I.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAMPS
OBJECTIVE:
i) To obtain the non-linear Volt – Amp (V–I) characteristics of Incandescent
(Tungsten & Carbon filament) lamps and the steady state operation of a typical
circuit containing both linear & resistive elements
ii) To study different types of lamps and compare their efficacies.
1. INCANDESCENT LAMPS
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 1: Circuit diagram for testing of Tungsten and Carbon filament Lamps
PROCEDURE:
1. Choose the appropriate ratings of the Ammeters, Voltmeters and Fuse wire.
Available ranges are: Fuse: 3A; 5A; 10A; Ammeter: 0 – 1A, 0 – 0.5 – 1A; Voltmeter:
0 – 150V; 0 – 300V.
2. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig.1 with the lamps and instruments as
indicated. Keep the switch S open.
3. Set external resistance Rext ~ 0 and the autotransformer for zero output
voltage. Close the switch S.
4. Increase the autotransformer output voltage in steps of 20/30 V, until the full
voltage is obtained. At each step, note the readings of V 1, V2, A1 and A2 and record
them in Table 1.
5. Repeat step 4 decreasing output voltage from full to zero volts.
6. Increase the resistance Rext to maximum value and note all the meter readings
for maximum autotransformer output voltage. Enter the readings in the appropriate
columns of Table 2. Set Rext at another value (mid range) and repeat the above steps
for this value of Rext.
RESULT:
Table 1: Observation for v-i characteristics of the lamps.
SL. V1 V2 I1 (Tungsten Lamp) I2 (Carbon Lamp)
No. (V) (V) (A) (A)
Increase Decrease Mean Increase Decrease Mean
Table 2: Observation/Estimation of Steady state operation
Rext = 170 ohms (max.), V0 = Input Voltage (Reading of VoltmeterV1)
V10 (V) = Voltage across the lamps (Reading of voltmeter V2)
Input Observed Values Estimated Values
Voltage
V0(V) I10(A) I20(A) V10(V) I10(A I20(A) V10(V)
)
Subscript ‘0’ is used to indicate steady – state operation.
Graph (Refer to Fig. 2)
Fig 2: V-I Characteristics and Load Lines for the circuit of Fig 1
1. Plot I1, I2 and I1 + I2 as a function of voltage, V1.
2. Draw the load line representing the characteristics of linear resistive element
Rext of the circuit.
3. The point of intersection of this load line with the resultant nonlinear
characteristics determines the steady state condition of the circuit. Estimated values
of I1, I2 and V1 are indicated in Fig. 2. Enter them in Table 2.
DISCUSSION:
1. How will you interpret the v-i characteristics of two different incandescent
lamps?
2. Why do the readings differ for increasing and decreasing values of the lamp
voltages?
3. Account for the differences, if any, between the predicted and the observed
steady state operating points of the circuit.
II. LAMP EFFICACIES
OBJECTIVE: To study different types of lamps and compare their efficacies.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 3: Circuit diagram for study of Lamp efficacies
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig.3 with (a) conventional FL using electronic
ballast. Keep the DPST switch open.
2. With the autotransformer at zero output position, close the switch.
3. Increase the autotransformer output gradually until the lamp starts to glow in
a stable manner. Note the voltage in Table 3. Set the voltage, V 1 to 110V. Note the
illumination at distances of 1 foot and 2 feet from the surface of the lamp. Repeat
above for 220 V AC, 110 V DC and 220 V DC at V 1. Remove the autotransformer
when using DC supply. Tilt/suitably locate the lux-meter such that it reads the
maximum at the distance selected. For all FL lamps try to take the reading towards
the middle of the lamp
4. Repeat steps 1, 2 and 3 with (b) a CFL, (c) LED tubular lamp and (d) a
tungsten-filament incandescent lamp for all the four voltages. Note your readings in
Tables 3 (b), (c) and (d), all similar to table 3 (a).
5. In each case, measure the ambient illumination (Lux) with the lamp switched
OFF and the Lux-meter oriented in the direction of the lamp. Subtract this value from
all the illumination values that you measure for the each of the lamps. This will give
the actual illumination for only that lamp.
RESULT:
Table 3(a): Lamp efficacy test.
Lamp Type: FL electronic ballast, Make, W, V, , Lumens
Sl No Voltage Current Voltage x Current Lux @ 1’ Lux @ 2’ Striking voltage
(V) (Amps) (VA) (v)
1 110 V AC
2 220 V AC
3 110 V DC
4 220 V DC
Identical tables 3(b), 3 (c) and 3 (d) for the other lamps
DISCUSSION:
1. Voltage x Current do not equal rated power. Why?
2. Which house-hold lamps work with both AC and DC?
3. Comment on the efficacy (Lumens/watt) of different types of lamps.
4. Comment on the efficacy of the lamps at different input voltages and for AC
and DC supplies.
5. Discuss the function(s) of the choke in the conventional (not electronic) FL
lamp circuit. Can it be replaced by a resistor? How can you know if a FL uses
a conventional or an electronic ballast?
