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Table of Contents
1. Front Matter
1. Psychology
1. The science of mind and behaviour
2. Psychology
1. The science of mind and behaviour
3. Copyright
4. Contents in brief
5. Contents
6. Preface
1. Following where the science leads . . . to critical examination
7. About the authors
1. a
1. MICHAEL W. PASSER
2. RONALD E. SMITH
8. About the local authors
1. FELICITY ALLEN
2. SIMON BOAG
3. JEROEN VAN BOXTEL
4. EMILY CASTELL
5. SARAH COWIE
6. MARK EDWARDS
7. DARREN GARVEY
8. CHARINI GUNARATNE
9. NICHOLAS HARRIS
10. MARK KOHLER
11. ANDREW J. LEWIS
12. JACQUI MACDONALD
13. BEN MORRISON
14. NATALIE MORRISON
15. KIMBERLEY NORRIS
16. CON STOUGH
17. MARIANNA SZABÓ
18. CAROLYN WILSHIRE
9. Acknowledgements
1. REVIEWERS
2. DIGITAL CONTRIBUTORS
10. Connect
1. Proven effective
2. Connect support
3. Visual Progress
4. Adaptive learning
5. SmartBook
6. LearnSmart
11. Digital resources
1. INTERACTIVE ACTIVITIES
2. VIDEO AND ANIMATION QUIZZES
3. POWER OF PROCESS
4. INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
12. Text at a glance
 2. Extinction and spontaneous recovery
3. Generalisation and discrimination
4. Higher-order conditioning
3. Applications of classical conditioning
1. Acquiring and overcoming fear
2. Attraction and aversion
3. Sickness and health
4. LO 7.3 Operant conditioning: learning through consequences
1. Thorndike’s law of effect
2. Skinner’s analysis of operant conditioning
1. Distinguishing operant from classical conditioning
3. Antecedent conditions: identifying when to respond
4. Consequences: determining how to respond
1. Positive reinforcement
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Operant extinction
4. Aversive punishment
5. Response cost
6. Immediate, delayed and reciprocal consequences
7. Uncovering the principles of behaviour in the lab
5. a
6. Shaping and chaining: taking one step at a time
1. Shaping and coaching
7. Generalisation and discrimination
8. Schedules of reinforcement
1. Fixed-ratio schedule
2. Variable-ratio schedule
3. Fixed-interval schedule
4. Variable-interval schedule
5.
Reinforcement schedules, learning and extinction
6. Using extinction and reinforcers to stop challenging behaviours
9. Escape and avoidance conditioning
10. Applications of operant conditioning
1. Specialised animal training
2. Education and the workplace
3. Modifying problem behaviours
5. LO 7.4 Crossroads of conditioning
1. Biological constraints: evolution and preparedness
1. Constraints on classical conditioning: learned taste aversions
2. Are we biologically prepared to fear certain things?
3. Constraints on operant conditioning: animals that ‘won’t shape up’
2. Cognition and conditioning
1. Cognition in classical conditioning
2. Cognition in operant conditioning
6. LO 7.5 Observational learning: when others show the way
1. Bandura’s social-cognitive theory
1. The modelling process and self-efficacy
2. Imitation of aggression and prosocial behaviour
2. Applications of observational learning
7. LO 7.6 The adaptive brain
8. Chapter summary
9. Key terms and concepts
10. Review questions
11. Thinking critically solutions
 1. Why did Carol’s car phobia persist?
2. Was the ‘Little Albert’ study ethical?
3. Identifying the consequences for sporting performance
4. Can you explain the ‘supermarket tantrum’?
9. Chapter 8 Memory
1. Introduction
2. LO 8.1 Memory as information processing
1. A three-stage model
1. Sensory memory
2. Working/short-term memory
3. Long-term memory
3. LO 8.2 Encoding: entering information
1. Effortful and automatic processing
2. Levels of processing: when deeper is better
3. Exposure and rehearsal
4. Organisation and imagery
1. Hierarchies and chunking
2. Visual imagery
3. Mnemonic devices
5. How prior knowledge shapes encoding
1. Schemas: our mental organisers
2. Schemas, encoding and expertise
4. LO 8.3 Storage: retaining information
1. Memory as a network
1. Associative networks
2. Neural networks
2. Types of long-term memory
1. Declarative and procedural memory
2. Explicit and implicit memory
5. LO 8.4 Retrieval: accessing information
1. The value of multiple cues
2. The value of distinctiveness
3. Arousal, emotion and memory
4. The effects of context, state and mood on memory
1. Context-dependent memory: returning to the scene
2. State-dependent memory: arousal, drugs and mood
6. LO 8.5 Forgetting
1. The course of forgetting
2. Why do we forget?
1. Encoding failure
2. Decay of the memory trace
3. Interference
4. Motivated forgetting
3. Forgetting to do things: prospective memory
4. Amnesia
1. Retrograde and anterograde amnesia
2. Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
3. Alcohol and memory
4. Infantile (childhood) amnesia
7. LO 8.6 Memory as a constructive process
1. Memory distortion and schemas
2. Misinformation effects and eyewitness testimony
1. Source confusion
3. The child as eyewitness
1. Accuracy and suggestibility
 2. True versus false reports: can professionals tell them apart?
4. The recovered-memory controversy
5. Culture and memory construction
8. LO 8.7 Memory and the brain
1. Where are memories formed and stored?
1. Sensory and working memory
2. Long-term memory
2. How are memories formed?
1. Synaptic change and memory
2. Long-term potentiation
9. Chapter summary
10. Key terms and concepts
11. Review questions
12. Thinking critically solutions
1. Would perfect memory be a gift or a curse?
10. Chapter 9 Language and thinking
1. Introduction
2. LO 9.1 The structure of language
1. Phonemes
2. Morphemes
3. Words, phrases and sentences
4. Discourse
5. The generativity of human language
3. LO 9.2 Understanding and producing speech
1. Understanding speech
1. Perceiving phonemes
2. Segmenting the speech signal
3. Recognising words and extracting meaning
4. Brain regions involved in speech comprehension
2. Producing speech
1. Retrieving and producing words
2. Constructing sentences
4. LO 9.3 Acquiring a first language
1. Developmental timetable
2. Is there a critical period for acquiring a first language?
5. LO 9.4 Reading
1. Dyslexia
6. LO 9.5 Bilingualism and second language acquisition
1. How important is age when it comes to learning a second language?
2. What impact does bilingualism have on a child?
3. When should we teach a second language?
4. Language and thought
7. LO 9.6 Thinking and cognition
1. Thought and cognition
2. Thinking and reasoning
8. LO 9.7 The limits of reasoning
1. Why do we sometimes make mistakes?
2. Heuristics
9. LO 9.8 Expertise and automaticity
1. Schemas and scripts
2. Is there a cost to expertise?
3. People with special expertise
10. LO 9.9 The role of emotion in decision-making
1. Metacognition: knowing your own cognitive abilities
2. Wisdom
 11. Chapter summary
12. Key terms and concepts
13. Review questions
14. Thinking critically solutions
1. Speaking two languages: a blessing or a curse?
11. Chapter 10 Intelligence
1. Introduction
2. LO 10.1 Intelligence from a historical perspective
1. Sir Francis Galton: quantifying mental ability
2. Alfred Binet’s mental tests
3. Binet’s legacy: an intelligence-testing industry emerges
3. LO 10.2 The nature of intelligence
1. The psychometric approach: the structure of intellect
1. Factor analysis: an essential tool
2. The g factor: intelligence as general mental capacity
3. Intelligence as specific mental abilities
4. Crystallised and fluid intelligence
5. Carroll’s three-stratum model: a modern synthesis
2. Cognitive process approaches: the nature of intelligent thinking
3. Broader conceptions of intelligence: beyond mental competencies
1. Gardner’s multiple intelligences
2. Personal and emotional intelligence
4. LO 10.3 The measurement of intelligence
1. Increasing the informational yield from intelligence tests
2. Should we test for aptitude or achievement?
3. Psychometric standards for intelligence tests
1. Reliability
2. Validity
3. Standardisation
4. Assessing intelligence in non-Western cultures
5. LO 10.4 Heredity, environment and intelligence
6. LO 10.5 Group differences in intelligence
1. Ethnic group differences
1. Are the tests biased?
2. What factors underlie the differences?
2. Sex differences in cognitive abilities
3. Beliefs, expectations and cognitive performance
7. LO 10.6 Extremes of intelligence
1. The intellectually gifted
2. Intellectual disability
8. Chapter summary
9. Key terms and concepts
10. Review questions
11. Thinking critically solutions
1. Are gifted children maladjusted?
12. Graduate spotlight
12. Chapter 11 Motivation and emotion
1. Introduction
2. LO 11.1 Motivation
1. Perspectives on motivation
1. Evolution, instincts and genes
2. Homeostasis and drives
3. Approach and avoidance motivation: the BAS and BIS
4. Cognitive processes: incentives and expectancies
5. Psychodynamic views
 6. Maslow’s need hierarchy
7. Self-determination theory
3. LO 11.2 Hunger and weight regulation
1. The physiology of hunger
1. Signals that start and terminate a meal
2. Signals that regulate general appetite and weight
3. Brain mechanisms
2. Psychological aspects of hunger
3. Environmental and cultural factors
4. Obesity
1. Genes and environment
2. Dieting and weight loss
5. Eating disorders: anorexia and bulimia
1. Causes of anorexia and bulimia
4. LO 11.3 Sexual motivation
1. Sexual behaviour: patterns and changes
2. The physiology of sex
1. The sexual response cycle
2. Hormonal influences
3. The psychology of sex
4. Cultural and environmental influences
1. Arousing environmental stimuli
5. Sexual orientation
1. Prevalence of different sexual orientations
2. Determinants of sexual orientation
5. LO 11.4 Achievement motivation and motivational conflict
1. Motive for success and fear of failure
2. Achievement goal theory
3. Achievement goal orientations
1. Motivational climate
4. Family, culture and achievement needs
5. Motivational conflict
6. LO 11.5 Emotion
1. The nature of emotions
1. Eliciting stimuli
2. The cognitive component
3. The physiological component
4. The behavioural component
7. LO 11.6 Theories of emotion
1. The James-Lange somatic theory
2. The Cannon-Bard theory
3. The role of autonomic feedback
4. The role of expressive behaviours
5. Cognitive-affective theories
8. LO 11.7 Happiness
9. Chapter summary
10. Key terms and concepts
11. Review questions
12. Thinking critically solutions
1. Is Maslow’s need hierarchy valid?
13. Chapter 12 Development over the life span
1. Introduction
2. LO 12.1 Major issues and methods
1. Life-span development: a guiding model
3. LO 12.2 Prenatal development
 1. Genetics and sex determination
2. Environmental influences
4. LO 12.3 Infancy and childhood
1. The amazing newborn
1. Sensory capabilities and perceptual preferences
2. Reflexes
3. Learning
2. Physical development
1. The young brain
2. Environmental and cultural influences
3. Cognitive development
1. Piaget’s stage model
2. Assessing Piaget’s theory: stages, ages and culture
3. The social context of cognitive development
4. Information-processing approaches
4. Social-emotional and personality development
1. Early emotions and emotion regulation
2. Social skill development
3. Temperament
4. Erikson’s psychosocial theory
5. Attachment
6. Attachment deprivation
7. The childcare controversy
8. Styles of parenting
9. Interactions between parenting and genetic makeup
10. Gender identity and socialisation
11. Moral development
12. Moral thinking
13. Culture, gender and moral reasoning
14. Moral behaviour and conscience
5. LO 12.4 Adolescence and adulthood
1. Physical development
1. Puberty
2. The adolescent brain
3. Physical development in adulthood
4. The adult brain
2. Cognitive development
1. Reasoning and information processing in adolescence
2. Information processing in adulthood
3. Intellectual changes in adulthood
4. The growth of wisdom?
5. Cognitive impairment in old age
3. Social-emotional development
1. Adolescents’ search for identity
2. Relationships with parents and peers
3. The transition to adulthood
4. Emerging adulthood beliefs across cultures
5. Stages versus critical events in adulthood
6. Marriage and family
7. Establishing a career
8. Midlife crisis: fact or fiction?
9. Retirement and the ‘golden years’
10. Death and dying
6. Chapter summary
7. Key terms and concepts
 8. Review questions
9. Thinking critically solutions
1. Can you describe your personal ecology?
2. Advice to a friend with young children regarding divorce
3. Do Erikson’s stages describe your psychosocial development accurately?
14. Chapter 13 Personality
1. Introduction
2. LO 13.1 What is personality?
3. LO 13.2 The psychodynamic perspective
1. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
1. Conscious, preconscious and unconscious mental events
2. The structure of personality
3. Conflict, anxiety and defence
4. Psychosexual development
2. Neoanalytic and object relations approaches
1. Adult attachment styles
3. Evaluating the psychodynamic approach
4. LO 13.3 The phenomenological-humanistic perspective
1. George Kelly’s personal construct theory
2. Carl Rogers’s theory of the self
1. The self
2. The need for positive regard
3. Fully functioning persons
3. Research on the self
1. Self-esteem
2. Self-verification and self-enhancement motives
4. Evaluating the phenomenological-humanistic approach
5. LO 13.4 The trait perspective: mapping the structure of personality
1. Factor analytic approaches
1. Cattell’s 16 personality factors
2. The Five Factor Model
3. Stability of personality traits over time
4. Consistency across situations
2. Evaluating the trait approach
6. LO 13.5 Biological foundations of personality
1. Genetics and personality
2. Personality and the nervous system
1. Eysenck’s extraversion-stability model
2. Temperament: building blocks of personality
3. Evaluating the biological approach
7. LO 13.6 The social-cognitive perspective
1. Julian Rotter: expectancy, reinforcement value and locus of control
1. Locus of control
2. Albert Bandura: social learning and self-efficacy
1. Self-efficacy
3. Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda: the cognitive-affective personality system
1. Encodings and personal constructs
2. Expectancies and beliefs
3. Goals and values
4. Affects (emotions)
5. Competencies and self-regulation processes
4. Reconciling personality coherence with behavioural inconsistency
5. Evaluating social-cognitive theories
8. LO 13.7 Culture, gender and personality
1. Culture differences
 2. Gender schemas
9. LO 13.8 Personality assessment
1. Interviews
2. Behavioural assessment
3. Remote behaviour sampling
4. Personality scales
5. Projective tests
10. Chapter summary
11. Key terms and concepts
12. Review questions
13. Thinking critically solutions
1. Is self-actualisation a useful scientific construct?
15. Chapter 14 Health and well-being
1. Introduction
2. LO 14.1 Behavioural foundations of health
1. Exercise
2. Obesity
3. Health-threatening behaviours
1. Type A behaviour pattern
2. Risky sexual behaviours
3. Sexually transmitted diseases
4. Substance abuse
5. Interventions for substance abuse
4. How people change: the transtheoretical model
5. Maintaining positive change: relapse prevention
3. LO 14.2 Stress and well-being
1. Stressors
1. Measuring stressful life events
2. The stress response: a mind–body link
1. Cognitive appraisals
2. Physiological responses
3. Effects of stress on well-being
1. Stress and psychological well-being
2. Stress and illness
3. Stress and the immune system
4. LO 14.3 Resilience: facing down adversity
1. Social support
2. Coping self-efficacy and perceived control
3. Optimism and positive attitudes
4. Trauma disclosure and emotional expressiveness
5. Finding meaning in stressful life events
6. Coping strategies
1. Gender, culture and coping
2. Effectiveness of coping strategies
7. Beyond resilience: post-traumatic growth
5. LO 14.4 Pain and illness
1. Psychological influences on pain
1. Cultural factors
2. Meanings and beliefs
3. Personality factors
2. Controlling pain and suffering
1. Cognitive strategies
2. Hospital interventions: giving patients informational control
3. A key behavioural strategy: stay active
3. Lifestyle changes and medical recovery
 6. LO 14.5 Happiness
1. How happy are people?
2. What makes people happy?
1. Biological and psychological processes
7. Chapter summary
8. Key terms and concepts
9. Review questions
10. Thinking critically solutions
1. Do stressful events cause psychological distress?
16. Chapter 15 Psychological disorders
1. Introduction
2. LO 15.1 The nature of psychological disorders
1. What is ‘abnormal’?
3. LO 15.2 Historical perspectives on abnormal behaviour
4. LO 15.3 Anxiety and related disorders
1. Phobic disorders: specific phobias, social phobia (social anxiety disorder) and agoraphobia
2. a
3. Panic disorder
4. Generalised anxiety disorder
5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
6. Post-traumatic stress disorder
7. Causal factors in anxiety and related disorders
1. Biological factors
2. a
5. LO 15.4 Somatic symptom and dissociative disorders: anxiety inferred
1. Somatic symptom and related disorders
2. Dissociative disorders
1. Dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder
2. What causes DID?
6. LO 15.5 Depressive and bipolar disorders
1. Depression
2. Bipolar disorder
3. Prevalence and course of mood disorders
4. Causal factors in depressive and bipolar disorders
1. Biological factors
2. Psychological factors
3. Sociocultural factors
7. LO 15.6 Schizophrenia
1. Characteristics of schizophrenia
2. Subtypes of schizophrenia
3. Causal factors in schizophrenia
1. Biological factors
2. Psychological factors
3. Environmental factors
4. Sociocultural factors
8. LO 15.7 Personality disorders
1. Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy
1. Causal factors
2. Borderline personality disorder
1. Causal factors
3. Categorical and dimensional approaches to personality disorders
9. LO 15.8 Childhood disorders
1. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
2. Autism spectrum disorder
1. Causal factors
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 10. LO 15.9 Scientific and social issues in diagnosis
1. Consequences of diagnostic labelling
1. Social and personal consequences
2. Legal consequences
3. A closing thought
11. Chapter summary
12. Key terms and concepts
13. Review questions
14. Thinking critically solutions
1. ‘Do I have that disorder?’
15. Graduate spotlight
17. Chapter 16 Treatment of psychological disorders
1. Introduction
2. LO 16.1 Psychological treatments
3. LO 16.2 Psychodynamic therapies
1. Psychoanalysis
1. Free association
2. Dream interpretation
3. Resistance
4. Transference
5. Interpretation
2. Brief psychodynamic and interpersonal therapies
4. LO 16.3 Humanistic psychotherapies
1. Person-centred therapy
2. Gestalt therapy
5. LO 16.4 Cognitive therapies
1. Ellis’s rational–emotive therapy
2. Beck’s cognitive therapy
6. LO 16.5 Behaviour therapies
1. Exposure: an extinction approach
2. Systematic desensitisation: a counterconditioning approach
3. Aversion therapy
4. Operant conditioning treatments
1. Positive reinforcement techniques
2. Therapeutic application of punishment
3. Behavioural activation therapy for depression
5. Modelling and social skills training
7. LO 16.6 The ‘third wave’ of cognitive-behavioural therapies
1. Mindfulness-based treatments
2. Acceptance and commitment therapy
3. Dialectical behaviour therapy
8. LO 16.7 Group, family and couples therapies
1. Family therapy
2. Couples therapy
9. LO 16.8 Cultural and gender issues in psychotherapy
1. Cultural factors in treatment usage
2. Gender issues in therapy
10. LO 16.9 Biological approaches to treatment
1. Drug therapies
1. Antipsychotic drugs
2. Antianxiety drugs
3. Antidepressant drugs
2. Electroconvulsive therapy
3. Other non-surgical treatments
4. Psychosurgery
 5. Mind, body and therapeutic interventions
11. LO 16.10 Evaluating treatments
1. Psychotherapy research methods
1. Randomised clinical trials
2. Meta-analysis: a look at the big picture
3. Survey research
2. Factors affecting the outcome of therapy
1. Client variables
2. Therapist and technique variables
3. Common factors
12. LO 16.11 Psychological disorders and society
1. Deinstitutionalisation
2. Mental health treatment in today’s health-care environment
3. Preventive mental health
13. Chapter summary
14. Key terms and concepts
15. Review questions
16. Thinking critically solutions
1. Do survey results provide an accurate picture of treatment effectiveness?
18. Chapter 17 Social thinking and behaviour
1. Introduction
2. LO 17.1 Social thinking
1. Attribution: perceiving the causes of behaviour
1. Personal versus situational attributions
2. Attributional biases
3. Culture and attribution
2. Forming and maintaining impressions
1. How important are first impressions?
2. Seeing what we expect to see
3. Creating what we expect to see
3. Attitudes and attitude change
1. Do our attitudes influence our behaviour?
2. Does our behaviour influence our attitudes?
3. Persuasion
3. LO 17.2 Social influence
1. Norms, conformity and obedience
1. Norm formation and culture
2. Why do people conform?
3. Factors that affect conformity
4. Minority influence
5. Obedience to authority
6. Factors that influence obedience
7. Would people obey today?
8. Lessons learned
2. Detecting and resisting compliance techniques
3. Behaviour in groups
1. Social loafing
2. Group polarisation
3. Groupthink
4. Deindividuation
4. LO 17.3 Social relations
1. Attraction: liking and loving others
1. Initial attraction: proximity, mere exposure and similarity
2. Spellbound by beauty
3. As attraction deepens: close relationships
 4. Sociocultural and evolutionary views
5. Ostracism: rejection hurts
2. Prejudice: bias against others
1. Explicit and implicit prejudice
2. Cognitive roots of prejudice
3. Motivational roots of prejudice
4. How prejudice confirms itself
5. Reducing prejudice
6. Why do people help?
7. When do people help?
8. Whom do people help?
9. Increasing prosocial behaviour
3. Aggression: harming others
1. Biological factors in aggression
2. Environmental stimuli and learning
3. Psychological factors in aggression
4. Media violence and aggression
5. Chapter summary
6. Key terms and concepts
7. Review questions
8. Thinking critically solutions
1. Do women differ from men in obedience?
2. Does pure altruism really exist?
19. Chapter 18 Indigenous and cross-cultural psychology
1. Introduction
2. LO 18.1 Introducing this chapter
1. Structure of the chapter
3. LO 18.2 Defining cross-cultural psychology
1. Describing ‘critical reflection’
2. Cultural competence
1. Developing cultural competence
3. Considering ‘power’
4. Describing ‘culture’
5. Psychology in China
6. Enculturation, acculturation and cultural adaptation
1. Enculturation
2. Acculturation
3. Cultural adaptation
4. LO 18.3 Multiculturalism and race
1. Policy approaches to managing difference
2. Fact or fantasy?
3. Unpacking ‘Indigenous’
4. Race and culture
1. Do ‘races’ exist?
5. LO 18.4 Cross-cultural psychology
1. Cultural differences in communication: ‘An academic walks into a cafeteria . . .’
2. Considering differences across the world
3. Implications of working multiculturally
1. Implications for clinical practice: a need to examine systemic and therapeutic assumptions
2. Implications for research: considering methodology, power and the framing of questions
4. Cultural differences, racism and mental illness: where social justice issues have been negated
6. LO 18.5 Indigenous psychology
1. The role of psychologists with Indigenous Australians: ‘But it’s all too much!’
2. Cultural consultants
7. LO 18.6 Indigenous research
 1. Social research and knowledge production: by whom, how and for what purpose?
2. Methodology: yarning as an emerging method in Indigenous and cross-cultural research
8. LO 18.7 Levels of analysis
9. Chapter summary
10. Key terms and concepts
11. Review questions
12. Thinking critically solutions
1. Locating yourself
2. The object of fantasy
20. Appendix (online)
1. Statistics in psychology
1. Measures of variability
2. The normal curve
3. Statistical methods for data analysis
1. Accounting for variance in behaviour
2. Correlational methods
1. The correlation coefficient
2. Correlation and prediction
3. Factor analysis
3. Inferential statistics and hypothesis testing
4. Chapter summary
5. Key terms and concepts
21. Glossary
1. Glossary
1. a
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E
22. Reference
1. References
23. Index
1. Index
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E
6. F
7. G
8. H
9. I
10. J
11. K
12. L
13. M
14. N
15. O
16. P
17. Q
18. R
19. S
20. T
21. U
22. V
23. W
24. Y
25. Z
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change and revise said schedules. When such schedules shall have
been made or revised as aforesaid, it shall be the duty of said
commissioners to cause publication thereof to be made for three
successive weeks, in some public newspaper published in the city of
Springfield in this state: “Provided, That the schedules thus prepared
shall not be taken as prima facie evidence as herein provided until
schedules shall have been prepared and published as aforesaid for all
the railroad companies now organized under the laws of this State,
and until the fifteenth day of January, A. D. 1874, or until ten days
after the meeting of the next session of this General Assembly,
provided a session of the General Assembly shall be held previous to
the fifteenth day of January aforesaid.” All such schedules,
purporting to be printed and published as aforesaid, shall be received
and held, in all such suits, as prima facie the schedules of said
commissioners, without further proof than the production of the
paper in which they were published, together with the certificate of
the publisher of said paper that the schedule therein contained is a
true copy of the schedule furnished for publication by said
commissioners, and that it has been published the above specified
time; and any such paper purporting to have been published at said
city, and to be a public newspaper, shall be presumed to have been so
published at the date thereof, and to be a public newspaper.
Sec. 10. In all cases under the provisions of this act, the rules of
evidence shall be the same as in other civil actions, except as
hereinbefore otherwise provided. All fines recovered under the
provisions of this act shall be paid into the county treasury of the
county in which the suit is tried, by the person collecting the same, in
the manner now provided by law, to be used for county purposes.
The remedies hereby given shall be regarded as cumulative to the
remedies now given by law against railroad corporations, and this act
shall not be construed as repealing any statute giving such remedies.
Suits commenced under the provisions of this act shall have
precedence over all other business, except criminal business.
Sec. 11. The term “railroad corporation,” contained in this act,
shall be deemed and taken to mean all corporations, companies, or
individuals now owning or operating, or which may hereafter own or
operate any railroad, in whole or in part, in this State; and the
provisions of this act shall apply to all persons, firms, and
companies, and to all associations of persons, whether incorporated
or otherwise, that shall do business as common carriers upon any of
the lines of railways in this State (street railways excepted) the same
as to railroad corporations thereinbefore mentioned.
Sec. 12. An act entitled “An act to prevent unjust discriminations
and extortions in the rates to be charged by the different railroads in
this State for the transportation of freight on said roads,” approved
April 7, A. D. 1871, is hereby repealed, but such repeal shall not affect
nor repeal any penalty incurred or right accrued under said act prior
to the time this act takes effect, nor any proceedings or prosecutions
to enforce such rights or penalties.
Approved May 2, 1873.

S. M. Cullom,
Speaker House of Representatives.

John Early,
President of the Senate.

John L. Beveridge,
Governor.

The same spirit, if not the same organization, led to many petitions
to Congress for the regulation of inter-state commerce and freight
rates, and to some able reports on the subject. Those which have
commanded most attention were by Senator Windom of Minnesota
and Representative Reagan of Texas, the latter being the author of a
bill which commanded much consideration from Congress in the
sessions of 1878–’80, but which has not yet secured favorable action.
In lieu of such bill Senator Cameron, of Pennsylvania, introduced a
joint resolution for the appointment of a Commission to investigate
and report upon the entire question. Final action has not yet been
taken, and at this writing interest in the subject seems to have
flagged.
The disastrous political action attempted by the Grangers in
Illinois and Wisconsin, led to such general condemnation that
subsequent attempts were abandoned save in isolated cases, and as a
rule the society has passed away. The principle upon which it was
based was wholly unsound, and if strictly carried out, would destroy
all home improvements and enterprise. Parties and societies based
upon a class, and directed or perverted toward political objects, are
very happily short-lived in this Republic of ours. If they could thrive,
the Republic could not long endure.
 Supplementary Civil Rights Bill.

Senator Sumner’s Supplementary Civil Rights Bill was passed by

the second session of the 43d Congress, though its great author had
died the year before—March 11th, 1874. The text of the Act is given in
Book V. of this volume, on Existing Political Laws. Its validity was
sustained by the U. S. District Courts in their instructions to grand
juries. The first conviction under the Act was in Philadelphia, in
February, 1876. Rev. Fields Cook, pastor of the Third Baptist colored
church of Alexandria, Virginia, was refused sleeping and eating
accommodations at the Bingham House, by Upton S. Newcomer, one
of its clerks; and upon the trial of the case, in the U. S. District Court,
John Cadwalader, Judge, instructed the jury as follows:
The fourteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United
States makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States,
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, citizens of the United States,
and provides that no State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;
nor shall any State * * * deny to any person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws. This amendment expressly gives to
Congress the power to enforce it by appropriate legislation. An act of
Congress of March 1, 1875, enacts that all persons within the
jurisdiction of the United States shall be entitled to the full and equal
enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities and
privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theatres and
other places of public amusement, subject only to the conditions and
limitations established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of
every race and color, and makes it a criminal offense to violate these
enactments by denying to any citizen, except for reasons by law
applicable to citizens of every race and color, * * * the full enjoyment
of any of the accommodations, advantages, facilities or privileges
enumerated. As the law of Pennsylvania had stood until the 22d of
March, 1867, it was not wrongful for innkeepers or carriers by land
or water to discriminate against travelers of the colored race to such
an extent as to exclude them from any part of the inns or public
conveyances which was set apart for the exclusive accommodation of
white travelers. The Legislature of Pennsylvania, by an act of 22d of
March, 1867, altered the law in this respect as to passengers on
railroads. But the law of the State was not changed as to inns by any
act of the State Legislature. Therefore, independently of the
amendment of the Constitution of the United States and of the act of
Congress now in question, the conduct of the defendant on the
occasion in question might, perhaps, have been lawful. It is not
necessary to express an opinion upon this point, because the decision
of the case depends upon the effect of this act of Congress. I am
under opinion that under the Fourteenth Amendment of the
Constitution the enactment of this law was within the legislative
power of Congress, and that we are bound to give effect to the act of
Congress according to its fair meaning. According to this meaning of
the act I am of opinion that if this defendant, being in charge of the
business of receiving travelers in this inn, and of providing necessary
and proper accommodations for them in it, refused such
accommodations to the witness Cook, then a traveler, by reason of
his color, the defendant is guilty in manner and form as he stands
indicted. If the case depended upon the unsupported testimony of
this witness alone, there might be some reason to doubt whether this
defendant was the person in charge of this part of the business. But
under this head the additional testimony of Mr. Annan seems to be
sufficient to remove all reasonable doubt. If the jury are convinced of
the defendant’s identity, they will consider whether any reasonable
doubt of his conduct or motives in refusing the accommodations to
Fields Cook can exist. The case appears to the court to be proved; but
this question is for the jury, not for the court. If the jury have any
reasonable doubt, they should find the defendant not guilty;
otherwise they will find him guilty.
The jury brought in a verdict of guilty, March 1, 1876, and the
Court imposed a fine of $500.
 The Morton Amendment.

In the session of ’73, Senator Morton, of Indiana, introduced an

amendment to the Constitution providing for the general choice of
Presidential Electors by Congressional districts, and delivered
several speeches on the subject which attracted much attention at the
time. Since then many amendments have been introduced on the
subject, and it is a matter for annual discussion. We quote the
Morton Amendment as the one most likely to command favorable
action:
“Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, (two-thirds of each
House concurring therein:) That the following article is hereby
proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States,
and, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several
States, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the
Constitution, to wit:

“Article —.

“I. The President and Vice-President shall be elected by the direct

vote of the people in the manner following: Each State shall be
divided into districts, equal in number to the number of
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress,
to be composed of contiguous territory, and to be as nearly equal in
population as may be; and the person having the highest number of
votes in each district for President shall receive the vote of that
district, which shall count one presidential vote.
“II. The person having the highest number of votes for President in
a State shall receive two presidential votes from the State at large.
 “III. The person having the highest number of presidential votes in
the United States shall be President.
“IV. If two persons have the same number of votes in any State, it
being the highest number, they shall receive each one presidential
vote from the State at large; and if more than two persons shall have
each the same number of votes in any State, it being the highest
number, no presidential vote shall be counted from the State at large.
If more persons than one shall have the same number of votes, it
being the highest number in any district, no presidential vote shall be
counted from that district.
“V. The foregoing provisions shall apply to the election of Vice-
President.
“VI. The Congress shall have power to provide for holding and
conducting the elections of President and Vice-President, and to
establish tribunals for the decision of such elections as may be
contested.”
VII. The States shall be divided into districts by the legislatures
thereof, but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter the
same.
The present mode of election is given in Book V. of this volume.
 The Whisky Ring.

During 1875 an extensive Whisky Ring, organized to control

revenue legislation and avoidance of revenue taxes, was discovered
in the West. It was an association of distillers in collusion with
Federal officers, and for a time it succeeded in defrauding the
government of the tax on distilled spirits. This form of corruption,
after the declaration by President Grant—“let no guilty man
escape”—was traced by detectives to the portals of the White House,
but even partisan rancor could not connect the President therewith.
O. E. Babcock, however, was his private Secretary, and upon him was
charged complicity with the fraud. He was tried and acquitted, but
had to resign. Several Federal officers were convicted at St. Louis.
 Impeachment of Belknap.

Another form of corruption was discovered in 1876, when the

House impeached Wm. W. Belknap, the Secretary of War, on the
charge of selling an Indian trading establishment. The first and main
specification was, that—
On or about the second day of November, eighteen hundred and
seventy, said William W. Belknap, while Secretary of War as
aforesaid, did receive from Caleb P. Marsh fifteen hundred dollars, in
consideration of his having appointed said John S. Evans to maintain
a trading establishment at Fort Sill aforesaid, and for continuing him
therein.
The following summary of the record shows the result, and that
Belknap escaped punishment by a refusal of two-thirds to vote
“guilty:”
The examination of witnesses was begun, and continued on
various days, till July 26, when the case was closed.
August 1.—The Senate voted. On the first article, thirty-five voted
guilty, and twenty-five not guilty. On the second, third and fourth,
Mr. Maxey made the thirty-sixth who voted guilty. On the fifth, Mr.
Morton made the thirty-seventh who voted guilty. The vote on first
was:
Voting Guilty—Messrs. Bayard, Booth, Cameron of
Pennsylvania, Cockrell, Cooper, Davis, Dawes, Dennis, Edmunds,
Gordon, Hamilton, Harvey, Hitchcock, Kelly, Kernan, Key,
McCreery, McDonald, Merrimon, Mitchell, Morrill of Vermont,
Norwood, Oglesby, Randolph, Ransom, Robertson, Sargent,
Saulsbury, Sherman, Stevenson, Thurman, Wadleigh, Wallace,
Whyte, Withers—35.
Voting Not Guilty—Messrs. Allison, Anthony, Boutwell, Bruce,
Cameron of Wisconsin, Christiancy, Conkling, Conover, Cragin,
Dorsey, Eaton, Ferry of Michigan, Frelinghuysen, Hamlin, Howe,
Ingalls, Jones of Nevada, Logan, McMillan, Paddock, Patterson,
Spencer, West, Windom, Wright—25.
Mr. Jones of Florida declined to vote. Those “voting not guilty”
generally denied jurisdiction, and so voted accordingly. Belknap had
resigned and the claim was set up that he was a private citizen.
 The White League.

By 1874 the Democrats of the South, who then generally classed

themselves as Conservatives, had gained control of all the State
governments except those of Louisiana, Florida and South Carolina.
In nearly all, the Republican governments had called upon President
Grant for military aid in maintaining their positions, but this was
declined except in the presence of such outbreak as the proper State
authorities could not suppress. In Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi,
and Texas, Grant declined to interfere save to cause the Attorney-
General to give legal advice. The condition of all these governments
demanded constant attention from the Executive, and his task was
most difficult and dangerous. The cry came from the Democratic
partisans in the South for home-rule; another came from the negroes
that they were constantly disfranchised, intimidated and assaulted
by the White League, a body of men organized in the Gulf States for
the purpose of breaking up the “carpet-bag governments.” So
conflicting were the stories, and so great the fear of a final and
destructive war of races, that the Congressional elections in the
North were for the first time since the war greatly influenced. The
Forty-fourth Congress, which met in December, 1875, had been
changed by what was called “the tidal wave,” from Republican to
Democratic, and M. C. Kerr, of Indiana, was elected Speaker. The
Senate remained Republican with a reduced margin.
The troubles in the South, and especially in Louisiana, had been in
the year previous and were still of the gravest character. Gen’l
Sheridan had been sent to New Orleans and on the 10th of January,
1875, made a report which startled the country as to the doings of the
White League. As it still remains a subject for frequent quotation we
give its text:

SHERIDAN’S REPORT.
 New Orleans, January 10, 1875.

Hon. W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War.

Since the year 1866, nearly thirty-five hundred persons, a great

majority of whom were colored men, have been killed and wounded
in this State. In 1868 the official record shows that eighteen hundred
and eighty-four were killed and wounded. From 1868 to the present
time, no official investigation has been made, and the civil
authorities in all but a few cases have been unable to arrest, convict
and punish perpetrators. Consequently, there are no correct records
to be consulted for information. There is ample evidence, however, to
show that more than twelve hundred persons have been killed and
wounded during this time, on account of their political sentiments.
Frightful massacres have occurred in the parishes of Bossier, Caddo,
Catahoula, Saint Bernard, Saint Landry, Grant and Orleans. The
general character of the massacres in the above named parishes is so
well known that it is unnecessary to describe them. The isolated
cases can best be illustrated by the following instances which I have
taken from a mass of evidence now lying before me of men killed on
account of their political principles. In Natchitoches Parish, the
number of isolated cases reported is thirty-three. In the parish of
Bienville, the number of men killed is thirty. In Red River Parish the
number of isolated cases of men killed is thirty-four. In Winn Parish
the number of isolated cases where men were killed is fifteen. In
Jackson Parish the number killed is twenty; and in Catahoula Parish
the number of isolated cases reported where men were killed is fifty;
and most of the country parishes throughout the State will show a
corresponding state of affairs. The following statement will illustrate
the character and kind of these outrages. On the 29th of August,
1874, in Red River Parish, six State and parish officers, named
Twitchell, Divers, Holland, Howell, Edgerton and Willis, were taken,
together with four negroes, under guard, to be carried out of the
State, and were deliberately murdered on the 30th of August, 1874.
The White League tried, sentenced, and hung two negroes on the
28th of August, 1874. Three negroes were shot and killed at
Brownsville, just before the arrival of the United States troops in the
parish. Two White Leaguers rode up to a negro cabin and called for a
drink of water. When the old colored man turned to draw it, they
shot him in the back and killed him. The courts were all broken up in
this district, and the district judge driven out. In the parish of Caddo,
prior to the arrival of the United States troops, all of the officers at
Shreveport were compelled to abdicate by the White League, which
took possession of the place. Among those obliged to abdicate were
Walsh, the mayor, Rapers, the sheriff, Wheaton, clerk of the court,
Durant, the recorder, and Ferguson and Renfro, administrators. Two
colored men, who had given evidence in regard to frauds committed
in the parish, were compelled to flee for their lives and reached this
city last night, having been smuggled through in a cargo of cotton. In
the parish of Bossier the White League have attempted to force the
abdication of Judge Baker, the United States Commissioner and
parish judge, together with O’Neal, the sheriff, and Walker, the clerk
of the court; and they have compelled the parish and district courts
to suspend operations. Judge Baker states that the White Leaguers
notified him several times that if he became a candidate on the
republican ticket, or if he attempted to organize the republican party,
he should not live until election.
They also tried to intimidate him through his family by making the
same threats to his wife, and when told by him that he was a United
States commissioner, they notified him not to attempt to exercise the
functions of his office. In but few of the country parishes can it be
truly said that the law is properly enforced, and in some of the
parishes the judges have not been able to hold court for the past two
years. Human life in this State is held so cheaply, that when men are
killed on account of political opinions, the murderers are regarded
rather as heroes than as criminals, in the localities where they reside,
and by the White League and their supporters. An illustration of the
ostracism that prevails in the State may be found in a resolution of a
White League club in the parish of De Soto, which states, “That they
pledge themselves under (no?) circumstances after the coming
election to employ, rent land to, or in any other manner give aid,
comfort, or credit, to any man, white or black, who votes against the
nominees of the white man’s party.” Safety for individuals who
express their opinion in the isolated portion of this State has existed
only when that opinion was in favor of the principles and party
supported by the Ku-Klux and White League organizations. Only
yesterday Judge Myers, the parish judge of the parish of
Natchitoches, called on me upon his arrival in this city, and stated
that in order to reach here alive, he was obliged to leave his home by
stealth, and after nightfall, and make his way to Little Rock,
Arkansas, and come to this city by way of Memphis. He further states
that while his father was lying at the point of death in the same
village, he was unable to visit him for fear of assassination; and yet
he is a native of the parish, and proscribed for his political
sentiments only. It is more than probable that if bad government has
existed in this State it is the result of the armed organizations, which
have now crystallized into what is called the White League; instead of
bad government developing them, they have by their terrorism
prevented to a considerable extent the collection of taxes, the holding
of courts, the punishment of criminals, and vitiated public sentiment
by familiarizing it with the scenes above described. I am now
engaged in compiling evidence for a detailed report upon the above
subject, but it will be some time before I can obtain all the requisite
data to cover the cases that have occurred throughout the State. I will
also report in due time upon the same subject in the States of
Arkansas and Mississippi.

P. H. Sheridan,
Lieutenant-General.

President Grant said in a special message to Congress, January 13,

1875:—
“It has been bitterly and persistently alleged that Kellogg was not
elected. Whether he was or not is not altogether certain, nor is it any
more certain that his competitor, McEnery, was chosen. The election
was a gigantic fraud, and there are no reliable returns of its result.
Kellogg obtained possession of the office, and in my opinion has
more right to it than his competitor.
“On the 20th of February, 1873, the Committee on Privileges and
Elections of the Senate made a report, in which they say they were
satisfied by testimony that the manipulation of the election
machinery by Warmoth and others was equivalent to twenty
thousand votes; and they add, to recognize the McEnery government
‘would be recognizing a government based upon fraud, in defiance of
the wishes and intention of the voters of the State.’ Assuming the
correctness of the statements in this report, (and they seem to have
been generally accepted by the country,) the great crime in
Louisiana, about which so much has been said, is, that one is holding
the office of governor who was cheated out of twenty thousand votes,
against another whose title to the office is undoubtedly based on
fraud, and in defiance of the wishes and intentions of the voters of
the State.
“Misinformed and misjudging as to the nature and extent of this
report, the supporters of McEnery proceeded to displace by force in
some counties of the State the appointees of Governor Kellogg; and
on the 13th of April, in an effort of that kind, a butchery of citizens
was committed at Colfax, which in blood-thirstiness and barbarity is
hardly surpassed by any acts of savage warfare.
“To put this matter beyond controversy, I quote from the charge of
Judge Woods, of the United States circuit court, to the jury in the
case of the United States vs. Cruikshank and others, in New Orleans,
in March, 1874. He said:
“‘In the case on trial there are many facts not in controversy. I
proceed to state some of them in the presence and hearing of counsel
on both sides; and if I state as a conceded fact any matter that is
disputed, they can correct me.’
“After stating the origin of the difficulty, which grew out of an
attempt of white persons to drive the parish judge and sheriff,
appointees of Kellogg, from office, and their attempted protection by
colored persons, which led to some fighting in which quite a number
of negroes were killed, the judge states:
“‘Most of those who were not killed were taken prisoners. Fifteen
or sixteen of the blacks had lifted the boards and taken refuge under
the floor of the courthouse. They were all captured. About thirty-
seven men were taken prisoners; the number is not definitely fixed.
They were kept under guard until dark. They were led out, two by
two, and shot. Most of the men were shot to death. A few were
wounded, not mortally, and by pretending to be dead were
afterward, during the night, able to make their escape. Among them
was the Levi Nelson named in the indictment.
“‘The dead bodies of the negroes killed in this affair were left
unburied until Tuesday, April 15, when they were buried by a deputy
marshal and an officer of the militia from New Orleans. These
persons found fifty-nine dead bodies. They showed pistol-shot
wounds, the great majority in the head, and most of them in the back
of the head. In addition to the fifty-nine dead bodies found, some
charred remains of dead bodies were discovered near the courthouse.
Six dead bodies were found under a warehouse, all shot in the head
but one or two, which were shot in the breast.
“‘The only white men injured from the beginning of these troubles
to their close were Hadnot and Harris. The courthouse and its
contents were entirely consumed.
“‘There is no evidence that any one in the crowd of whites bore any
lawful warrant for the arrest of any of the blacks. There is no
evidence that either Nash or Cazabat, after the affair, ever demanded
their offices, to which they had set up claim, but Register continued
to act as parish judge, and Shaw as Sheriff.
“‘These are facts in this case, as I understand them to be admitted.’
“To hold the people of Louisiana generally responsible for these
atrocities would not be just; but it is a lamentable fact that
insuperable obstructions were thrown in the way of punishing these
murderers, and the so-called conservative papers of the State not
only justified the massacre, but denounced as Federal tyranny and
despotism the attempt of the United States officers to bring them to
justice. Fierce denunciations ring through the country about office-
holding and election matters in Louisiana, while every one of the
Colfax miscreants goes unwhipped of justice, and no way can be
found in this boasted land of civilization and Christianity to punish
the perpetrators of this bloody and monstrous crime.
“Not unlike this was the massacre in August last. Several northern
young men of capital and enterprise had started the little and
flourishing town of Coushatta. Some of them were republicans and
office-holders under Kellogg. They were therefore doomed to death.
Six of them were seized and carried away from their homes and
murdered in cold blood. No one has been punished; and the
conservative press of the State denounced all efforts to that end, and
boldly justified the crime.”
The House on the 1st of March, 1875, by a strict party vote, 155
Republicans to 86 Democrats, recognized the Kellogg government.
The Senate did the same on March 5th, by 33 to 23, also a party vote.
 Under the influence of the resolution unanimously adopted by the
House of Representatives of the United States, recommending that
the House of Representatives of that State seat the persons rightfully
entitled thereto from certain districts, the whole subject was, by
consent of parties, referred to the Special Committee of the House
who examined into Louisiana affairs, viz.: Messrs. George F. Hoar,
William A. Wheeler, William P. Frye, Charles Foster, William Walter
Phelps, Clarkson N. Potter and Samuel S. Marshall, who, after
careful examination, made an award, which was adopted by the
Legislature in April, 1875. It is popularly known as the “Wheeler
Compromise.”
 Text of the Wheeler Compromise.

New Orleans, March, 1875.

Whereas, It is desirable to adjust the difficulties growing out of the

general election in this State, in 1872, the action of the Returning
Board in declaring and promulgating the results of the general
election, in the month of November last, and the organization of the
House of Representatives, on the 4th day of January last, such
adjustment being deemed necessary to the re-establishment of peace
and order in this State.
Now, therefore, the undersigned members of the Conservative
party, claiming to have been elected members of the House of
Representatives, and that their certificates of election have been
illegally withheld by the Returning Board, hereby severally agree to
submit their claims to seats in the House of Representatives to the
award and arbitrament of George F. Hoar, William A. Wheeler,
William P. Frye, Charles Foster, William Walter Phelps, Clarkson N.
Potter, and Samuel S. Marshall, who are hereby authorized to
examine and determine the same upon the equities of the several
cases; and when such awards shall be made, we hereby severally
agree to abide by the same:
And such of us as may become members of the House of
Representatives, under this arrangement, hereby severally agree to
sustain by our influence and votes the joint resolution herein set
forth.
[Here follow the signatures of the Democrats who claimed that
their certificates of election as members of the House of
Representatives had been illegally withheld by the Returning Board.]
And the undersigned claiming to have been elected Senators from
the Eighth and Twenty-Second Senatorial Districts, hereby agree to
submit their claims to the foregoing award and arbitrament, and in
all respects to abide the results of the same.
[Here follow the signatures of the Democrats, who made a like
claim as to seats in the Senate.]
And the undersigned, holding certificates of election from the
Returning Board, hereby severally agree that upon the coming in of
the award of the foregoing arbitrators they will, when the same shall
have been ratified by the report of the Committee on Elections and
Qualifications of the body in session at the State House claiming to
be the House of Representatives, attend the sitting of the said House
for the purpose of adopting said report, and if said report shall be
adopted, and the members embraced in the foregoing report shall be
seated, then the undersigned severally agree that immediately upon
the adoption of said report they will vote for the following joint
resolution:
[Here follow the signatures of the Democratic members of the
House of Representatives in relation to whose seats there was no
controversy.]

JOINT RESOLUTION.

Resolved, by the General Assembly of the State of Louisiana, That

said Assembly, without approving the same, will not disturb the
present State Government claiming to have been elected in 1872,
known as the Kellogg Government, or seek to impeach the Governor
for any past official acts, and that henceforth it will accord to said
Governor all necessary and legitimate support in maintaining the
laws and advancing the peace and prosperity of the people of this
State: and that the House of Representatives, as to its members, as
constituted under the award of George F. Hoar, W. A. Wheeler, W. P.
Frye, Charles Foster, Samuel S. Marshall, Clarkson N. Potter, and
William Walter Phelps, shall remain without change except by
resignation or death of members until a new general election, and
that the Senate, as now organized, shall also remain unchanged
except so far as that body shall make changes on contests.
 TEXT OF THE AWARD.

New York, March 13, 1875.

The undersigned having been requested to examine the claims of

the persons hereinafter named to seats in the Senate and House of
Representatives of the State of Louisiana, and having examined the
returns and the evidence relating to such claims, are of opinion, and
do hereby find, award and determine, that F. S. Goode is entitled to a
seat in the Senate from the Twenty-second Senatorial District; and
that J. B. Elam is not entitled to a seat in the Senate from the Eighth
Senatorial District; and that the following named persons are
entitled to seats in the House of Representatives from the following
named parishes respectively: From the Parish of Assumption, R. R.
Beaseley, E. F. X. Dugas; from the Parish of Bienville, James Brice;
from the Parish of De Soto, J. S. Scales, Charles Schuler; from the
Parish of Jackson, E. Kidd; from the Parish of Rapides, James
Jeffries, R. C. Luckett, G. W. Stafford; from the Parish of Terrebone,
Edward McCollum, W. H. Keyes; from the Parish of Winn, George A.
Kelley. And that the following named persons are not entitled to
seats which they claim from the following named parishes
respectively, but that the persons now holding seats from said
parishes are entitled to retain the seats now held by them; from the
Parish of Avoyelles, J. O. Quinn; from the Parish of Iberie, W. F.
Schwing; from the Parish of Caddo, A. D. Land, T. R. Vaughan, J. J.
Horan. We are of opinion that no person is entitled to a seat from the
Parish of Grant.
In regard to most of the cases, the undersigned are unanimous; as
to the others the decision is that of a majority.

George F. Hoar,
W. A. Wheeler,
W. P. Frye,
Charles Foster,
Clarkson N. Potter,
William Walter Phelps,
Samuel S. Marshall.