – trauma, traumatis (n.)
treatment – curatio, curationis (f.)
tricuspid – tricuspidalis,e
trunk – truncus,us
tuberculosis – tuberculosis, tuberculosis (f.)
tuberculotic – tuberculosus,a,um
tubule – tubula,ae
tumour – tumor, tumoris (m.)
ulcer – ulcus, ulceris (n.)
ulcerous – ulcerosus,a,um
unknown – ignotus,a,um
upper – superior, superioris
urinary – urinarius,a,um
urine – urina,ae
uterine segment = segment of the uterus
uterus – uterus,i
valve – valvula,ae
varicella – varicella,ae
varix – varix, varicis (m.)
vein – vena,ae
venom – venenum,i
venotomy – venotomia,ae
venous – venosus,a,um
ventricle – ventriculus,i
ventricular – ventricularis,e
vertigo – vertigo, vertiginis (f.)
vessel – vas, vasis (n.)
viral – virosus,a,um
virus – virus,i (n.)
viscera –viscera, - orum (only in Pluralis)
visceral – visceralis,e
vitreous – vitreus,a,um
vomiting – vomitus,us
wall – paries, parietis (f.)
wide – latus,a,um
wound – vulnus, vulneris (n.)
zoster – zoster, zosteris (n.)

LATIN – ENGLISH DICTIONARY

ab initio – from the beginning

abductor, abductoris – abductor (about muscle)
abortus, abortus – miscarriage, abortion
accurate – accurately
aceticus,a,um – acetic
acidum, -i – acid
acusticus,a,um – auditory
ad (is associated with Acc.) – in
adenoma, adenomatis (n.) – adenoma
adiposus, adiposa, adiposum – fatty
aegre – hardly
aegrotus, -i – ill, sick person
aliaque - etc.
alius, a, ud – another
ambulatorium,i – community health center
amicus, amici – friend
anatomia, anatomiae – anatomy
angulus, anguli – angle
anorganicus,a,um – inorganic
antibioticum,i – antibiotic
antidiabeticus,a,um – antidiabetic
antidolorosus,a,um – analgetic
antitussicus,a,um – antitussive
aqua, aquae – water
arcus, arcus – arch
arteria, arteriae – artery
articulatio, articulationis – joint
ascorbicus,a,um – ascorbic
atavismus, atavismi – heredity
atrium, atrii – vestibule, atrium
attente – attentively
auditus, auditus – hearing
auris, auris (m.) - ear
bacterium, bacterii – germ, bacterium
bene – well
benignus,a,um – benign
boricus,a,um – boric
botulismus, botulismi – botulism, allantiasis
bronchus, bronchi – bronchus, bronchial tube
bulbus, i– bulb
cancer, cancri – cancer
carbonicus,a,um – carbonic
carcinoma, carcinomatis (n.) – carcinoma, cancer
cardiacus,a,um – cardiac
caries, cariei – caries
carpus, carpi – wrist, carpus
cartilagineus, cartilaginea, cartilagineum – cartilaginous
caudatus,a,um – caudate
causa, causae – cause
cavum, cavii – cavity
cellula, cellulae – cell
cerebellum, i - cerebellum
ceteraque – etc. (et cetera)
chimicus,a,um – chemical
chole, choles – bile
cingulum, i– cingulum, girdle
circumflexus, circumflexa, circumflexum – enclosing
cito – quickly
citricus,a,um – citric
claustrum, i– claustrum
clausus,a,um – closed
clavicula, claviculae – collarbone, clavicle
clinica,ae – clinic
collum, colli – neck
colon, coli – colon
conglomeratum, i– accumulation, agglomeration
constructus, constructa, constructum e/ex (is associated with Abl.) – made up of sth
contactus, contactus – contact
contusio, contusionis – contusion
corpus, corporis – body
corpusculum, i– corpuscle
cortex, corticis – bark, cortex
costa, costae – rib, costa
coxa, coxae – coxa, ilium
cranium, cranii – skull
cuboideus, cuboidea, cuboideum – cuboid
cura,ae – care
curatio, curationis – treatment
cutis, cutis – skin
cylindricus,a,um – cylindric
cystis, cystis (f.) – cyst
cytoplasma, cytoplasmatis – cytoplasm
cytostaticus,a,um – cytostatic
de + Abl. - about
debeo, debere – should
defectus, defectus – defect
deinde – next
dens, dentis – tooth
dentatus, a, um – dentate, serrate
derma, dermatis – skin
dermaticus,a,um – dermatic
descriptus,a,um – described
dexter, dextra, dextrum – right
diaphysis, diaphysis – diaphysis, shaft
diencephalon, i– diencephalon, interbrain
digitus, digiti – finger
diphtheria, diphteriae – diphtheria
doctus,a,um – erudite
dolor, doloris – pain, ache
ductus, us – duct
duodenum, i – duodenum
e, ex (is associated with Abl.) – from, among
elasticus,a,um– elastic
electrocoagulatio, electrocoagulationis (f.) – electrocoagulation
electrodissectio, electrodissectionis (f.) – electrodissection
encephalon, encephali – brain
epicondylus, epicondyli – epicondyle
epiphysis, epiphysis – epiphysis
epithalamus, i - epithalamus
epithelium, epithelii – epithelium
et – and
etiam – also
exitus, exitus – death
exophthalmia,ae – exophthalmos
expertus,i – specialist
externus,a,um – external
facies, faciei – surface
fascia, fasciae – band on muscle
fel, fellis – bile, fel
femina,ae – woman
fetus, fetus – fetus
fibroma, fibromatis (n.) – fibroma
folium, -i – leaf
fomentum, -i – compress
forma, formae – shape, type
fossa, fossae – fossa, pit
fractura, fracturae – break, fracture
functio, functionis – function
funditus – completely
fuscus,a,um – dark
Galenos – Greek – Roman doctor, philosopher and naturalist
gangrena, gangrenae – gangrene
giganteus, gigantea, giganteum - giant
gradus, gradus – degree, grade
granulosus, a, um – granular
gustus, gustus – taste
gutta, -ae – drop
gyrus, i– gyrus
haemorrhagia, haemorrhagiae – major bleeding
hemispherium, hemispherii – hemisphere
hepaticus,a,um – hepatic
hermetice – hermetically
hippocampus, i– hippocamp, Ammon’s horn
hodie – today
homo, hominis (m.) – man
humanus,a,um – human
hydrobromicus,a,um – hydrobromic
hydrochloricus,a,um – hydrochloric
hypnoticus,a,um – hypnotic (sleep – inducing)
hypothalamus, i – hypothalamus
iam – already
ichthyismus, ichthyismi – ichthyism, ichthyotoxism
icterus, icteri – icterus, jaundice
ictus, ictus – stroke
idcirco – that’s why, therefore
incisura, incisurae – incisure, notch
infarctus, infarctus – infarct
infectiosus,a,um – infectious
initium, i - beginning (initio – at the beginning)
insertio, insertionis – insertion
insula, ae– insula, islet
internus,a,um – internal
intestinum, intestini – intestine, bowel
invenio, invenire – to find
lagoena, -ae – bottle
lapara, laparae – abdominal wall
lapis, lapidis – stone
larynx, laryngis – larynx
liber, liberi – child
lingua, linguae – language, tongue
lipoma, lipomatis (n.) – lipoma
locus, -i – place, site
malicus,a,um – malic
malignus,a,um – malignant
malonicus,a,um – malonic
manus, manus (f.) - hand
meatus, meatus – duct
medicamentum, -i – medicine, drug
medicatus,a,um – medicinal
medicus, medici – doctor
melanoma, melanomatis (n.) – melanoma
mesencephalon, i – mesencephalon, intrabrain
metacarpus, metacarpi – metacarpus
metastasis, metastasis (f.) – metastasis
metathalamus, i – metathalamus
metencephalon, i – rhombencephalon, hindbrain, afterbrain
migraena, migraenae – migraine
morbus, -i – disease
mors, mortis (f.) – death
multus,a,um – much, many
musculus, musculi – muscle
myelencephalon, i– myelencephalon
myocardium, myocardii – myocardium
myoma, myomatis (n.) – myoma
narcoticus,a,um – narcotic
nasus, nasi – nose
neonatus, neonati – newborn, neonate
neoplasma, neoplasmatis (n.) – neoplasm
neoplasmaticus,a,um – neoplasmatic
nervus, nervi - nerve
neuronum, i – neuron, nerve cell
nitricus,a,um – nitric
non – not
nonnulus,a,um – some
nonnumquam – sometimes
nosocomium,i – hospital
nucha, nuchae – nape, nucha
nucleus globosus – nucleus globosus, spherical nucleus
nucleus,i– nucleus
nunc – now
oculus, oculi – eye
oedema, oedematis – oedema, swelling
oesophagus, oesophagi – gullet, (o)esophagus
officina,ae – pharmacy, drugstore
olfactorius, a, um – olfactory
olfactus, olfactus – smell
operatio, operationis (f.) – procedure
ophthalmicus,a,um – optic
orbita, orbitae – orbit, eye socket
organicus,a,um – organic
organismus, organismi – organism
organon, organi – organ
organopreparatum, organopreparati – organopreparation
os, ossis – bone
osseus, ossea, osseum – bone
Oxygenium, -i – Oxygen
paediater, paediatri – paediatrician
pallium,i– pallium, brain mantle, cerebral cortex
pancreaticus,a,um – pancreatic
partus, partus – delivery
pauca – little, not much
pectus, pectoris (m.) – breast, chest
pedunculus, a, um – peduncle
pellucidus, a, um – transparent, lucid
peritus,a,um – experienced
pharmaceuta, -ae – chemist
pharmacia,ae– pharmacy
pharmacista,ae – chemist
pharmacon, pharmaci – medicine
phosphoricus,a,um – phosphoric
physiologia, physiologiae – physiology
planta, -ae – plant
plerumque – mostly
plexus, plexus – plexus
praecipue – particularly
praeparatus,a,um – made
processus, processus – process
pulmo, pulmonis – lung
pulsus, pulsus – pulse, beat
punctum, puncti – point
quoque – also, as well
rabies, rabiei – rabies
radium, radii – ray, (Roentgen rays), radium (Ra)
raro – rarely
receptum,i – prescription
recte – rightly
remedium, remedii – medicine
ren, renis – kidney
res, rei – thing
rhinencephalon, i – rhinencephalon, smell brain
rhinitis, rhinitidis – rhinitis
rubeola, rubeolae – rubella, German measles
ruber, rubra, rubrum – red
saepe – often
sanatorium,i – sanatorium
sanguis, sanguinis – blood
sarcoma, sarcomatis (n.) – sarcoma
scabies, scabiei – scabies, itch
scapula, scapulae – shoulder blade
scarlatina, scarlatinae – scarlatina, scarlet fever
semper – always
sensus, sensus – sense
septum, septi – septum, dividing wall
series, seriei – series
serum, seri - serum
signum, signi – sign
sine (is associated with Abl.) – without
sive – or
solum – only
spasmus, spasmi – spasm
spatium, spatii – space
spina, spinae – crest
spinosus,a,um – spinous
spurius, spuria, spurium – false
status, status – state, condition
stearinicus,a,um – stearic
sternum, sterni – sternum
stratum, i – layer, stratum
structura, structurae – structure
studiosus,i– student
subclavius, subclavia, subclavium – subclavicular
substantia (-ae) alba – white matter, white substance
substantia grisea – gray matter, gray substance
substantia nigra – substantia nigra, black substance, ganglion of Soemmering
substantia, substantiae – substance
succus, succi – juice
sulcus, sulci – furrow
sulfhydridus,a,um – sulphhydric
sulfonamidum,i – sulphonamide (one of a group of drugs, derived from sulphanilamide [a red dye],
that prevent the growth of bacteria)
sulfuricus,a,um – sulphuric
sumptus,a,um – taken
sutura, suturae – suture
symptoma, symptomatis (n.) – symptom
tactus, tactus – touch
tartaricus,a,um – tartaric
tectum, i – tectum, covering, integument
tela, telae – tissue, tela
telencephalon, i– telencephalon, endbrain
tempore posteriore – later
terminus, termini – term
tetanus, tetani – tetanus, lockjaw
thalamencephalon, i – thalamencephalon
thalamus, i – thalamus
thorax, thoracis – chest, thorax
thrombus, thrombi – clot
tibia, tibiae – shin bone
Tilia, -ae – lime
toxicus,a,um – toxic
tractus, tractus – tract
transversus,a,um – transversal
trauma, traumatis (n.) – trauma
trigonum, i– triangle, trigone
truncus, i– stem
tuberculostaticus,a,um – tuberculostatic
unguentum, -i – ointment
Urtica, -ae – nettle
usus, usus – use
ut – for example, as
vaccinum,i – vaccine
varius,a,um – various, different
velut – like
vena, venae – vein
ventriculus, ventriculi – stomach
vertebra, vertebrae – vertebra (pl. vertebrae)
verus, vera, verum – true
vir, viri (noun of 2nd declension) – man
visus, visus – vision, sight
vitaminum,i – vitamin
vitium, vitii – defect, anomaly
 Hippocratis ius iurandum

Per Apollinem Medicum et Aesculapium Hygieamque et Panaceam iureiurando

affirmo, et Deos Deasque omnes testor, me quantum viribus et iudicio valuero, quod
nunc iuro, et ex scripto spondeo plane observaturum.
Praeceptorem quidem qui me hanc artem edocuit, parentum loco habiturum,
eique cum ad victum tum etiam ad usum necessaria, grato animo communicaturum et
suppeditaturum. Eiusque posteros apud me eodem loco quo germanos fratres fore,
eosque si hanc artem addiscere volent, absque mercede et syngrapha edocturum.
Praeceptionum quoque et auditionum, totiusque reliquae disciplinae, cum meos et eius
qui me edocuit liberos, tum discipulos qui medico iureiurando nomen fidemque
dederint, participes facturum, aliorum praeterea neminem.
Victus quoque rationem, quantum facultate et iudicio consequi potero, aegris
utilem me praescrpturum, eosque qb omni noxia et iniuria vindicaturum. Neque
cuiusquam precibus adductus, alicui medicamentum lethale propinabo, neque huius rei
author ero.
Neque simili ratione mulieri pessum subditicium ad fetum corrumpendum
exhibebo: sed castam et ab omni scelere puram, et vitam et artem meam perpetuo
prastabo.
Neque vero calculo laborantes secabo, sed magistris eius artis peritis id munus
cocedam.
In quacumque autem domum ingressus fuero, ad aegrotantium salutem
ingrediar, alienus ab omni iniuria voluntaria et corruptela cum alia, tum praesertim in
rebus veneriis, erga mulieres aeque ac viros, liberos item ac servos.
Quae vero in vita hominum, sive medicinam faciens sive privatus, vel videro vel
audivero, quae in vulgus efferre non oporteat, ea arcana esse existimans silebo.
Si igitur hoc iusiurandum religiose observavero, ac minime irritum fecero, mihi
liceat cum summa apud omnes existimatione perpetuo vitam felicem agere et artis
maximum fructum percipere. Quod si illud violavero et peieravero, contraria mihi
contingant.
 Hippocratic Oath
Classical Version

I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the
gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfil according to my
ability and judgment this oath and this covenant:
To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my
life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine,
and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them
this art – if they desire to learn it – without fee and convenant; to give a share of
precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of
him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken
an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.
I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my
ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice.
I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a
suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In
purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.
I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in
favor of such men as are engaged in this work.
Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining
free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual realtions
with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves.
What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the
treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad,
I will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be spoken about.
If I fulfil this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life
and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress
it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.

Translation from the Greek by Ludwig Edelstein from The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation, and Interpretation, by
Ludwig Edelstein. Baltimore 1943.

Source: www.pbs.org
 Hippocratic Oath
Modern Version

I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this convenant:

I will respect the hardwon scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I
walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.
I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required,
avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that
warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon’s knife or the
chemist’s drug.
I will not be ashamed to say “I know not”, nor will I fail to call in my colleagues
when the skills of another are needed for a patient’s recovery.
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed
to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of
life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my
power to take a life; this awesome resposibility must be faced with great humbleness
and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.
I will remember that I do not traet a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a
sick human being, whose illness may affect the person’s family and economic stability.
My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the
sick.
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to
all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live
and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the
finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who
seek my help.

Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many
medical schools today.

Source: www.pbs.org