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UNIFORM EVIDENCE LAW
Commentary and Materials
Uniform Evidence Law: Commentary and Materials

Chapter 17 – Facilitation of Proof ........................................................................ 675

Chapter 18 – Corroboration and Warnings......................................................... 701

Chapter 19 – Prima Facie Case .............................................................................. 727

Part 5 – Case Files and Answers to Questions

Chapter 20 – Case Files ........................................................................................... 735

Chapter 21 – Answers to Questions...................................................................... 777

Appendix – Legislation

Evidence Act ............................................................................................................. 871

Relationship Between the Evidence Act 2001 (Tas) and the

Evidence Act 1995 (Cth) .................................................................. 1033

Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW) – Extracts ............................................... 1041

Index.......................................................................................................................................... 1055

viii
TABLE OF CASES

ACCC v Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi Energia SRL [2011] FCA 938 ................................................. 14.200
Adam v The Queen (2001) 207 CLR 96; [2001] HCA 57 ................. 2.280, 5.30, 6.30, 11.20, 11.180
Ainsworth v Burden [2005] NSWCA 174............................................................................ 6.70, 6.90
Alexander v The Queen (1981) 145 CLR 395 ...................................................... 13.40, 13.50, 13.90
Alister v The Queen (1984) 154 CLR 404 ................................................................................ 14.200
Apollo Shower Screens Pty Ltd v Building and Construction Industry Long Service Payments
Corporation (1985) 1 NSWLR 561 ....................................................................................... 15.30
ASIC v Rich (2004) 213 ALR 338 ............................................................................................... 1.140
Aslett v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 49 ................................................................................... 2.330
Attorney General v Kaddour & Turkmani [2001] NSWCCA 456 ................................. 14.200, 14.240
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Air New Zealand Ltd (No 1) (2012)
207 FCR 448; [2012] FCA 1355 ......................................................................... 3.40, 3.90, 7.270
Australian Securities & Investments Commission v Hellicar (2012) 247 CLR 345; [2012] HCA
17........................................................................................................................................ 17.80
Aytugrul v The Queen (2012) 247 CLR 170; [2012] HCA 15 ............................... 6.140, 16.20, 16.40
Azzopardi v The Queen (2001) 205 CLR 50 .................................................... 17.10, 17.100, 17.120

BRS v The Queen (1997) 191 CLR 275...................................................................................... 10.10

Bin Sulaeman v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 283 ..................................................................... 1.110
Braysich v The Queen (2011) 243 CLR 434; [2011] HCA 14 ............................... 12.20, 12.40, 15.20
Briginshaw v Briginshaw (1938) 60 CLR 336 ............................................................................. 15.40
Brown v New South Wales Trustee and Guardian [2012] NSWCA 431 ...................................... 15.40
Browne v Dunn (1893) 6 R 67 .......................................................... 2.20, 2.350, 2.400, 2.470, 6.70
Bunning v Cross (1978) 141 CLR 54 ......................................................................................... 6.160
Butera v DPP (1987) 164 CLR 180; [1987] HCA 58 ................................................. 3.40, 3.50, 3.140

CMG v The Queen [2011] VSCA 416 ........................................................................................ 18.90

Capital Securities XV Pty Ltd (formerly known as Prime Capital Securities Pty Ltd) v Calleja
[2018] NSWCA 26 ............................................................................................................... 7.280
Caterpillar Inc v John Deere Ltd (No 2) [2000] FCA 1903................................................. 7.90, 7.100
Chamberlain v The Queen (1983) 153 CLR 521........................................................................ 15.60
Clark Equipment Credit of Australia Ltd v Como Factors Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 552 ..... 2.30, 2.40
Col v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 302..................................................................................... 11.80
Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union v Australian Building and Construction
Commissioner [2018] FCAFC 4 ............................................................................. 14.170, 14.180
Cornwell v The Queen (2007) 231 CLR 260; [2007] HCA 12 ...................................................... 1.40
Council of the New South Wales Bar Association, The v Franklin [2014] NSWCA 329....... 7.90, 7.110
Crofts v The Queen (1996) 186 CLR 427; [1996] HCA 22 ...................... 18.10, 18.50, 18.70, 18.100

DPP v AM [2006] NSWSC 348 .................................................................................................. 6.160

DPP v CAD [2003] NSWSC 196 ................................................................................................ 6.160
DPP v Carr (2002) 127 A Crim R 151; [2002] NSWSC 194........................................................ 6.160
DPP v Marijancevic; DPP v Preece; DPP v Preece (2011) 33 VR 440; [2011] VSCA 355 ... 6.160, 6.180

ix
Uniform Evidence Law: Commentary and Materials

DPP v Newman (a Pseudonym) [2015] VSCA 25............................................................ 12.50, 12.70

DPP (Cth) v Galloway (a Pseudonym) [2014] VSCA 272 ......................................................... 14.100
DPP (NSW) v Burns (2010) 207 A Crim R 362; [2010] NSWCA 265 .......................................... 2.190
DSJ v The Queen (2012) 84 NSWLR 758; 215 A Crim R 349; [2012] NSWCCA 9 ............. 6.30, 10.50
Dasreef Pty Ltd v Hawchar (2011) 243 CLR 588; [2011] HCA 21 ........ 1.40, 1.110, 8.10, 8.80, 8.120
Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc 509 US 579 (1993) ................................................. 8.50
De Silva v The Queen (2013) 236 A Crim R 214; [2013] VSCA 339 ......................................... 11.150
Derbas v The Queen (2012) 221 A Crim R 13; [2012] NSWCCA 14 ........................... 14.200, 14.230
Devries v Australian National Railways Commission [1992] HCA 41 ........................................ 11.160
Director-General, Dept of Community Services v D (2006) 66 NSWLR 582; [2006]
NSWSC 827....................................................................................................................... 14.130
Divall v Mifsud [2005] NSWCA 447 ............................................................................... 14.60, 14.90
Dodds v The Queen (2009) 194 A Crim R 408; [2009] NSWCCA 78.............................. 2.260, 2.270
Doney v The Queen (1990) 171 CLR 207; [1990] HCA 51 ............................................. 19.10, 19.30
Drabsch v Switzerland General Insurance Co Ltd [1999] NSWSC 765 ............... 2.430, 2.440, 11.130
Dyers v The Queen (2002) 210 CLR 285 .............................................. 17.10, 17.80, 17.100, 17.130

Em v The Queen (2007) 232 CLR 67; [2007] HCA 46 .................................................... 9.110, 9.140
Esso Australia Resources Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation
(1999) 201 CLR 49 ........................................................................................ 14.10, 14.20, 14.30
Evans v The Queen (2007) 235 CLR 521; [2007] HCA 59 .... 4.20, 4.30, 4.50, 4.100, 5.30, 5.60, 18.20
Expense Reduction Analysts Group Pty Ltd v Armstrong Strategic Management
and Marketing Pty Ltd (2013) 250 CLR 303; [2013] HCA 46 .................................... 14.10, 14.80

FB v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 217 ...................................................................................... 2.190

FDP v The Queen (2008) 74 NSWLR 645; [2008] NSWCCA 317 ............................................... 6.110
Field v Commissioner for Railways for NSW (1957) 99 CLR 285; [1957] HCA 92 ........ 14.250, 14.260
Foreign Media v Konstantinidis [2003] NSWCA 161 ............................................... 3.40, 3.60, 3.140
Foster v The Queen (1993) 66 A Crim R 112; [1993] HCA 80 ............................. 9.110, 9.120, 9.180

GPI Leisure Corp Ltd v Herdman Investments (No 3) (1990) 20 NSWLR 15 ................... 2.170, 2.180
Gately v The Queen (2007) 232 CLR 208 ................................................................................. 18.50
Goldsmith v Sandilands (2002) 190 ALR 370 .............................................................................. 5.30
Gonzales v Claridades (2003) 58 NSWLR 188; [2003] NSWSC 508 ........................................... 17.60
Graham v The Queen (1998) 195 CLR 606 ....................................................... 7.170, 7.180, 11.180
Green v The Queen (1971) 126 CLR 28 ......................................................................... 15.60, 15.70

HG v The Queen (1999) 197 CLR 414; [1999] HCA 2 ................................................................. 8.60
Haddara v The Queen [2014] VSCA 100 ..................................................................................... 1.40
Hadgkiss v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union [2006] FCA 941 .......................... 2.280
Hargraves v The Queen; Stoten v The Queen (2011) 245 CLR 257; 85 ALJR 1254;
282 ALR 214; [2011] HCA 44 ............................................................................... 11.160, 11.170
Harris v The Queen (2005) 158 A Crim R 454; [2005] NSWCCA 432 ............................. 7.120, 7.140
Henderson v Queensland (2014) 89 ALJR 162; [2014] HCA 52 ................................................. 15.40
Ho v DPP (1998) 102 A Crim R 37 ............................................................................................ 6.160
Hollingham v Head (1858) 140 ER 1135 ..................................................................................... 5.80
Honeysett v The Queen (2014) 88 ALJR 786; [2014] HCA 29 .................................. 8.10, 8.70, 8.120

x
 Table of Cases

Hughes v The Queen [2017] HCA 20, 344 ALR 187 .............................................. 1.40, 10.10, 10.30

ISJ v The Queen (2012) 38 VR 23; 226 A Crim R 484; [2012] VSCA 321 ................................... 7.210
Idylic Solutions Pty Ltd, Re [2012] NSWSC 568 .............................................................. 3.110, 3.120
IMM v The Queen (2016) 257 CLR 300; [2016] HCA 14.............................. 6.30, 6.40, 10.10, 10.20

Jacara Pty Ltd v Perpetual Trustees WA Ltd (2000) 106 FCR 51.................................................. 10.70
Jango v Northern Territory (No 4) (2004) 214 ALR 608; [2004] FCA 1539 .................................. 7.80
Jones v Dunkel (1959) 101 CLR 298; [1959] HCA 8 ....................................................... 17.80, 17.90
Johnstone v New South Wales (2010) 202 A Crim R 422; [2010] NSWCA 70 ............................ 1.140

Kamleh v The Queen (2005) 213 ALR 97; 79 ALJR 541; [2005] HCA 2 ............................... 7.20, 7.40
Kang v Kwan [2001] NSWSC 698 ................................................................................ 14.60, 14.110
Kelly v The Queen (2004) 218 CLR 216; 205 ALR 274; 78 ALJR 538; [2004] HCA 12 .................. 9.50
Khamis v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 179.................................................................... 2.400, 2.470
Kilby v The Queen (1973) 129 CLR 460 .................................................................................... 18.50
Kirk v Industrial Court of New South Wales (2010) 239 CLR 531................................................. 2.70
Kozul v The Queen (1981) 147 CLR 221; [1981] HCA 19........................................ 4.70, 4.80, 4.100
Kuhl v Zurich Financial Services Australia Ltd (2011) 243 CLR 361; [2011] HCA 11 ................... 17.80
Kyluk Pty Ltd v Chief Executive, Office of Environment and Heritage [2013] NSWCCA 114......... 8.90

LMD v The Queen [2012] VSCA 164......................................................................................... 7.200

La Trobe Capital &Mortgage Corporation Ltd v Hay Property Consultants
Pty Ltd (2011) 190 FCR 299; 273 ALR 774; [2011] FCAFC 4 ....................................... 6.70, 6.100
Lancaster v The Queen [2014] VSCA 333....................................................................... 7.230, 7.240
Langford v Tasmania [2018] TASCCA 1 ............................................................................ 8.10, 8.100
Lee v The Queen (1998) 195 CLR 594; [1998] HCA 60 .................................. 7.20, 7.50, 7.60, 7.310
Lexcray Pty Ltd v Northern Territory (2015) 292 FLR 447; [2015] NTSC 11 ............................ 14.250
Libke v The Queen (2007) 230 CLR 559; [2007] HCA 30 ...................................... 2.20, 2.310, 2.320
Lithgow City Council v Jackson (2011) 244 CLR 352; 281 ALR 223;
85 ALJR 1130; [2011] HCA 36............................................. 7.230, 7.260, 8.10, 8.30, 8.40, 8.120
Longman v The Queen (1989) 168 CLR 79; [1989] HCA 60 .......................................... 18.50, 18.60

MA v The Queen (2011) 31 VR 203; [2011] VSCA 13 ............................................................... 13.70

MA v The Queen (2013) 226 A Crim R 575; [2013] VSCA 20.................................................. 11.140
MWJ v The Queen (2005) 80 ALJR 329; [2005] HCA 74 ........................................ 2.20, 2.340, 2.390
Madafferi v The Age [2015] VSC 687; 50 VR 492 .................................................................... 14.140
Makin v A-G (NSW) [1894] AC 57 ............................................................................................ 10.10
Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001) 52 NSWLR 705..................................................... 8.120
Maluka & Maluka (2011) 45 Fam LR 129; [2011] FamCAFC 72 .......................... 16.20, 16.50, 16.60
Mann v Carnell (1999) 201 CLR 1; 168 ALR 86; [1999] HCA 66 ......................... 14.10, 14.60, 14.70
May v O’Sullivan (1955) 92 CLR 654; [1955] HCA 38 .................................................... 19.10, 19.20
McKinney v The Queen (1991) 171 CLR 468 ................................................................... 9.20, 18.50
McNeill v The Queen (2008) 168 FCR 198 ................................................................................. 1.40
Melbourne v The Queen (1999) 198 CLR 1 ........................................................ 12.10, 12.50, 12.60

xi
Uniform Evidence Law: Commentary and Materials

Munro v The Queen [2014] ACTCA 11 .......................................................................... 7.120, 7.150

NAB v Rusu (1999) 47 NSWLR 309 ......................................................................... 3.40, 3.80, 3.140

NOM v DPP (2012) 38 VR 618; [2012] VSCA 198..................................................................... 15.40
New South Wales v Public Transport Ticketing Corporation [2011] NSWCA 60 .......... 14.200, 14.220
New South Wales v Public Transport Ticketing Corporation (No 3) [2011]
NSWCA 200 ...................................................................................................................... 14.220
Nikolaidis v The Queen (2008) 191 A Crim R 556; [2008] NSWCCA 323 ................................ 11.120

Ordukaya v Hicks [2000] NSWCA 180 ...................................................................... 6.70, 6.80, 7.90

Pace (a Pseudonym) v The Queen [2014] VSCA 317 ................................................................. 13.80

Palmer v The Queen (1998) 193 CLR 1; [1998] HCA 2 ................. 2.20, 11.20, 11.30, 11.70, 11.180
Papakosmas v The Queen (1999) 196 CLR 297............................................... 1.40, 5.30, 5.50, 6.60,
6.70, 6.150, 7.170, 11.90, 11.180
Pate v The Queen [2015] VSCA 110 ......................................................................................... 7.220
Patrick v The Queen [2014] VSCA 89 .......................................................................................... 5.55
Payless Superbarn (NSW) Pty Ltd v O’Gara (1990) 19 NSWLR 551 ..................... 2.340, 2.370, 2.470
Peterson (a Pseudonym) v The Queen [2014] VSCA 111 ........................................................... 13.60
Petty and Maiden v The Queen (1991) 173 CLR 95; [1991] HCA 34 ................... 9.160, 9.170, 10.10
Picken v The Queen [2007] NSWCCA 319 ................................................................................ 1.110
Poniris v The Queen [2014] NSWCCA 100................................................................................ 6.110
Precision Plastics Pty Ltd v Demir (1975) 132 CLR 362; [1975] HCA 27 ......................... 2.360, 2.470

Qantas Airways Ltd v Gama (2008) 167 FCR 537; 247 ALR 273; [2008] FCAFC 69 ................... 15.50
Quick v Stoland Pty Ltd (1998) 87 FCR 371 ................................................................................ 7.70

R v Apostilides (1984) 154 CLR 563 ................................................................................. 2.30, 2.470

R v Birks (1990) 19 NSWLR 677 .......................................................................... 2.340, 2.380, 2.470
R v Blick (2000) 111 A Crim R 326 ............................................................................................ 6.110
R v Burton [2013] NSWCCA 335 ................................................................................................ 6.30
R v Cakovski (2004) 149 A Crim R 1; [2004] NSWCCA 280....................................................... 10.10
R v Chin (1985) 157 CLR 671 ........................................................................................ 2.450, 2.460
R v Christie [1914] AC 545 ......................................................................................................... 6.20
R v Cornwell [2003] NSWSC 97 ................................................................................................ 6.160
R v DGB (2002) 133 A Crim R 227 ............................................................................................ 18.50
R v Da Silva [1990] 1 WLR 31.................................................................................................... 2.260
R v Dalley (2002) 132 A Crim R 169 ......................................................................................... 6.160
R v Damic [1982] 2 NSWLR 750 ................................................................................................. 2.30
R v Dann (2000) 123 A Crim R 506 ............................................................................... 6.110, 6.130
R v Dickman [2017] HCA 24, (2017) 91 ALJR 686 .............................................................. 6.30, 6.50
R v Dookheea [2017] HCA 36 (2017) 91 ALJR 960 .................................................................... 15.60
R v DRF [2015] NSWCCA 181 ................................................................................................... 9.150
R v Edwards (1993) 178 CLR 193................................................................................... 9.180, 18.50

xii
 Table of Cases

R v Ellis (2003) 58 NSWLR 700; [2003] NSWCCA 319............................................................... 10.10

R v Em [2003] NSWCCA 374 .................................................................................................... 6.160
R v Esposito (1998) 45 NSWLR 442..................................................................... 2.190, 2.200, 2.470
R v Flood [1999] NSWCCA 198 ................................................................................................ 18.30
R v GM [2016] NSWCCA 78 .......................................................................................... 10.10, 10.40
R v GW (2016) 258 CLR 108............................................................................................ 2.70, 2.120
R v Gulam Mohammad Khan (unreported, NSW Sup Ct, Hidden J,
22 November 1995) ...................................................................................... 2.140, 2.150, 2.470
R v Helmhout (2001) 125 A Crim R 257; [2001] NSWCCA 372 ....................................... 9.90, 9.100
R v Hogan [2001] NSWCCA 292......................................................................... 2.280, 2.290, 2.470
R v Ivan Robert Marko Milat (unreported, NSWSC, 12 April 1996) .......................... 4.30, 4.40, 4.100
R v Jiminez (2001) 119 A Crim R 299; [2000] NSWCCA 390 ..................................................... 6.160
R v Kneebone (1999) 47 NSWLR 450................................................................................. 2.30, 2.50
R v LTP [2004] NSWCCA 109.................................................................................................... 18.50
R v Le (2002) 130 A Crim R 44; 54 NSWLR 474 .................................................. 2.280, 2.300, 2.470
R v Markuleski (2001) 52 NSWLR 82 ......................................................................................... 18.50
R v McLaughlan (2008) 218 FLR 158; [2008] ACTSC 49 ............................................................. 9.80
R v Moffatt (2000) 112 A Crim R 201 ................................................................................ 9.50, 9.70
R v NZ (2005) 63 NSWLR 628; [2005] NSWCCA 278 ............................................................... 18.50
R v Ngo (2001) 122 A Crim R 467 .......................................................................................... 11.100
R v SWC (2007) 175 A Crim R 71; [2007] VSCA 201 ................................................................. 2.410
R v Skaf (2004) 60 NSWLR 86; [2004] NSWCCA 37 ................................................ 4.30, 4.60, 4.100
R v Slattery [2002] NSWCCA 367 ............................................................................................. 18.50
R v Small (1994) 33 NSWLR 575 ................................................................................................. 9.20
R v Sood [2007] NSWCCA 214 ............................................................................... 6.30, 6.60, 6.120
R v Stackelroth (unreported, NSWCCA, Gleeson CJ, Powell JA and Smart J,
9 April 1998) ....................................................................................................................... 18.50
R v Stephenson [1976] VR 376 ................................................................................................... 5.80
R v Stewart (2001) 52 NSWLR 301; 124 A Crim R 371 ................................................... 18.20, 18.40
R v Suteski (2002) 56 NSWLR 182 .............................................................................................. 6.70
R v Swaffield; Pavic v The Queen (1998) 192 CLR 159 ................................................... 9.110, 9.130
R v Tahere [1999] NSWCCA 170 ......................................................................... 13.20, 13.30, 13.90
R v Taylor [2003] NSWCCA 194 .................................................................................................. 6.20
R v Whitmore (1999) 109 A Crim R 51 ................................................................................... 11.110
R v XY (2010) 79 NSWLR 629; [2010] NSWCCA 181 ................................................................ 7.190
R v XY (2013) 84 NSWLR 363; 231 A Crim R 474; [2013] NSWCCA 121 .................................... 6.30
R v Young (1999) 46 NSWLR 681; 107 A Crim R 1 .................................................................. 14.150
R v Zhang [2000] NSWSC 1099................................................................................ 9.40, 9.50, 9.60
R v Zurita [2002] NSWCCA 22 ....................................................................................... 12.20, 12.30
RPS v The Queen (2000) 199 CLR 620 .................................................................................... 17.100
Ridgeway v The Queen (1995) 184 CLR 19 .............................................................................. 6.160
Robinson v The Queen (1991) 180 CLR 531 ........................................................................... 11.170
Robinson v Woolworths Ltd [2005] NSWCCA 426 ......................................................... 6.160, 6.170
Robbins (a pseudonym) v The Queen [2017] VSCA 288 ............................................ 18.100, 18.110
Rush &Tompkins Ltd v Greater London Council [1989] AC 1280 ............................... 14.250, 14.270
Ryland v QBE Insurance (Australia) Ltd [2013] NSWCA 120 ........................................... 2.190, 2.210

S v New South Wales (No 3) [2009] NSWCA 248 ................................................................... 14.200

SH v The Queen (2012) 83 NSWLR 258; [2012] NSWCCA 79 ........................................ 2.100, 2.110
Sankey v Whitlam (1978) 142 CLR 1; [1978] HCA 43 ................................... 14.200, 14.210, 14.290
Shepherd v The Queen (1990) 170 CLR 573; [1990] HCA 56 ........................................ 15.60, 15.80
Sio v The Queen (2016) 259 CLR 47; [2016] HCA 32 .................................................... 7.120, 7.160

xiii
Uniform Evidence Law: Commentary and Materials

Smith v The Queen (2001) 206 CLR 650 ........................................................................... 5.30, 5.40
Southland Coal Pty Ltd (rec and mgrs apptd) (in liq), In the matter of (2006) 203 FLR 1;
[2006] NSWSC 899 .................................................................................................. 14.20, 14.40
Stanoevski v The Queen (2001) 202 CLR 115; [2001] HCA 4 ....................................... 12.90, 12.100
State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Brown (2006) 66 NSWLR 540; [2006]
NSWCA 220 ............................................................................................................. 11.40, 11.50
State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Earthline Constructions Pty Ltd (In liq)
(1999) 73 ALJR 306; [1999] HCA 3 .................................................................................... 11.160
State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Smith (1998) 45 NSWLR 382.................... 14.250, 14.280
Strong v Woolworths Ltd (2012) 246 CLR 182; [2012] HCA 5 .................................................. 15.20
Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor [1956] 1 WLR 965 .............................................. 7.20, 7.30, 7.310
Suresh v The Queen (1998) 72 ALJR 769 .................................................................................. 18.50
Sydney Airports Corporation Ltd v Singapore Airlines Ltd & Qantas Airways Ltd
........................................................................................................................................
[2005] NSWCA 47 .................................................................................................... 14.20, 14.50

Telstra Corp v Australis Media Holdings (No 2) (1997) 41 NSWLR 346 ....................................... 1.40
Thomas v New South Wales (2008) 74 NSWLR 34; [2008] NSWCA 316 ........................ 7.230, 7.250
Tootle v R [2017] NSWCCA 103 ............................................................................................... 2.220
Tuite v The Queen [2015] VSCA 148......................................................................................... 8.105
Tully v The Queen (2006) 230 CLR 234 .................................................................................... 18.50

Urban Transport Authority of NSW v Nweiser (1992) 28 NSWLR 471............................. 2.450, 2.470

Vickers v R [2006] NSWCCA 60 ................................................................................................ 1.110

Velevski v The Queen (2002) 76 ALJR 402 ............................................................... 2.30, 2.60, 2.470
Vickers v The Queen (2006) 160 A Crim R 195; [2006] NSWCCA 60 .......................................... 7.20

Wade (a Pseudonym) v The Queen [2014] VSCA 13 ................................................................... 3.70

Walton v The Queen (1989) 166 CLR 283 ....................................................................... 7.20, 7.310
Ward (a Pseudonym) v The Queen [2017] VSCA 37 .................................................................. 2.420
Webb v The Queen (2012) 225 A Crim R 550; [2012] NSWCCA 216 ........................................ 7.120
Weissensteiner v The Queen (1993) 178 CLR 217; [1993] HCA 65............................. 17.100, 17.110
Williams v The Queen (2000) 119 A Crim R 490 ............................................................ 7.120, 7.130
Woods v Multi-Sport Holdings Pty Ltd (2002) 208 CLR 460 ................................ 16.20, 16.30, 16.60

xiv
TABLE OF STATUTES

COMMONWEALTH s 34: 1.90, 2.20, 2.260

s 35: 3.20, 3.130
Australian Crime Commission Act 2002: 2.140 ss 35 to 36: 2.20
s 36: 1.90, 3.130
Corporations Act 2001 s 37: 2.20, 2.250, 2.430
s 998(1): 12.40 s 37(1): 2.250, 2.430
s 1311(1): 12.40 s 37(1)(e): 2.470
s 38: 1.100, 2.20, 2.250, 2.280, 2.300,
Crimes Act 1914: 13.10
2.430, 2.470, 11.40
s 10: 14.290
s 38(1): 2.280, 11.180
s 23V: 9.10, 9.20
s 38(1)(a): 2.280
Disability Discrimination Act 1992 s 38(1)(b): 2.280
s 15(2)(d): 15.50 s 38(1)(c): 2.280, 2.470
s 38(3): 11.180
Evidence Act 1995: 1.10, 1.30, 2.140, 2.470, s 38(4): 11.180
3.40, 3.140, 4.10, 5.80, 6.70, 7.20, 7.310, s 38(5): 11.180
9.10, 9.110, 9.180, 10.20, 11.180, 12.110, s 38(6): 2.280, 2.470, 11.180
13.90, 14.290, 15.10, 15.100, 18.120, 19.10 s 39: 2.20, 2.430, 11.10
ss 1 to 3: 1.60 s 40: 2.310, 2.470
s 5: 1.60 s 41: 2.20, 2.310
s 8: 1.40, 1.60, 1.140, 2.20 s 41(1): 2.20
s 8A: 1.40 s 41(3): 2.20
s 9: 1.40, 1.60, 2.20 s 42: 2.20, 2.280, 2.330, 2.470
s 10: 1.60 s 43: 2.20, 2.280, 2.330, 2.470
s 11: 1.60, 1.90, 2.20, 2.30, 2.470 s 44: 2.20, 2.330, 11.180
s 12: 2.20, 2.70, 2.470 s 45: 1.90, 2.20, 2.330
s 13: 2.20, 2.100 s 46: 2.20, 2.340, 2.470
s 13(1): 2.470 s 47: 3.140
s 13(2)(a): 2.90 s 47(1): 3.40
s 13(3): 2.20, 2.70, 2.470 s 47(2): 3.40
s 13(5): 2.70, 2.470 s 48: 3.20, 3.40, 3.100, 3.140
s 14: 2.470 s 48(4): 3.140
s 15: 2.20, 2.140, 2.470 s 49: 3.20, 3.100
s 16: 2.20, 2.140, 2.470 s 50: 3.20, 3.110, 3.140
s 17: 2.20, 2.140 s 51: 3.20, 3.30, 3.140
s 17(2): 2.70, 2.470 s 52: 4.20, 4.100
s 17(3): 2.470 s 53: 4.20, 4.30, 4.100, 5.60
s 18: 2.20, 2.140, 2.470, 17.100 s 53(3): 4.100
s 18(6): 2.20 s 53(4): 4.20, 4.70
s 19: 2.20, 2.140, 2.470 s 53(5): 4.30
s 20: 2.20, 2.140, 17.100, 17.140 s 54: 4.20, 4.30
s 20(2): 17.140 s 55: 5.20, 5.80, 6.30, 8.10, 8.120, 11.20
s 20(3): 17.140 s 55(1): 6.30
s 22: 2.240 s 56: 5.20, 5.80, 11.20
s 26: 1.90, 2.20, 2.170, 2.190, 2.470 s 56(1): 1.40, 8.120
s 26(a): 2.20 s 57: 5.20, 5.70, 5.80
s 27: 2.20, 2.190 s 58: 1.130, 5.20, 5.70, 5.80
s 28: 2.20, 2.230 s 59: 5.20, 7.10, 7.20, 7.310,
s 29: 2.230 9.180, 10.10
s 29(4): 4.100 s 60: 6.150, 7.10, 7.50, 7.80, 7.170, 7.310,
ss 29 to 31: 2.20 11.110, 11.180
s 30: 2.240 s 60(2): 7.50
s 31: 2.240 s 60(3): 7.50
s 32: 2.20, 2.260, 2.470 s 61: 7.90, 7.310
s 33: 2.20, 2.260, 2.270 s 62: 7.90, 7.310

xv
Uniform Evidence Law: Commentary and Materials

Evidence Act 1995 — cont s 97(1)(b): 10.10, 1.40,

s 63: 7.10, 7.90, 7.300, 7.310 s 98: 5.20, 10.10, 10.80, 17.140
s 63(2): 7.100 s 98(1)(b): 6.30, 10.10
ss 63 to 66A: 7.20 s 99: 10.10
s 64: 7.10, 7.90, 7.300 s 100: 10.10
s 64(2): 7.90, 7.100, 7.310 s 101: 10.10, 10.80, 17.140
s 64(2)(b): 7.90 s 101A: 11.10, 11.20
s 64(3): 7.310 s 101A(a): 11.20
s 65: 7.10, 7.120, 7.150, 7.300 s 101A(b): 11.20
s 65(2)(a): 7.310 s 102: 2.470, 11.10, 11.20, 11.180
s 65(2)(b): 7.120, 7.140, 7.310 s 103: 2.470, 11.10, 11.40, 11.70,
s 65(2)(c): 7.120, 7.140, 7.310 11.180, 17.140
s 65(2)(d): 7.120, 7.160, 7.310 s 104: 11.10, 11.60, 11.70, 12.90, 17.140
s 65(3): 7.310 s 104(2): 11.180
s 65(8): 7.310 s 104(3): 11.180
s 65(9): 7.310 s 104(4): 11.180
s 66: 5.50, 6.150, 7.170, 7.180, 7.200, s 104(6): 11.180
7.310, 11.110, 11.180 s 106: 2.470, 11.10, 11.70, 17.140
s 66(2): 5.50, 7.170, 7.190, 7.210, 11.180 s 106(1): 11.10, 11.70
s 66(2A): 7.170, 7.180 s 106(2): 11.10, 11.70
s 66A: 7.310 s 108: 7.170, 11.10, 11.90, 11.110, 11.180
s 67: 7.90, 7.100, 7.310 s 108(1): 11.180
s 68: 7.90 s 108(3): 11.120
s 69: 7.10, 7.230, 7.240, 7.250, 7.260, s 108(3)(a): 11.10, 11.180
7.300, 7.310 s 108(3)(b): 11.10, 11.180
s 69(3)(a): 7.250 s 108A: 11.10, 11.60
ss 69 to 75: 7.20 s 108B: 11.10
s 70: 7.10, 7.290, 7.300, 7.310 s 108C: 11.10
s 71: 7.10, 7.290, 7.300, 7.310 s 109: 12.110
s 72: 7.310 s 110: 7.20, 11.10, 12.10, 12.110, 17.140
s 73: 7.290, 7.310 s 111: 7.20, 12.10, 12.80
s 74: 7.290, 7.310 s 113: 13.10, 13.20
s 75: 7.10, 7.290, 7.310 ss 113 to 116: 13.90
s 76: 5.20, 8.10, 8.20, 8.50, 8.120 s 114: 13.10, 13.20, 13.90
s 77: 8.10, 8.120 s 114(3): 13.10
s 78: 7.260, 8.10, 8.20, 8.30, 8.120 s 115: 13.10, 13.40, 13.90
s 78(a): 8.120 s 116: 13.10, 13.90
s 78(b): 8.120 s 117: 14.20
s 78A: 8.10 s 118: 14.10, 14.20
s 79: 8.10, 8.20, 8.50, 8.60, 8.120 ss 118 to 119: 14.10
s 79(1): 8.10, 8.50 ss 118 to 120: 14.10
s 79(2): 8.10 s 119: 14.10, 14.20
s 80: 8.110, 8.120 s 120: 14.10, 14.20
s 81: 7.20, 9.10, 9.180 ss 121 to 126: 14.10, 14.60
ss 81 to 90: 9.180 s 122: 14.10, 14.60
s 82: 9.10, 9.180 s 122(1): 14.10
s 83: 9.10, 9.180 s 122(2): 14.10
s 84: 1.120, 9.10, 9.30 s 122(3): 14.10
s 85: 9.10, 9.50 s 122(5): 14.10
s 86: 9.10, 9.20 s 123: 14.10, 14.100
s 87: 7.20, 9.10, 9.180 s 125: 14.10, 14.60
s 88: 9.10, 9.20 s 126G: 14.10
s 89: 5.20, 9.10, 9.160 s 126H: 14.10, 14.140
s 90: 9.10, 9.110 s 127: 14.10, 14.160
s 91: 5.20, 17.140 s 128: 1.40, 14.10, 14.170
ss 91 to 93: 17.50 s 129: 14.10, 14.190, 14.290
s 92: 7.20 s 130: 14.10, 14.200, 14.220
s 94: 10.10 s 130(1): 14.10, 14.290
s 95: 10.10, 10.80 s 130(4): 14.10
s 96: 10.20 s 130(5): 14.10
s 97: 5.20, 10.10, 10.80, 17.140 s 131: 14.10, 14.250
xvi
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 Table of Statutes

Evidence Act 1995 — cont s 192: 1.100, 2.470, 11.180, 12.90

s 131(2): 14.10 s 192(2): 2.280
s 131B: 14.10 s 192(2)(b): 12.10
s 132: 14.10, 14.290 s 192A: 1.100
s 133: 1.90, 14.10 s 193: 1.90
s 134: 14.10 s 294: 18.50
s 135: 4.20, 6.10, 6.20, 6.30, 6.70, 6.100, Ch 1: 1.50, 1.60
6.140, 6.190, 9.10, 10.80, 11.180, Ch 2: 1.50, 2.10, 3.140, 5.10, 5.20
13.10, 13.90 Ch 2, Pt 2.1: 2.20
s 136: 5.20, 6.10, 6.150, 6.190, 7.10, 7.50, Ch 2, Pt 2.1, Div 1: 2.10, 2.20, 2.70
8.10, 10.80, 11.20 Ch 2, Pt 2.1, Div 2: 2.20, 2.160
s 137: 4.20, 6.10, 6.30, 6.60, 6.110, 6.140, Ch 2, Pt 2.1, Div 3: 2.20, 7.10, 11.10
6.190, 9.10, 11.180, 12.10, 13.10, Ch 2, Pt 2.1, Div 4: 2.20
13.40, 13.90 Ch 2, Pt 2.1, Div 5: 2.20
s 138: 6.10, 6.30, 6.160, 6.190, 9.10, Ch 2, Pt 2.2: 2.10, 3.10, 4.90
13.10, 13.40 Ch 2, Pt 2.3: 4.20
s 138(2): 6.10, 6.160, 9.90 Ch 3: 1.40, 1.50, 2.10, 2.20, 2.330, 3.10,
s 138(3): 6.10, 6.160 4.20, 5.10, 5.20, 5.60, 8.10
ss 138 to 139: 9.180 Ch 3, Pt 3.1: 2.330, 5.20
s 139: 6.10, 6.160, 6.190, 9.10, 9.90 Ch 3, Pt 3.2: 2.330, 4.90, 7.10
s 140: 15.10, 15.40, 15.60 Ch 3, Pt 3.2, Div 2: 7.10, 7.90
s 141: 15.10 Ch 3, Pt 3.2, Div 3: 7.230
s 142: 1.120, 5.70, 7.10, 15.10, 15.90 Ch 3, Pt 3.3: 8.10
s 143: 16.10, 16.20, 16.60 Ch 3, Pt 3.4: 7.10, 9.10
s 144: 16.10, 16.20, 16.60 Ch 3, Pt 3.6: 10.10, 10.20, 10.80, 11.20
s 145: 16.10, 16.20 Ch 3, Pt 3.7: 2.330, 11.10, 11.20
ss 146 to 152: 17.10 Ch 3, Pt 3.9: 13.10, 13.20, 13.90
ss 146 to 163: 17.20 Ch 3, Pt 3.10: 14.10, 14.290
ss 153 to 159: 17.10 Ch 3, Pt 3.10, Div 1: 14.10
ss 160 to 163: 17.10 Ch 3, Pt 3.11: 2.260, 5.10, 5.20, 6.10, 7.50,
s 164: 18.10, 18.20 8.10, 11.20
s 165: 2.470, 6.150, 7.90, 9.20, 13.10, Ch 4: 1.50, 15.10
18.10, 18.20, 18.50 Ch 4, Pt 4.1: 15.10
s 165(1)(a): 18.10 Ch 4, Pt 4.2: 15.10
s 165(1)(b): 18.10 Ch 4, Pt 4.3: 15.10, 17.10, 17.20
s 165(1)(c): 18.10, 18.30 Ch 4, Pt 4.4: 15.10
s 165(1)(d): 18.10 Ch 4, Pt 4.5: 15.10
s 165(1)(e): 18.10 Ch 4, Pt 4.6: 15.10
s 165(1)(f): 8.10 Ch 5: 1.50
s 165(2): 9.20, 18.10, 18.50
s 165(3): 9.20 Evidence Amendment Act 2008: 1.30
s 165A: 18.10, 18.50, 18.80 Evidence Bill 1993: 1.30
s 165B: 18.10, 18.50, 18.100
ss 166 to 169: 4.90, 17.10 National Security Information (Criminal and
ss 170 to 173: 3.20, 3.40, 7.10, 7.300, Civil Proceedings) Act 2004: 14.200
17.10, 17.20 s 3(1): 14.200
s 171: 3.20, 3.40, 7.10, 7.300, 17.20 Occupational Health and Safety Act: 2.70
ss 174 to 176: 17.10
s 174 to 176: 17.30 Racial Discrimination Act 1975: 15.50
s 177: 8.120
ss 177 to 181: 17.10 AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
s 178: 17.140
ss 178 to 180: 17.40 Evidence Act 2011: 1.10
s 183: 1.130
s 184: 17.10, 17.70
s 187: 14.170, 14.290 NEW SOUTH WALES
s 188: 1.90 Compensation to Relatives Act
s 189: 1.120 1897: 14.290, 17.90
s 189(3): 9.50
s 190: 1.110, 5.20 Crimes Act 1900
s 191: 17.10, 17.70 s 409B(3): 8.60
xvii
Uniform Evidence Law: Commentary and Materials

Criminal Appeal Act 1912 Workers' Compensation Act 1926

s 5F(1)(a): 14.230 s 11(1): 14.280
s 5F(2): 14.230
Criminal Appeal Rules NORTHERN TERRITORY
r 4: 1.110
Evidence (National Uniform Legislation)
Criminal Procedure Act 1986: 14.150 Act 2011: 1.10, 1.30
s 281: 9.10, 9.20
s 293: 8.60, 10.10 TASMANIA
s 294: 18.50, 18.70, 18.100
s 294(2): 18.50 Evidence Act 2001: 1.10
s 294A: 2.20
s 294AA: 18.50
s 306U: 2.20 VICTORIA
s 306V: 2.20 Crimes Act 1958
s 306ZB: 2.20 s 61: 18.70
s 306ZC: 2.20 s 464H: 9.10, 9.20
s 306ZH: 2.20
s 306ZK: 2.20 Evidence Act 2008: 1.10, 1.30
s 306ZL: 2.20
Ch 6, Pt 5: 14.150 Jury Directions Act 2015: 2.20, 13.10, 18.10
Ch 6, Pt 5, Div 2: 14.10, 14.150 s 5: 13.10
Ch 6, Pt 6: 2.20 s 5(4): 17.100
s 6: 17.100
Defamation Act 1974 s 7: 17.100
s 7A(3): 3.60 s 7(2): 17.100
s 12: 13.10, 17.100
Evidence Act 1995: 1.10, 1.30 s 12–17: 10.10
s 9(1): 8.120 s 14(1): 13.10
s 89A: 9.10, 9.160 s 14(2): 17.100
s 112: 12.10, 12.90 s 20: 17.100
s 126B: 14.130 s 25–30: 10.10
s 126B(3): 14.10 s 26: 10.10
s 126F: 14.120 s 31: 18.10
s 126H: 14.10, 14.150 s 32: 18.10
s 126J: 14.10, 14.140, 14.290 s 36(1): 13.10
s 126K: 14.140 s 36(2): 13.10
s 126K(1): 14.140 s 36(3): 13.10
s 126K(2): 14.140 s 39: 18.10, 18.100
s 126K(2)(a): 14.140 s 41: 17.100
s 126K(2)(b): 14.140 s 41(2): 17.100
s 126L: 14.10, 14.290 s 42: 17.100
s 131(1): 14.280 s 44: 17.100
s 192A: 7.110 s 61: 15.60
Ch 3, Pt 3.8: 12.10, 12.20 s 62: 15.60
Ch 3, Pt 3.10, Div 1A: 14.10, 14.120 s 63(1): 15.60
Ch 3, Pt 3.10, Div 1B: 14.10, 14.150 s 63(2): 15.60
Ch 3, Pt 3.10, Div 1C: 14.10 s 64: 15.60
Evidence Amendment Act 2007: 1.30 Pt 4, Div 6: 17.10
Pt 7: 15.60
Evidence Bill 1993: 1.30
Legal Profession Act 2004
s 32: 7.110

xviii
PART 1 — INTRODUCTION
1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3

PART1
CHAPTER 1

Introduction
[1.10] GENERAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 3
[1.20] THE LAW OF EVIDENCE................................................................................................. 3
[1.30] BACKGROUND TO THE UNIFORM EVIDENCE LEGISLATION ......................................... 4
[1.40] RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EVIDENCE ACT AND OTHER LAWS ................................. 5
[1.50] STRUCTURE OF THE ACT AND THE APPROACH TO EVIDENTIAL ISSUES ........................ 6
[1.60] PRELIMINARY MATTERS ................................................................................................ 6
[1.70] RECURRING ISSUES ....................................................................................................... 6
[1.80] Civil and criminal proceedings .................................................................... 6
[1.90] General powers of a court .......................................................................... 6
[1.100] Judicial rulings on evidence ........................................................................ 7
[1.110] Objections and waiver ................................................................................ 7
[1.120] Determination of preliminary questions ...................................................... 7
[1.130] Drawing inferences ..................................................................................... 8
[1.140] Joint trials ................................................................................................... 8

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
[1.10] This book aims to provide some assistance to lawyers and law students in achieving a
basic understanding of the legislation conveniently described as “Uniform Evidence Law” –
the Evidence Act 1995 (Cth), the Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), the Evidence Act 2001 (Tas), the
Evidence Act 2008 (Vic), the Evidence Act 2011 (ACT) and the Evidence (National Uniform
Legislation) Act 2011 (NT). This book attempts to distil the essential elements of the uniform
evidence legislation. It provides substantial extracts from relevant authorities and articles. It
also includes a number of case files, designed to facilitate understanding of evidence law and
its practical application.

THE LAW OF EVIDENCE

[1.20] The rules of evidence applied in Australian courts serve a number of functions – they
regulate what material a court may consider in determining factual issues; how that material
is to be presented in the court; and how the court actually goes about the task of deciding
the factual issues on the basis of the evidence. In any trial system, there must be some rules
regulating how evidence is produced in the court and how the court is to perform its task of
deciding the issues before it. However, this is particularly true in an adversarial system. The
parties to the proceeding, not the court, determine the issues which they will fight. The parties,
not the court, obtain and produce (“lead”, “tender” or “adduce”) the evidence in support of
their case. The role of the trial judge (or magistrate) is to supervise proceedings, act as umpire,
determine questions of law and apply the law to the facts as found by him or her on the

[1.20] 3
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 "So it ain't surprising that Peter Pope is sort of anxious
to keep the strike a-going! And it ain't so werry surprising
that the unionists shouldn't mind a bit longer holiday, an'
being kept without havin' to work for their living. But it's
most surprising an' altogether remarkable, when a lot of
poor starving chaps, who don't get no extra income nor
don't belong to no Union, should be so wonderful ready to
do just as they're bid, and take the bread out of their
children's mouth's to put jam an' pastry into Peter Pope's
mouth! Don't seem fair on the children, though!"

CHAPTER XI.
BABY HARRY.

"NO Sunday dinner to-morrow, mother," said Bobbie,

late in the afternoon of a cold and wintry day. "I wish there
was."
 "Not much chance of Sunday dinners, till father brings
home wages regular again," sighed Martha.

She looked thin and worn, poor woman, with weeks of

insufficient food. Little enough came into the house these
days; and what there was, she reserved, mother-like, as far
as possible for the children, eating scarcely enough herself
to keep soul and body together.

"I'm so hungry, mother. I'm always hungry," complained

Bobbie. "We don't never have enough now. O mother, it
used to be so nice on Sundays. It isn't now."

"No," she said patiently. "I haven't much for you to-
morrow, Bobbie, without father brings anything home. And
that ain't likely. I don't know whether—"

She paused to stoop over baby Harry. He was lying on

the little cot-bed, covered by a shawl. A slight moaning had
drawn her attention.

"He's so cold to-night. I don't like his look," she said

anxiously. "Millie, just put one more scrap of coal on the
fire. We mustn't use it all. But he's like ice."

"Harry hasn't eaten nothing all day," said Millie.

"He don't seem to have no appetite. He's got so low, for

want of proper food—that's where it is," Martha said
bitterly. "He turns against everything now. I'm sure I'm at
my wits' end to know what to do. If he don't get better by
Monday, I'll have to take him to the doctor's—not as it's
much use. Good food's what he wants; and how am I to get
it for him?"

She lifted the little fellow, and brought him close to the
fire, where she sat down. Harry lay heavily across her
knees, not looking up at any of them.

Martha leant forward to touch up the tiny fire.

"We must have a bit of a blaze to warm him," she said.

"He does seem bad. Speak to him, Millie. He always likes
your voice, you know."

Millie's blue fingers strayed lovingly over the wan baby-

face.

"Harry—Harry," she cooed softly. "Wake up, Harry."

"He's too cold, and he wants food," said Martha, as

there was no response. "You just hold him careful a minute,
Millie, while I get a bit of bread. I'll try again. There's a drop
of milk still."

She crumbled the bread into the milk, and tried to feed
the child, but he moaned and turned away. A spoonful of
milk, slightly warmed, she held next to the pale lips—still in
vain. None was swallowed. Harry only seemed to be fretted
by her attempts; and there was a weak little wail of
complaint. Martha gave it up, and took him back into her
arms.

"I don't like him being like this," she said uneasily. "It
isn't his way. He used to be such a healthy little fellow."

"Is it the strike, mother?" asked Bobbie.

"It's being half-starved—and that's the strike," she said.

"Then I wish there wasn't no strike," said Bobbie.

Roger Stevens came into the room at this juncture.

"No tea for me, I s'pose," he said gloomily.

 "There's a bit of bread, and a drop of milk," said
Martha. "I'm out of tea, and I can't get any more. There's
no money left, and only half a loaf for to-morrow. I durstn't
touch that to-night."

Stevens came to the table, and munched a few

mouthfuls of the dry crust hastily, drinking off the milk at
one draught.

"I say; haven't you a drop more?"

"I'm keeping it for Harry. He hasn't taken a scrap of

food all day. I can't make him. Seems like as if his stomach
turned against it. He's ill, Roger."

She spoke plaintively.

"Oh, he'll be all right in a few days," said Stevens.

Nevertheless, his eyes went uneasily to the small figure on
Martha's knee. "It's the cold."

"Yes; cold and starvation. He's dying of the strike."

"Dying! Rubbish and nonsense!" Roger spoke angrily.

"No more dying than you nor me. He wants feeding up a
bit. The strike's just at an end, and he'll be all right then."

"Will he? Children don't get back strength so easy, once

it's run down," said Martha. "How do you know the strike's
at an end?"

"Some sort of proposals has come from the masters—

I've not heard particulars. Meeting us half-way, I'm told."

"And it's going to be settled?"

 "There's a meeting. We're going to consider the
question," said Stevens. "Some don't want to give in till we
get the whole. It's only a half rise that's talked of. I don't
know if we'll accept the offer, or if we'll wait a while longer."

"And meantime—what are we to do?" asked Martha.

"There's nothing to eat. What are we to do? Roger, don't be
persuaded," she implored. "Do take the right side; and
don't you mind what others say. If the masters give way
one half, surely the men can give way the other half. It's
like children if they don't—holding out because they've said
they will. Don't you listen to what others say—Pope least of
all. It's nothing to him—he, with all his comforts. And just
look at us. It's life and death to the children."

"A man must do as others do," came in answer.

"I don't see the 'must.' Mr. Holdfast don't; and I'm sure
he's as much of a man as any of you. I wouldn't be so easy
led, if I was a man, that I wouldn't!" declared Martha
passionately. "As if folks' talk was more to you than the
wants of your own little ones."

Stevens walked off, banging the door behind him; and

the noise brought another moan from Harry. Martha sat
watching him, tears running down her cheeks.

"Maybe he'd like me to sing to him," said Millie. "Would

he, mother?"

"Try," was the reply.

And Millie's thin but sweet child-voice rose softly in one

of the hymns she had learnt at the Church Sunday-school,
Bobbie's uncertain tones joining in now and then.
 "I love to hear the story,
Which angel voices tell,
How once the King of Glory
Came down on earth to dwell;"

"I am both weak and sinful,

But this I surely know,
The Lord came down to save me,
Because He loved me so."

Millie came to a pause.

"I've forgot the next verse," she said. "Mother, Harry

likes me to sing. He's got his eyes open. Harry likes hymns
about Jesus and the angels, don't he?"

Martha only said "Go on," in a choked voice.

And Millie started the last verse, Bobbie still following

her lead.

"To sing His love and mercy,

My sweetest songs I'll raise,
And though I cannot see Him,
I know He hears my praise:
For He has kindly promised
That even I may go
To sing among His angels,
Because He loves me so."
 Baby Harry lay quite still. There was no response of look
or word, as in earlier and brighter days. The blue eyes were
shut, and the small face was white—how white Martha could
not see in the dim light, though she could feel how heavily
he lay on her arm. She resolved anew that on Monday, if he
were not better, he must see the doctor.

But no Monday would ever dawn for little Harry. He was

slipping quietly away from the hard and bitter strifes of
men, with all their sorrowful consequences, away to the
Land of peace where love alone has sway; where want can
never enter; where hunger and thirst are unknown. He who
had "kindly promised" a Home among the angels, was even
now drawing baby Harry out of the mother's clasp into His
own strong and gentle Arms, "because He loved him so."

CHAPTER XII.
ANOTHER MEETING.
 IT was on the whole an orderly meeting, and altogether
an earnest one. For a momentous decision had to be made.
Many pale and haggard men present had had no meal worth
mentioning through the past day.

The masters' proposals were laid before them. The

demand of the men on strike was for fifteen per cent.
increase on their wages. Half this was conceded. If the men
returned at once to work, seven and a half per cent
increase should be theirs. If not, immediate measures
would be taken to procure hands from elsewhere. This was
distinctly stated.

Then came the discussion. Should the men accept the

offer, or should they refuse to yield one jot of their demand?

Of course there were opposite views. Pope was loudly in

favour of holding out; and he had his band of devoted
followers. Some unionists, in receipt of a weekly allowance,
which, though perhaps small, kept them from destitution,
argued for firmness. But many present were not unionists;
and it soon became evident which way the sense of the
majority tended. Long pressure of want had loosened their
implicit confidence in Peter Pope. Some of them had even
begun to think a little for themselves, independently.

A good many stood up in turn. The delegates who had

interviewed the masters came first. Then Pope was allowed
full swing; and many of his hearers, carried away for the
moment by his honeyed phrases, seemed to swing with
him. But others spoke out plainly after, in rough and terse
language, showing up the miseries of the strike and its
doubtful advantages, also in some cases protesting against
the tyranny which would impose upon them all, a yoke
chosen by the few.
 John Holdfast once again rose, and gave something of
an abstract of his former speech, addressed now to larger
numbers. It was well received, winning applause. When he
sat down, Peter Stuckey made his appearance from a
retired corner, and was hauled up on the platform. His
crooked little figure and wizened comical face were the
signal for a gust of laughter; but Peter stood his ground,
nodded, smiled, and signified his intention to "say
something."

The chairman, with a broad grin, introduced him to the

audience, and a hail of clapping followed. Stuckey chose a
convenient spot on which to stand, braced himself for
mental action, forgot all about bodily action, and dashed
into the fray.

"I've seen pretty nigh all of you before, men; so don't

need to say where I'm comed from. I was a fellow-workman
of some o' you once—till it pleased God to afflict me, and
cut me off from such employment. Well—He gave me a
friend to take care o' me, and one as has been a friend to
many a one o' you too, more especial of late. We'll give a
cheer for Mr. Hughes, by and by.—Wait awhile!" shouted
Stuckey. "I've got a lot to say, and bein' none too used to
public speakin', I'll maybe forget."

"You've all been hearing a lot o' sensible words spoke

this evening. More sensible by a long chalk than some as
I've heard spoke other evenings. Werry good, so far! But it
won't do to end with talk, lads; you've got to make up your
minds for to act."

"Just you let me say first of all that I takes it this here is
a conversational sort of a meetin' like, an' if any man don't
agree with what's said, he's free to say so."

If this was a clever dodge of Stuckey's, to cover a

sudden confusion of ideas, consequent on his unaccustomed
position, it proved successful. Up started two or three men,
and two or three voices cried—

"Got to act how? What action? Put it plain, Stuckey."

"Well, if ye wants me to be the mouthpiece of the

meeting, I'll put it plain an' no mistake," said Stuckey.
"Ye've got to consider these here proposals, and to answer
them. Ye've got to settle whether ye'll say 'yes,' and go
back to your work; or whether you give up, once an' for all.
For mind ye, they ain't going to shilly-shally. There's work
to be done, and if you won't do it, somebody else will. Yes—
furriners, maybe—" in response to a general groan.

"It's no manner o' use to howl, boys! Howlin' won't stop

'em. I'm not especial fond o' furriners; no more than
yourselves; but I hopes I've got a bit o' common' sense;
and I do see that. If Englishmen won't work, furriners will.
There's where it is. And it ain't likely the masters 'll keep
the works all idle just as long as you choose, if others is
willing to come and work. I wouldn't, if I was a master; nor
none of you wouldn't, if you was masters. It's common-
sense, lads."

"But the masters is willin' to come half-way to you, if

you'll go half-way to them. That's reasonable, that is! As
fair an end to a quarrel as can be; each side a-going half-
way to meet the other. You wouldn't have all the givin' in on
one side, would you? Leastways, save and except the wrong
was all o' one side, which is a most uncommon state of
affairs."
 "Now I wouldn't go for to say in this here strike which
side's been most wrong, nor which has been most right.
Ain't no doubt it's been a half-and-half concern, right and
wrong mixed up o' both sides like the plums an' suet in a
pudden'. There's been mistakes, and there's been
misunderstandings, and there's been a lot of hard words,
not to speak of hard blows; and some o' you's misbehaved
yourselves, an' forgotten your manliness, lads, for all Mr.
Pope's so fond o' telling ye what a set of manly chaps ye be.
It is forgetting your manliness, and it's acting like miserable
curs an' sneaks, to set upon an innocent man in the dark,
'cause he don't see things just as you see 'em! An' you all
know among yourselves whether there hasn't been some'at
o' that sort going on, once and agin. But, howsoever, let's
hope we won't have nothin' o' the sort agin, nor Englishmen
forgetting they're men."

"Nor I won't go for to say as the masters is altogether

right. For why? I ain't sure about it. Uncommon pleasant-
spoken gentlemen they is, an' you knows it, an' ready to do
a kindness any day. But there's a law of love and kindness,
men, an' a law of thinking for others afore a man's own
pocket; an' I shouldn't wonder if that 'ere law of Christian
love don't always reign in the hearts of masters towards
their men, no more than it always reigns in the hearts o'
the men towards the masters. Eh, lads! I wonder now, I do,
which is fittest to fling a stone at the other, for t'other's
want of loving-kindness!"

"Well, now, to be werry plain indeed, an' to come to the

p'int—my advice to you is,—End the strike! Accept these
here proposals!"

"And put your necks into a noose!" protested a voice.

 "Sounds uncommon like my namesake, t'other Peter,"
said Stuckey, peering about with wrinkled-up eyes. "Can't
see ye nowhere, friend Pope, but maybe ye ain't far, seeing
ye was on this here platform an hour since. If so be ye
happens to be present still, allow me for to say as I
condoles with ye most heartily, an' expresses the general
sympathy o' the meeting, on the diminishment o' your
income like to come on ye soon. It's werry tryin' to come
down of a sudden in yer income! I've knowed that trial my
own self, and my hearers has lately knowed it in a most
marked an' melancholy way. We're werry grieved an' sad for
ye, friend Pope; only 'tis more adwisable as your income
should be diminished, than some hundreds o' families
should be sunk altogether into a state o' starwation."

This sally was received with a burst of laughter, in the

midst of which somebody quitted the hall.

"Shouldn't wonder if that's Mr. Pope hisself, so

overcomed wi' the thoughts of his coming reduction, as he
couldn't contain his emotions no longer. Werry sad for him!
No! What—he's here still! Well, well,—'tisn't for to be
expected as all present should disinterestedly sacrifice
'emselves for the sake o' Pope's pocket."

Tumultuous cheering, mingled with certain loud protests

from Pope or Pope's friends, gave Peter time to rearrange
his ideas, and to start afresh.

"You've all been a-hearin' of a lot o' wise remarks from

Holdfast here. He's a friend o' mine, an' a friend o' many o'
you, an' he's a friend worth havin'. For why? He's a man of
sense, an' he's a true man. He don't butter ye up with clap-
trap, and he ain't afraid to do what's right for fear o'
consequences."
 "There's been a lot of talk about banding together, and
resisting of oppression. Now I'm not a-going to cry down
Trades Unions. I'm not a-goin' to deny, no more than
Holdfast does, that working-men needs to band together for
mutual help and protection, an' lookin' after one another's
interests, as well as layin' by money in store agin' a rainy
day."

"But I'd like to speak a word of warning too, lads. Which

is—Take care what ye're after! Don't ye, in fear of one
tyranny, put yourselves under another. Trades Union men
ain't infallible, no more than other men. Trades Unionism is
werry apt to get selfish, and selfishness is short-sighted."

"I won't deny as Trades Unions has done a lot of good;

an' ye needn't be in a hurry to deny as they've mayhap
done some harm too. Just you think for yourselves. Haven't
they sometimes encouraged bad feeling between men and
masters? Haven't they sometimes pushed you into strikes
which couldn't end but in failure and loss?"

"You're free an' independent working-men, ain't you?

Well, but I wonder how many a one o' you dares stand out
an' act independent in the face of the Union? How many a
one among you, when he's at work, dares put forth his best
strength, an do his utmost, an' run ahead of others? Ye
don't need that I should tell you how things be! You look
out sharp, men, or there won't be much o' your boasted
freedom left to you soon,—and the tyrants of your choice
will be those of your own standing. Don't see as that 'll
make your bondage easier."

"Well, well, 'tis easy to see you don't all agree with me!
Not surprisin', neither, it isn't! For why? There's lots o' bad
workmen to every good workman. 'Tis natural the bad
workmen an' the lazy chaps should want to put themselves
on a level with the best an' the most diligent. But what's
natural ain't always fair, nor it don't always work well in the
end. If I was you, I'd learn to look ahead a bit. I can tell
you, shorter an' shorter hours, an' higher an' higher wages,
an' easier an' easier work, sounds mighty pleasant. But it
may mean some'at in the future as won't be pleasant. It
may mean trade driven away from English shores to foreign
countries. It may mean less work to do and too many men
to do it, in our land."

"Well; I've given my warning; an' that's all I can do.

Anybody got any questions to ask?"

CHAPTER XIII.
A DISCUSSION.

"I'VE a question to ask," said Roger Stevens, rising.

"Holdfast said awhile since that labour is paid always at its
true value. Now I don't agree to that."
 "I didn't say 'always.' I said that as a rule it is,"
remarked Holdfast.

"Comes to pretty much the same thing, don't it?"

"No. You have to allow a time before each rise and fall,
when it's not paid at its exact market value. Sometimes it's
paid over its worth, and then it must soon fall. Sometimes
it's paid under its worth, and then it must soon rise. But it
finds its true level in time either way, and competition alone
will send it up or down, without the help of strikes."

"I don't know as I hold with you," repeated Stevens.

"It's found to be true."

"Found by who?"

"Men who know a deal more of the matter than you or

I. Men who have workmen in all parts of the world, and are
able to compare the rise and fall of wages in different
countries at the same time, noting the cause of each. These
things have been watched and written about."

"And you mean to say you'd do away with strikes

altogether?" asked Stevens, in a voice of dissent.

"No; I've told you already I wouldn't. But I would have

them the last instead of the first resort. If you're being
really paid under the fair worth of your labour, it's because
the demand for that labour is increasing; and in such a case
competition among the masters will soon act for you, and
bring about a rise. If your labour is being paid at its fair
value, no strike can bring about a lasting rise. If labour is
growing more plentiful, and the demand is growing less,
then, strike or no strike, your wages must fall."
 "And who's to settle what the fair value of our labour is?
And who's to say when we're paid over or under what's
right?" A subdued stamping signified general acquiescence
in this question.

"That's the difficulty, I grant you," Holdfast answered.

"It's easy to say, if you and I are each on one end of a see-
saw, we've just got to sit still, and let the board balance up
and down till it finds its right position. We shouldn't need
there to ask anybody to come and settle the slope of the
board for us. The weight at each end would do that, if the
board's only let alone. But it ain't so easy in the matter
we're discussing; for each side is eager to grab the biggest
profits, and it's hard to say how much ought justly to go to
each, nor when things are fair and square. I wouldn't say no
manner of pressure is ever needed on either side, to keep
fair relations between employers and men—on both sides,
mind!"

"But I do say it's the pressure of competition which

does in the end settle the question—the competition of
masters for labour, or the competition of men for work,
depending on which is the more scarce. We need to look
after our interests, and the masters need to look after their
interests; but neither they nor we have that power over the
question which some would make out. Where there's much
work to be done, and few men to do it, no combining of
masters can keep the wages down; and where there's little
work to be done, and many men to do it, no combining of
men can keep the wages up."

"Clear as daylight, ain't it?" chimed in Stuckey. "If

labour's runnin' downhill, nobody can't make the wages run
uphill; and if labour's runnin' uphill, nobody can't make the
wages run downhill. If a rise is your due, why, you're pretty
sure to get it by waitin' a bit; for it'll come in the natural
course of events, like! If ye strike first, why most like ye'll
wait a bit then too; and when it comes, ye'll be mighty
stuck up, and think ye've won a huge victory. But fact is,
you haven't got a victory at all. Ye've only half-starved your
families, an' used up your savings, an' pawned your clothes,
just for to get what ye'd have got in the end without all that
bother, if ye'd been patient an' waited. The board's found its
balance, don't ye see?—An' it's moral sure to have done
that, if you hadn't given it no such shake."

"It's competition as really settles the question. If you

wants to test the matter now an' agin, why, a strike's not a
bad test. But it's a werry expensive one; an' it means a lot
of trouble. Nor I don't see for my part as it's a great
consolation to yourselves, to think that maybe you've half-
ruined a master or two, as well as half-starvin' of your own
little ones. I'd sooner wait a while longer sometimes, lads!"

Stuckey sat down, amid applause; but Holdfast was

standing still.

"Stevens was asking just now," he said, "about the

worth of labour; and about how it's commonly found in the
long run to be paid at its worth. Well, there's a curious fact
I came across lately, and I don't know as it mayn't be new
to some of you. It is that labour, taken generally, is found to
be of pretty much the same value throughout the world."

"Oh! Oh!" cried two or three voices.

"I mean what I say. Mind, I'm not giving you a hard and
fast rule. I only tell you that it's been found generally, in
places where capital and labour have free play, and where
there ain't any extraordinary pressure from the scarcity of
one or the other, that the cost of labour is wonderfully
equal."
 "I don't see that at all," Stevens observed.

"Maybe not; but it's worth your going into and reading
about. It's been found by employers, with contracts in all
parts of the world, that though the wages of the men in
each place were different, the actual cost of the labour was
much the same."

"But I say," broke in a voice, "if the cost was different,

how could it be the same?"

"I said the wages were different, but the cost of the
labour was equal. That's easy enough to understand. I'll
give you two instances. There was a London bricklayer
working beside a country one. The country bricklayer was
paid three-and-sixpence a day for his work; the London
chap five-and-sixpence. D'you suppose he was paid more
because he was a Londoner? Of course not! He was paid
more because his work was worth more. It was found that
in one day he laid near upon twice as many bricks as the
countryman. Would you say that his labour was the more
expensive of the two?"

"No, no," Stevens answered.

"Well, and in some works on a French railway the

French navvies were paid at the rate of two-and-sixpence a
day, the English navvies at the rate of five shillings a day. It
wasn't out of politeness to your country, you may be sure of
that! It was because their labour was worth more. It was
found, on comparison, that the work done by the English at
five shillings a day was positively cheaper labour than the
work done by the French at two-and-sixpence."

A cheer interrupted John.

 "Yes; that was good. English workmen have had that
pre-eminence! But will they keep it?" asked Holdfast
steadily. "There's a spirit among us now that makes one
fear for the future of English trade."

"Well, you see how it may be that labour, taken all

round, is more equally paid than shows on the surface. It's
the better workmen the better pay; just because he is a
better workman. But the cost of work, done by the good
workman at high pay, or done by the poor workman at low
pay, is found to come to much the same in the end."

"I don't know as this question of the equality of the cost

of labour has so much to do with us men as with the
masters. It's a question that affects their pockets. But it's
worth our knowing too; for it bears on the truth of labour
being paid at its worth; and it tells us of forces which will
have their way, and which masters nor men can't control."

"Any way, you'll do well to hold back from vain struggles

which can't profit you—struggles to bring about a rate of
wages beyond the real worth of your labour. For you might
as well try to force a river to run uphill."

"And yet—" Holdfast spoke slowly—"and yet there are

times, and no use to deny it, when things ain't fair, and the
men have real good reason to know it—reason beyond the
empty talk of clap-trap blusterers—and the question is,
what's to be done?"

"I don't say it's often so. There's a deal of ignorance on

such points; and sometimes there's unfair accusations; and
many a strike fails of its object just because it deserves to
fail. But for all that there are times, now in one trade, now
in another, when a rise is known on all sides and
acknowledged by good judges to be the real due of the
men, and yet it's withheld."

"It'll come in the end, no doubt. Sooner or later the

pressure can't be resisted. But long waiting means loss; and
when men have got big families and small means, it stands
to reason they do want to get their due. Right they should
too."

"Well, even then, I still say, let the strike be your last
resort, men! Don't fly to it at once. I do think a deal might
be done first. For a strike itself means trouble and loss; and
it does harm to yourselves and your families, harm to your
trade and your country."

"Why shouldn't masters and men meet in a kindly spirit,

each acknowledging the rights of the other, to discuss the
question? For each side has its rights, and each side has its
difficulties; and there's no such thing as smooth sailing for
masters any more than for men. I can't and don't see, for
my part, why capital and labour need be at daggers drawn;
seeing that each is needful for the life of the other, and
seeing too that we're a Christian country."

"There'd ought to be some way of getting at the truth of

things, in this land, short of fighting. A strike means loss to
masters and to men; and many a strike, it's found later,
need never have taken place at all."

"I'd have you all think for the future whether arbitration
isn't sometimes a thing possible. Couldn't able and
honourable men be found, who'd look into the state of the
matter, and tell us in honest truth whether a rise is our just
due—men who could be trusted by employers and workmen
alike? Wouldn't sometimes a calm and temperate demand
for a rise, backed by a real knowledge of the justice of it, be