Culture heritage

CHAPTER 04
Cultural heritage of Pakistan
4.1: CULTURE
4.1.1 = Define the term ‘Culture’.
1. Culture is defined as the total life pattern of the people living in a

region including their physical, spiritual and mental and aesthetic
activities.
2. Culture is a shared behavior transmitted from one generation to
another.
3. Culture includes such activities / elements which can be observed
physically such as: house, food, dress etc. Some elements which
cannot be observed such as: Language, Religion, Laws, Customs,
Traditions, Rituals, Values, arts, Ideologies.
4.1.2 = Discuss the different components of culture; (languages,
dresses, art, crafts, music and festivals);
1. Language: is a source of communication to interact with other

individuals and plays an important role in the development and
progress of a nation in every field. It is the media by which we
express our ideas emotions and feelings.
2. Religion: is a source of spiritual satisfaction but some religious

events and festivals make religion a component of culture. There
are many religion in the world with different patterns of cultures
such as Islam, Christianity, Hinduism , etc.
3. Music and arts reflect the beautification of the universe in the
most presentable manner.
4. Festivals and Fairs: are such events which have social, religious
and historical foundation or background----Eid-ul-Fitr,Eid-ul-
Azha, Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi,
Ten Mourning Days of Muharram, Nou Rose, Christmas, Holi,
Diwali, Baisakhi, Basant, (Festivals) Urs of Hazrat Abdullah Shah
Ghazi, Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Hazrat Lal ShabazQalander,
Hazrat
Data Ali HAjvari, Hazrat Baba Fareed of Pak Pattan(Fairs)
I. Festival and Fairs are a source of religious unity and social

interaction.
II. Festivals and fairs serve as means of trade and commerce as
they engage a lot of people in economic activities.
III. Festivals and fairs are the symbol of love, peace, tolerance,
humanity they are the positive Image builders of a country and
its people.
4.1.3. Describe the terms ‘cultural diversity ‘and pluralism
Presence of various cultures in a particular region or a country is

termed as cultural diversity or cultural heterogeneity.
1 Cultural diversity refers such social and political environment in

which various identities are living under one national identity.
These identities are based on language, cast, color, religion, and race.
2 This is a characteristic of multiethnic and multilingual and
multireligious state.
3 Cultural Diversity is also called Pluralism. Which means a state of
society in which members of diverse ethnic, racial, religious or
social groups maintain and develop their traditional culture or
special interest within the confines of a common civilization?
4.1.4= Analyse the role of cultural diversity and pluralism towards the
enrichment of society in Pakistan
2 Cultural diversity may lead to harmony, tolerance, brotherhood,
and better understanding among the different identities living
under the umbrella of national identity
3 The exchange of different customs, traditions, values, literature
and history among the various religious, lingual, and racial
communities, on the one hand add to the national culture of
Pakistan on the other hand it may develop sense of brotherhood
and unity among these multi cultural people. When the people of
two different cultures interact and see the cultures of one another
they may adopt the best part of those cultures which generates the
characteristics of acceptance and adoption which may decrease the
hostilities and enmities or the negative feelings towards other
culture or communities.
4 By arranging cultural exchange programs, among the people living
in different provinces of Pakistan, by telecasting and broad casting
positive cultural characteristics of all the identities living in
Pakistan (Sindhi, Muhajir, Punjabi, Baloch, Pathan, Saraiki, Shia,
Sunni), By giving importance to the cultural festivals related to
different cultural identities living in Pakistan and patronizing them
officially, by using educationists, sociologist and social scientists
to educate and aware people on the benefits of cultural diversity
we can establish a better understanding and unity among the
people of Pakistan.
5 Media particularly the social media can play and active and
effective part in forging the unity and understanding among the
people of Pakistan.
4.2: Ancient Civilization of Pakistan
4.2.1 = Locate the areas of ancient civilization on the given map of

Pakistan;
Soan Civilization flourished in the potohar region(comprises---

Islamabad, Rawlapindi, Jhelum, Mianwali, Chakwal cities of Punjab)
near the Soan River.
Soan River
Potohar Region
KotDiJi Civilization flourished in Indus Valley whose ruins/remains

are in south of Khairpur (Sindh) KotDiji(Khairpur)
KotDiji Fort, meaning "Fort of the Daughter" and formally known as
Fort Ahmadabad, dominates the town of KotDiji in Khairpur District,
sindh Pakistan about 25 miles east of the Indus River at the edge of the
Nara-Rajisthan Desert and 22 km south of Khairpur.
Indus Civilization was the most organized, settled and managed
civilization. The main feature of Indus civilization was its town
planning.
Aryan Civilization flourished in the Indus valley
Gandhara Civilization flourished in Taxila
(Punjab), Peshawar,Swat,Mardan,Charsadda,(KPK) whose main
feature was its religious buildings called Stupa.
4 .2.2 = Enlist the chronological order of various civilizations that
flourished in the sub-continent;
A. Soan Civilization
B. Kot Diji Civilization
C. Indus Civilization
D. Aryan Civilization
E. Ghandhara Civilization
F. (3000-1600 BC) Indus Valley civilization of modern-day
Pakistan.
G. (3000-1500 BC) The city of Harappa, part of the Indus Valley
civilization flourished.
H. (the 1700s BC) Start of the Aryan civilization.
I. (500BC) Buddhism and Jainism were found.
J. (327BC) Alexander the Great conquered the Indus valley.
K. (290BC) Mauryan conquered central Asia.
L. (712AD) Arab invasion of sub-continent.
M. (1526AD) Mughal invasion of sub-continent.
N. (1757AD) The British invasion of the subcontinent.
4.2.3 = Discuss the significant features of some of ancient civilization in

Pakistan;
• INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:

The life-giving River Indus, the fertile soil and a hospitable climate
made this region (Punjab and Sindh) home of many civilizations.
People from Central Asia used to come to these regions for the
purpose of trade as this was a natural trade route. Many of them
settled here.
• The Indus Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations of the world.
Ancient cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa flourished on the
banks of the River Indus and its tributary, the Ravi.
• Mohenjo-Daro is located near present day Larkana (western Sindh)
• Harappa is about 645 km north of Mohenjo-Daro.
• The people of the Indus Valley were called Dravidians.
• They were short with dark complexions. The Civilization existed for
almost seven hundred years.
• Town Planning: this was the major element of Indus valley
civilization. Houses, Streets, roads and shops were build in such a
modern way, which were even more advanced than some parts of our
present day Pakistan. This civilization had the world’s first sewerage
and drainage systems.
• The Great Bath in Mohenjo-Daro and the vast granary were the most
famous public areas where religious rituals were performed, and
food was stored and distributed.
The Great Bath (Mohenjo Daro)

• Use of Terra Cotta or fire clay / baked earth was quite common in
making of pots, tools and toys of Indus
Civilization.
• SOAN CIVILIZATION
The Soan Civilization existed in 3000 BC in what is now called the
Potohar Plateau. It consisted of small village communities.
Archaeologists have discovered fossils tools and coins from the
ruins which are 500,000 years old.
• KOT DIJI CIVILIZATION
They were the people who lived in the Indus Valley region300 to 500
years before the Indus Civilization that’s why they are called
preHarappen and Pre-Mohen jo Daro Civilization.
These people, like the people of Indus Civilization, were developed,
organized and advanced in their life style.
• Pottery was well made, and houses were built of mud-bricks on stone
foundation.
• MEHRGARH is located near Bolan Pass, to the west of Indus River

Valley and between the cities of Quetta,Kallat and Sibi.
• Mehrgarh was the earliest agricultural and pastoral community in

South Asia. The remains of this settlement are located in Baluchistan,
and date back to 6500 BC. The first inhabitants of Mehrgarh were
farmers who cultivated wheat and barley and had herds of cattle,
sheep and goats. They lived in mud bricks houses, waved baskets and
used elaborate bead ornaments, shells, and coloured stones as
jewellery.
• Some of these stones and shells were traded from distance areas or
were collected during their search for pasture for their herds.
• The Mehrgarh Civilization is taken as pre-stage of Indus Civilization
• GANDHARA CIVILIZATION
• It flourished in Taxila (Present Punjab), Swat,
Charsadda ,Mardan,Peshawer,Dir Bajuar(KPK).
• These wer Buddhist and with the combination of Gandhara and
Greek style of architecture a new art was developed in South Asia
known as Gandhara Art.
• Gandhara art revolves around Buddhist Sculpture (making statues)
and Stupas (religious buildings of Buddhism) •
Stupa
THE END

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CHAPTER 04

Cultural heritage of Pakistan

4.1.1 = Define the term ‘Culture’.

1. Culture is defined as the total life pattern of the people living in a

1. Language: is a source of communication to interact with other

2. Religion: is a source of spiritual satisfaction but some religious

I. Festival and Fairs are a source of religious unity and social

4.1.3. Describe the terms ‘cultural diversity ‘and pluralism

Presence of various cultures in a particular region or a country is

1 Cultural diversity refers such social and political environment in

4.2.1 = Locate the areas of ancient civilization on the given map of

Soan Civilization flourished in the potohar region(comprises---

KotDiJi Civilization flourished in Indus Valley whose ruins/remains

4.2.3 = Discuss the significant features of some of ancient civilization in

• INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:

The Great Bath (Mohenjo Daro)

• MEHRGARH is located near Bolan Pass, to the west of Indus River

• Mehrgarh was the earliest agricultural and pastoral community in

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