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Logic

Mmehs

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13 views

Logic

Mmehs

Uploaded by

moumenmohamed1415
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logic Gates

Dr.Ahmed Bayoumi
Dr.Shady Elmashad
Objectives
 Identify the basic gates and describe the behavior of each
 Combine basic gates into circuits
 Describe the behavior of a gate using Boolean
expressions, truth tables, and logic diagrams
Definition
 A gate is a device that performs a basic operation on
electrical signals
 Gates are combined into circuits to perform more
complicated tasks
 describing the behavior of gates
and circuits by
 Boolean expressions
 logic diagrams
 truth tables
Gates
six types of gates
 NOT
 AND
 OR
 XOR
 NAND
 NOR
NOT Gate

 A NOT gate accepts one input value


and produces one output value
 By definition, if the input value for a NOT gate is 0, the
output value is 1, and if the input value is 1, the output is
0
 A NOT gate is sometimes referred to as an inverter
because it inverts the input value
AND Gate

 An AND gate accepts two input signals


 If the two input values for an AND gate are both 1, the
output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0
OR Gate

 If the two input values are both 0, the output value is 0;


otherwise, the output is 1
XOR Gate
 XOR, or exclusive OR, gate
 An XOR gate produces 0 if its two inputs are the same, and a 1
otherwise
 Note the difference between the XOR gate
and the OR gate; they differ only in one
input situation
 When both input signals are 1, the OR gate produces a 1 and
the XOR produces a 0

4–8
NAND and NOR Gates

 The NAND and NOR gates are essentially the


opposite of the AND and OR gates, respectively
Review of Gate Processing
 A NOT gate inverts its single input value
 An AND gate produces 1 if both input values are 1
 An OR gate produces 1 if one or the other or both input
values are 1
 An XOR gate produces 1 if one or the other (but not
both) input values are 1
 A NAND gate produces the opposite results of an AND
gate
 A NOR gate produces the opposite results of an OR gate
Gates with More Inputs

 Gates can be designed to accept three or more input


values
 A three-input AND gate, for example, produces an
output of 1 only if all input values are 1
Circuits
 Two general categories
 In a combinational circuit, the input values explicitly
determine the output
 In a sequential circuit, the output is a function of the input
values as well as the existing state of the circuit
 As with gates, we can describe the operations
of entire circuits using three notations
 Boolean expressions
 logic diagrams
 truth tables
Combinational Circuits
 Gates are combined into circuits by using the output
of one gate as the input for another
Combinational Circuits

 Because there are three inputs to this circuit, eight rows are
required to describe all possible input combinations
 This same circuit using Boolean algebra:
(AB + AC)
4–14
Now let’s go the other way; let’s take a
Boolean expression and draw

 Consider the following Boolean expression: A(B + C)

• Now compare the final result column in this truth table to the truth table for
the previous example
• They are identical
Properties of Boolean Algebra
Adders
 At the digital logic level, addition is performed in binary
 Addition operations are carried out
by special circuits called, appropriately, adders
 The result of adding two binary digits could produce
a carry value
 Recall that 1 + 1 = 10
in base two
 A circuit that computes the sum of two bits
and produces the correct carry bit is called a half
adder
Adders
 Circuit diagram representing
a half adder
 Two Boolean expressions:
sum = A  B
carry = AB
Integrated Circuits

 Integrated circuits (IC) are classified by the number of


gates contained in them
Integrated Circuits
CPU Chips

 The most important integrated circuit


in any computer is the Central Processing Unit, or CPU
 Each CPU chip has a large number
of pins through which essentially all communication in a
computer system occurs

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