Assignment_8

Eesh Naugraiya (210368)

Q 1.1
library(brms)

## Loading required package: Rcpp

## Loading 'brms' package (version 2.21.0). Useful instructions

## can be found by typing help('brms'). A more detailed introduction
## to the package is available through vignette('brms_overview').

##
## Attaching package: 'brms'

## The following object is masked from 'package:stats':

##
## ar

library(dplyr)

##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'

## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':

##
## filter, lag

## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':

##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, union

library(ggplot2)
#1.1

# Function to calculate number of crossing dependencies

crossing_dependencies <- function(sentence_length, alpha, beta) {
# Calculate the expected rate of crossing dependencies
lambda_i <- exp(alpha + beta * sentence_length)
 # Generate number of crossing dependencies from Poisson distribution
num_crossings <- rpois(1, lambda_i)

return(num_crossings)
}

# Example usage:
alpha <- 1.5
beta <- 0.1
sentence_length <- 12

num_crossings <- crossing_dependencies(sentence_length, alpha, beta)

print(paste("Number of crossing dependencies:", num_crossings))

## [1] "Number of crossing dependencies: 11"

Q1.2
generate_prior_prediction <- function(sentence_length, alpha_mean,
alpha_sd,
beta_mean, beta_sd) {
alpha <- rnorm(1, alpha_mean, alpha_sd)
beta <- rnorm(1, beta_mean, beta_sd)
lambda_i <- exp(alpha + beta * sentence_length)
return(lambda_i)
}

alpha_mean <- 0.15

alpha_sd <- 0.1
beta_mean <- 0.25
beta_sd <- 0.05

sentence_length <- 4
prior_crossings <- generate_prior_prediction(sentence_length,
alpha_mean, alpha_sd,
beta_mean, beta_sd)

cat("Prior predictions for sentences of length", sentence_length, ":

\n")

## Prior predictions for sentences of length 4 :

cat("Mean:", prior_crossings, "\n")

## Mean: 4.043474

Q1.3
# Load data
data <- read.csv("/Users/eeshnaugraiya/Downloads/
60b40413715a5448bab29ed0d032df29500a86aa794c9ef4e8876bea07cc4188_cross
ings.csv")
head(data)

## Language s.id s.length nCross

## 1 German 1 2 0
## 2 German 2 2 1
## 3 German 3 2 0
## 4 German 4 2 0
## 5 German 5 2 2
## 6 German 6 2 1

# Fit Model M1

fit_m1 <- brm(nCross ~ s.length + (1|Language),

data = data,
family = poisson(link = "log"),
prior = c(prior(normal(0.15, 0.1), class = Intercept),
prior(normal(0, 0.15), class = b)),
chains = 4)

## Compiling Stan program...

## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling

##
## SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
## Chain 1:
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would take 1.68 seconds.
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## SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
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## Chain 4:

## Warning: There were 88 divergent transitions after warmup. See

## https://mc-stan.org/misc/warnings.html#divergent-transitions-after-
warmup
## to find out why this is a problem and how to eliminate them.

## Warning: Examine the pairs() plot to diagnose sampling problems

## Warning: Bulk Effective Samples Size (ESS) is too low, indicating

posterior means and medians may be unreliable.
## Running the chains for more iterations may help. See
## https://mc-stan.org/misc/warnings.html#bulk-ess

## Warning: Tail Effective Samples Size (ESS) is too low, indicating

posterior variances and tail quantiles may be unreliable.
## Running the chains for more iterations may help. See
## https://mc-stan.org/misc/warnings.html#tail-ess

# Fit Model M2

fit_m2 <- brm(nCross ~ s.length + Language + s.length:Language,

data = data,
family = poisson(link = "log"))

## Compiling Stan program...

## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling

##
## SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
## Chain 1:
## Chain 1: Gradient evaluation took 5.2e-05 seconds
## Chain 1: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition
would take 0.52 seconds.
## Chain 1: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
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## SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
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# Extracting parameter names

parameter_names <- colnames(as.data.frame(summary(fit_m2)$coefs))
parameter_language <- paste0("b_", grep("Language", parameter_names,
value = TRUE))
parameter_interaction <- paste0("b_", grep("s.length:Language",
parameter_names, value = TRUE))

# Specify priors using the actual parameter names

priors <- c(
set_prior("normal(0.15, 0.1)", class = "Intercept"),
set_prior("normal(0, 0.15)", class = "b", coef = "s.length"),
set_prior("normal(0, 0.15)", class = "b", coef =
parameter_language),
set_prior("normal(0, 0.15)", class = "b", coef =
parameter_interaction)
)

# Update Model M2 with new priors

fit_m2 <- update(fit_m2, prior = priors)
## The desired updates require recompiling the model

## Compiling Stan program...

## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling

##
## SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
## Chain 1:
## Chain 1: Gradient evaluation took 6.9e-05 seconds
## Chain 1: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition
would take 0.69 seconds.
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## SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 2).
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would take 0.31 seconds.
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## SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
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## Chain 3: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition
would take 0.31 seconds.
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## Chain 3: Iteration: 2000 / 2000 [100%] (Sampling)
## Chain 3:
## Chain 3: Elapsed Time: 0.523 seconds (Warm-up)
## Chain 3: 0.469 seconds (Sampling)
## Chain 3: 0.992 seconds (Total)
## Chain 3:
##
## SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 4).
## Chain 4:
## Chain 4: Gradient evaluation took 3e-05 seconds
## Chain 4: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition
would take 0.3 seconds.
## Chain 4: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
## Chain 4:
## Chain 4:
## Chain 4: Iteration: 1 / 2000 [ 0%] (Warmup)
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## Chain 4: Iteration: 1800 / 2000 [ 90%] (Sampling)
## Chain 4: Iteration: 2000 / 2000 [100%] (Sampling)
## Chain 4:
## Chain 4: Elapsed Time: 0.582 seconds (Warm-up)
## Chain 4: 0.524 seconds (Sampling)
## Chain 4: 1.106 seconds (Total)
## Chain 4:

# Display summary of Model M1

summary(fit_m1)

## Warning: There were 88 divergent transitions after warmup.

Increasing
## adapt_delta above 0.8 may help. See
## http://mc-stan.org/misc/warnings.html#divergent-transitions-after-
warmup

## Family: poisson
## Links: mu = log
## Formula: nCross ~ s.length + (1 | Language)
## Data: data (Number of observations: 1900)
## Draws: 4 chains, each with iter = 2000; warmup = 1000; thin = 1;
## total post-warmup draws = 4000
##
## Multilevel Hyperparameters:
## ~Language (Number of levels: 2)
## Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Rhat Bulk_ESS
Tail_ESS
## sd(Intercept) 0.45 0.29 0.13 1.23 1.02 280
157
##
## Regression Coefficients:
## Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Rhat Bulk_ESS
Tail_ESS
## Intercept -1.48 0.10 -1.67 -1.29 1.00 1083
1681
## s.length 0.15 0.00 0.14 0.16 1.01 1500
1671
##
## Draws were sampled using sampling(NUTS). For each parameter,
Bulk_ESS
## and Tail_ESS are effective sample size measures, and Rhat is the
potential
## scale reduction factor on split chains (at convergence, Rhat = 1).

# Display summary of Model M2

summary(fit_m2)

## Family: poisson
## Links: mu = log
## Formula: nCross ~ s.length + Language + s.length:Language
## Data: data (Number of observations: 1900)
## Draws: 4 chains, each with iter = 2000; warmup = 1000; thin = 1;
## total post-warmup draws = 4000
##
## Regression Coefficients:
## Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Rhat
Bulk_ESS
## Intercept -0.91 0.08 -1.06 -0.75 1.00
1663
## s.length 0.10 0.01 0.09 0.11 1.00
1737
## LanguageGerman -1.02 0.12 -1.27 -0.78 1.00
1497
## s.length:LanguageGerman 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.11 1.00
1441
## Tail_ESS
## Intercept 1655
## s.length 1808
## LanguageGerman 1546
## s.length:LanguageGerman 1333
##
## Draws were sampled using sampling(NUTS). For each parameter,
Bulk_ESS
## and Tail_ESS are effective sample size measures, and Rhat is the
potential
## scale reduction factor on split chains (at convergence, Rhat = 1).

plot(fit_m1)
plot(fit_m2)
Q1.4
observed <- read.table("/Users/eeshnaugraiya/Downloads/
60b40413715a5448bab29ed0d032df29500a86aa794c9ef4e8876bea07cc4188_cross
ings.csv", sep = ",", header = TRUE)
observed %>%
group_by(Language, s.length) %>%
summarise(mean.crossings = mean(nCross)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = s.length, y = mean.crossings, group = Language, color
= Language)) +
geom_point() + geom_line()

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Language'. You can override

using the
## `.groups` argument.
observed$s.length <- observed$s.length - mean(observed$s.length)
observed$lang <- ifelse(observed$Language == "German", 1, 0)

lpds.m1 <- c()

lpds.m2 <- c()
untested <- observed

for (k in 1:5) {
# Prepare test data and training data
ytest <- sample_n(untested, size = nrow(observed) / 5)
ytrain <- setdiff(observed, ytest)
untested <- setdiff(untested, ytest)

# Fit Model M1 on training data

fit.m1 <- brm(nCross ~ 1 + s.length, data = ytrain,
 family = poisson(link = "log"),
prior = c(prior(normal(0.15, 0.1), class = Intercept),
prior(normal(0, 0.15), class = b)),
cores = 4)

# Fit Model M2 on training data

fit.m2 <- brm(nCross ~ 1 + s.length + lang + s.length * lang,
data = ytrain,
family = poisson(link = "log"),
prior = c(prior(normal(0.15, 0.1), class = Intercept),
prior(normal(0, 0.15), class = b)),
cores = 4)

# Retrieve posterior samples

post.m1 <- posterior_samples(fit.m1)
post.m2 <- posterior_samples(fit.m2)

# Calculate log pointwise predictive density using test data

lppd.m1 <- 0
lppd.m2 <- 0

for (i in 1:nrow(ytest)) {
lpd_im1 <- log(mean(dpois(ytest[i,]$nCross,
lambda = exp(post.m1[,1] + post.m1[,2]
* ytest[i,]$s.length))))
lppd.m1 <- lppd.m1 + lpd_im1

lpd_im2 <- log(mean(dpois(ytest[i,]$nCross,

lambda = exp(post.m2[,1] + post.m2[,2]
* ytest[i,]$s.length +
post.m2[,3] * ytest[i,]
$lang +
post.m2[,4] * ytest[i,]
$s.length * ytest[i,]$lang))))
lppd.m2 <- lppd.m2 + lpd_im2
}

lpds.m1 <- c(lpds.m1, lppd.m1)

lpds.m2 <- c(lpds.m2, lppd.m2)
}
## Compiling Stan program...
## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
## Start sampling
## Compiling Stan program...
## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling

## Warning: Method 'posterior_samples' is deprecated. Please see ?

as_draws for
## recommended alternatives.

## Warning: Method 'posterior_samples' is deprecated. Please see ?

as_draws for
## recommended alternatives.

## Compiling Stan program...

## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling
## Compiling Stan program...
## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling

## Warning: Method 'posterior_samples' is deprecated. Please see ?

as_draws for
## recommended alternatives.

## Warning: Method 'posterior_samples' is deprecated. Please see ?

as_draws for
## recommended alternatives.

## Compiling Stan program...

## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling
## Compiling Stan program...
## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling

## Warning: Method 'posterior_samples' is deprecated. Please see ?

as_draws for
## recommended alternatives.

## Warning: Method 'posterior_samples' is deprecated. Please see ?

as_draws for
## recommended alternatives.

## Compiling Stan program...

## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling
## Compiling Stan program...
## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling

## Warning: Method 'posterior_samples' is deprecated. Please see ?

as_draws for
## recommended alternatives.

## Warning: Method 'posterior_samples' is deprecated. Please see ?

as_draws for
## recommended alternatives.

## Compiling Stan program...

## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling
## Compiling Stan program...
## Trying to compile a simple C file

## Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB

foo.c
## using C compiler: ‘Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)’
## using SDK: ‘MacOSX14.4.sdk’
## clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/
include" -DNDEBUG -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"
-I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported" -I"/Library/Frameworks/
R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
StanHeaders/include/src/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/
Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/" -I"/
Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library/
RcppParallel/include/" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/
4.3-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP
-DSTAN_THREADS -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS
-DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION -D_HAS_AUTO_PTR_ETC=0
-include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/
Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'
-D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1 -I/opt/R/arm64/include
-fPIC -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2 -c foo.c -o foo.o
## In file included from <built-in>:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/
Eigen.hpp:22:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
## In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-
arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:19:
## /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/
library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:679:10: fatal
error: 'cmath' file not found
## #include <cmath>
## ^~~~~~~
## 1 error generated.
## make: *** [foo.o] Error 1

## Start sampling

## Warning: Method 'posterior_samples' is deprecated. Please see ?

as_draws for
## recommended alternatives.

## Warning: Method 'posterior_samples' is deprecated. Please see ?

as_draws for
## recommended alternatives.

elpd.m1 <- sum(lpds.m1)

elpd.m2 <- sum(lpds.m2)
difference_elpd <- elpd.m2 - elpd.m1
# Calculate Bayes Factor
bayes_factor <- exp(difference_elpd)
#print("bayes factor:", bayes_factor)
print(elpd.m1)

## [1] -2815.463

print(elpd.m2)

## [1] -2682.351

print(difference_elpd)

## [1] 133.112

print(bayes_factor)

## [1] 6.456081e+57