Computer

Architecture
 Objectives
Computer
Input and Output Devices
Motherboard
Machine cycle
Memory vs. Storage

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Computer

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 Computer
programmable, electronic device that
accepts data, performs operations, presents
the results, and can store the data or results
Input—entering data into the computer
Processing—performing operations on the
data
Output—presenting the results
Storage—saving data, programs, or output
for future use
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‫المكونات الداخلية للحاسب‬

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Input and Output
Devices
 Input Devices

Keyboard
Mouse
Trackball, touchpad, mouse stick
Microphone
Scanner
Bar code reader
Card reader
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 Output Devices

Monitor
Printer
Speaker
Plotter

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 Monitor

A monitor is a peripheral device which

displays computer output on a screen.
Screen output is referred to as a soft copy.
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Types of Monitors
CRT

Cathode-ray tube (CRT)– Resemble

televisions; use picture tube technology;
inexpensive, but they take up desk space and
use a lot of energy.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD or flat-

panel)– Cells sandwiched between two
LCD
transparent layers form images; used for
notebook computers, PDAs, cellular phones,
and personal computers; expensive, and they
take up less desk space and use less energy
than CRT monitors.

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Monitor Specifications
Screen size– The diagonal measurement of the screen
surface in inches (15, 17, 19, 21).
Resolution– The sharpness of the images on the
screen determined by the number of horizontal and
vertical pixels that the screen can display (800x600,
1024x768, 1600x1200).
Dot pitch– The distance between each pixel on the
screen measured in millimeters (.22mm, .25mm,
.28mm).

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 Printers

A printer is a peripheral device that produces a

physical copy or hard copy of the computer’s
output.
Two basic types:
– Impact printer
– Nonimpact printer
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 Impact Printer
Impact printer Dot-matrix

An impact printer is a printer that has a print head

that contacts the paper to produce a character.
It uses ink ribbon.
It is noisy, produces Near-letter quality printouts,
and is not commonly used today.
Dot-matrix– Pins are used to make characters.
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Nonimpact Printer
Inkjet Laser

Two types of nonimpact printers:

– Inkjet printer– Also called bubble-jet; makes
characters by inserting dots of ink onto paper;

– Laser printer works like a copier; quality

determined by dots per inch (dpi)
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Multifunction Printer

A multifunction printer combines the functions

of a nonimpact printer, scanner, fax machine,
and copier in one unit.

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 Plotter

A plotter is a printer that uses a pen that

moves over a large revolving sheet of
paper.
It is used in engineering and map making.
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Motherboard
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 Motherboard
• It holds and allows communication
between many of the electronic
components of a system, such as
the central processing unit (CPU)
and memory, and provides connectors
for other peripherals.
• It is on the size of A4 paper, its color is
green or gold. On which we can
distinguish the following components:

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 Motherboard
-RAM
-Expansion Slots
-Expansion Cards
-Processor, on which a fan or a heat sink is
mounted.
-Battery
-Power supply to convert the 200v ac to 3.3 v dc.
-Clock, which generates series of pulses per
second
-Chip Sets
-ROM
-Connectors

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Machine cycle
 ‫كيف تنفذ وحدة التشغيل األمر‬
Four steps performed for each instruction
– Machine cycle: the amount of time needed to
execute an instruction
– Personal computers execute in less than one
millionth of a second
– Supercomputers execute in less than one trillionth
of a second
Each CPU has its own instruction set
– those instructions that CPU can understand and
execute

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Memory vs. Storage
 Memory vs. Storage
Hard Drive RAM Memory

 Storage, also known as mass media or auxiliary storage, refers

to the various media on which a computer system can store
data.
 Storage devices hold programs and data in units called files.
 Files are stored in directories or folders.
 Memory is a temporary workplace where the computer transfers
the contents of a file while it is being used.

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 Why is storage necessary?

Storage:
 Retains data when the computer is turned off.
 Is cheaper than memory.
 Plays an important role during startup.
 Plays an input role when starting applications.
 Is needed for output.
 Devices can hold a large amount of data.

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 Storage Devices

Storage devices are:

 Hardware that is capable of retaining data when the
electricity is turned off.
 Able to read (retrieve) data from a storage medium
(disk/tape).
 Able to write (record) data to a storage medium.

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SLIDE
 Types of Storage Technologies

 Sequential– Hardware that reads and writes data in a

serial (one after the other) fashion.
 Random-Access– Hardware that reads and writes
data without going through a sequence of locations.
 Magnetic– Hardware that uses disks or tapes that
are coated with magnetic material.
 Optical– Hardware that uses laser beams to read
data from plastic disks.
 Solid State– Devices that use nonvolatile memory
chips to read and write data.

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 The Storage Hierarchy
Storage hierarchy consists of three levels. They are:
 Online storage– Also called primary storage, it is
made up of the storage devices that are actively
available to the computer system. User action is not
required.
 Near-online storage– Also called secondary storage,
it is not readily available to the computer system.
The user performs an action, such as inserting a
disk, to make it available.
 Offline storage– Also called tertiary storage or
archival storage, it is not readily available to the
computer system. Devices such as tape backup
units store data for archival purposes.
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 Capacity and Speed of Storage Devices
Floppy Disk Hard Drive CD ROM / DVD

Capacity– 720 KB to Capacity– Up to 1 TB Capacity– CD-ROM 650

1.44 MB MB; DVD 17 GB
Access Time– 6 to 12ms
Access Time– 100ms Access Time– 80 to 800ms

A storage device’s performance is measured by:

 Capacity– The number of bytes of data that a device can
hold.
 Access Time– The amount of time, in milliseconds (ms), it
takes for the device to begin reading data.
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 Disks and Disk Drives

 A disk or diskette is a portable storage medium.

 Disks are circular plastic disks coated with a
magnetically sensitive film.
 Disks work with a disk drive.
 High-density floppy disks
Floppy disks store 1.44 MB of data.
 SuperDisk and High FD disks store up to 250 MB of
data and are downwardly compatible with floppy
disks.

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 Disk Organization
Track

Sector

Cluster

 A disk is formatted–that is, it is divided into tracks

and sectors and a file allocation table (FAT) is
created.
 Track– circular band
 Sector– pie shaped section
 Cluster– two or more adjacent sectors
 FAT– keeps track of specific locations of files
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 How Hard Disks Work

Platter Read/Write
head

 Hard disks are a high-speed, high-capacity storage devices.

 They contain metal disks called platters.
 They contain two or more stacked platters with read/write
heads for each side.
 Hard disks can be divided into partitions to enable computers
to work with more than one operating system.

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 Factors Affecting a Hard Disk’s
Performance
 Seek time or positioning performance– How quickly
the read/write head positions itself and begins
transferring information. It is measured in
milliseconds (ms).
 Spindle speed or transfer performance– How quickly
the drive transfers data. It is measured in rotations
per minute (RPM).
 Latency– The time it takes for the spinning platter to
bring the desired data to the read/write head. It is
measured in milliseconds (ms).

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 Magnetic Tape

Tape Backup
Unit

 Magnetic tape backup units store large amounts of

data that are not used frequently.
 They use a cassette-type reel-to-reel plastic tape.

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 CD-ROM Disks and Drives

 CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk-Read Only

Memory.
 They are capable of storing 650 MB of data.
 They are used for storing operating systems, large
application programs, and multimedia programs.

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 CD-R and CD-RW Disks and Recorders

CD-R CD-RW
 Disks that can be read  Disks that can be read
and written to. and written to.
 Disks can only be  Disks are erasable.
written to “once”.
 Disks can be written to
 Drives that are capable many times.
of reading and writing
 Drives that are capable
data are needed.
of reading, writing and
erasing data are
needed.
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 DVD-ROM Disks and Drives

 DVD stands for Digital Video Disk.

 They use technology similar to CD-ROM.
 They are capable of storing up to 17GB of data.
 Their data transfer rate is comparable to that of hard
disk drives.
 DVD-RAM– Has the ability to read/write data.

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